Depósitos modernos del fondo marino

Shoji Kojima
Herzig and Hannington (1995)
A composite sketch illustrating the variety of hydrothermal vent structures (modified from Macdonald and
Luyendyk, 1981; Haymon and Kastner, 1981).
et
List of representative minerals occurring in modern seafloor hydrothermal deposits

, alabandite
Spreading rates (mm/year) observed in the East Pacific and Mid-Atlantic Ridges
(Urabe, 1996).
 Two types of ridge structures caused by spreding rate difference

Rise High-spreading rate

Rise structure
Shallow mush (magma chamber)
with upper melt lens
Melt lens
Small hydrothermal circulation in
sheet-dike zone

→ short life span and small deposits

Slow-spreading rate
Rift valley
Deep mush zone
High depth of brittle-ductile
boundary
Large hydrothermal circulation
into gabbro zone

→ long life span (103-105 yrs.)

and relatively large deposits
(< 4 Mt)

Sinton and Detrick (1992)

Harrington et al. (1995)
A schematic illustration of hydrothermal circulations near the oceanic ridge (modified from
Gamo, 1996).
Schematic representation of a seafloor hydrothermal convection system including downwelling of seawater,
heating by magmatic heat source, upwelling of mineralizing seawater, discharging of hydrothermal solutions
from the vent, and plume diffusion and metal fractionation.
Eh-pH diagram showing stability fields of Fe and Mn minerals at 25°C and 1 atm., contoured at
total molalities of 10-4 and 10-6 (modified from Garrels and Christ, 1965).
 Back-arc type deposits around Japan

Seefloor active hydrothermal areas

around Japan (Ishibashi and Urabe,
1995; Urabe et al., 2009)

Seafloor morphology and tectonics of Okinawa Trough

(Shinjo and Kato, 2000, Urabe et al., 2009).
Tectonically Okinawa Trough is similar to the older
Kuroko area.

Distribution of Bayonnaise Knoll Caldera, Myojin Knoll Caldera and
Myojinsho Submarine Caldera and surrounding seafloor
morphology (Urabe et al., 2009).
Hydrothermal activities of back-arc areas are associated with large-scale magma chamber
and large-scale polymetallic (Cu-Pb-As-Zn) VMS mineralizations.
Geology, morphology and ore deposits in
the Myojin Knoll Caldera district. There
are Sunrise deposit in the caldera margin,
hydrothermal alteration zones and
manganese crust (Urabe et al., 2009).
The location of the ore deosit is very
similar to that of Kuroko deposits (Ohmoto
and Takahashi, 1983).
 Characteristics of Izu-Ogasawara Arc and
Okinawa Trough

(1) Izu-Ogasawara Arc

 The scale and distribution of Myojin Knoll
submarine calderas are very similar to
those of Kuroko deposits.
 The ore deposits are situated at the
intersection of the volcanic front and NE-
oriented lineaments.
 The caldera zone is composed of
voluminous acidic volcanics (large
magma chamber and/or long life span).

(2) Okinawa Trough

 The ore deposits are located in graben-
edges.
 Rich in incompatible and volatile
elements.
 Vapor-separation (boiling) occurs below
seafloor levels.
 Involved in thermal decomposition of
organic matters in sediments (NH3, CH4,
CO2), which controls pH and oxidation
states. Glasby and Notsu (2003)
 Nódulos de manganeso

Global distribution of nodules recovered by scientific expeditions. Red circles are analyzed nodules
containing more than 1 % Cu (Heath, 1978).
Buserite, Birnessite, Vernadite from Tenpo Todorokite is spongy banded and reniform
Seamount, 2200 meter depth, Nishi Shichito Ridge, aggregates, which was first discovered in the
Izu-Bonin, Pacific Ocean Todoroki mine, Hokkaido, Japan (1934)

Manganise minerals found in marine deposits

Buserite: Na4Mn14O27·21H2O (hexagonal)

Vernadite: (Mn, Fe, Ca, Na)(O,OH)2·nH2O (hexagonal)

Todorokite: (Mn, Ca, Mg, Ba)Mn3O7·7H2O (monoclinic)

Birnessite: (Na, Ca, K)0.5Mn2O4·1.5H2O (monoclinic)

Chemical compositions of Mn-
bearing precipitates in the ocean
(Usui, 1995).
Cobalt-rich crust from ~ 350 km SE
of Japan (JAMSTEC, 2017)
Low oxygen zone is formed by consume of
oxygen due to decomposition of organic
matters

Schematic illustration showing occurrences of manganese nodules.

A big project on modern seafloor mineral deposits in Japan

https://www.jamstec.go.jp/sip/images/pamphlet_e.pdf