PNEUMATIC WATER PUMPING

SYSTEM
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Pneumatic cylinder
3.2 Solenoid Valves
3.3 Air compressor
3.4 Non return valve
4 Design and drawing
4.1 General machine Specification
4.2 Overall diagram
5 Working Principle
6 Merits and demerits
7 Application
8 List of material
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
Photography
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title
1 Block Diagram
2 Overall Diagram
NOMENCLATURE
 NOMENCLATUR


A = Area of cylinder (m2)

D = Diameter of Piston (m)

F = Force exerted on the piston (N)

H = Height (m)

L = Length (m)

P = Pressure (N/M2)

V = Volume (m3)
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

The aim of the project is pneumatic operated water pumping system.

Pneumatic Water pumping reciprocated with the help of a pneumatic cylinder a
system are reciprocating pump in which the piston is provided for the pumping
action. The piston is reciprocated with the help of a pneumatic cylinder and
solenoid valve. There are two cylinders are used water is varied by the timing
control unit. in this project, one for pneumatic cylinder and another one for steel
cylinder. The output quantity of the In the industry we use three methods for
transmitting power transmission is through wires, transformers, etc. Fluid power
is through liquids or gas from one point to another. Mechanical transmission is
through shafts, gears, chains, belts, etc. Electrical in a confined space. In this
chapter, we shall discuss a structure of pneumatic systems.
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

A pump is a Mechanical device which converts mechanical energy into

hydraulic energy. This pump is classified into two types;

i. Positive Displacement and

ii. Non-Positive Displacement pump
In positive displacement pump is the one, in which the liquid is
transferred positively from one stage to another stage by the to and fro motion
of the plunger or piston of the pump.

In non-positive displacement pump the liquid is transferred by the

centrifugal force. This force is cause due to the rotary movement of an
impeller. In this, our project, pneumatic water pump is of positive displacement
pump. The salient features of a pneumatic water pump have been retained in
our project model and this has been achieved with great care.

Due to high precision work involved in producing pneumatic water pump

besides higher cost these pumps are not widely manufactured by most of the
industries. The very name itself indicates that it works with the help of a piston.
This piston is reciprocated with the help of a solenoid valve.
 CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER – 2

2.LITERATURE SURVEY`
PNEUMATICS:

The word ‘pneumatic’ comes from Greek and means wind. The
word pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived
from the word pneumatic. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the
application of air as a working medium in industry especially the driving and
controlling of machines and equipment.

Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out
the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important
role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be

made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the
system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however
it will indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas
at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressor and

delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the air at intake
conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot Boyle in

1962 and that found that the product of pressure and volumes of particular
quantity of gas.

The usual written as

 PV = C (or) P1V1 = P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is
about 14.7Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury,
nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in
pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a days.

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by

mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost
mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive operations. Many
factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is capable of
providing the power (or) energy requirements and control system (although
equally pneumatic control systems may be economic and can be advantageously
applied to other forms of power).

The main advantages of an all pneumatic system are usually economic

and simplicity

the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can have outstanding

advantages in terms of safety.

PNEUMATIC POWER

Pneumatic systems use pressurized gases to transmit and control power.

Pneumatic systems typically use air as the fluid medium because air is safe, low
cost and readily available.
THE ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS

1. Air used in pneumatic systems can be directly exhausted back in to

the surrounding environment and hence the need of special reservoirs
and no-leak system designs are eliminated.
2. Pneumatic systems are simple and economical.
3. Control of pneumatic systems is easier.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS

1. Pneumatic systems exhibit spongy characteristics due to

compressibility of air.
2. Pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design
limitations (less than 250 psi).

PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic system operates on a supply of compressed air, which must be

made available. In sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the
system. When pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it
will indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas
at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure. Compressor
capacity is the actual quantity of a compressed and delivered and volume
expressed is that of the air. At intake condition namely at atmosphere pressure
and normal ambient temperature.
 Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the
life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result increased
precipitation of condense from the compressed air.

COMPRESSOR MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN TWO GENERAL TYPES

1. Positive displacement compressor

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for

compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for
pneumatic control application.

The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor
2. Rotary type compressor

Turbo compressors are employed where large of air required at low discharge
pressure. They can’t attend pressure necessary pressure pneumatic control
application unless build in multi stage design and are seldom in encountered in
pneumatic service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating

compressor is by for the most common type. Reciprocating compressor lap be
had is size from the smallest capacity to deliver more than 500m3/min. In single
stage compressor the air pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of
pressure is up to 15 bars. Discharge pressure in the range of 250 bars can be
obtained with high pressure reciprocating compressor that of three & four stage.
Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable for applications
with reference going to the two stage design soon as the discharge pressure
exists 6 bars, because it in capable of matching the performance of single stage
machine at lower cost per driving power in the range.
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENT

Pneumatic cylinder:

An air cylinder is an operative device in which the state input energy of

compressed air i.e, pneumatic power is converted into mechanical output power
by reducing the pressure of the air to that of the atmosphere.

Single acting cylinder

Single acting cylinder is only the capable of performing an operating

medium in only one direction. Single acting cylinders equipped with one inlet
for the operating air pressure can be production in several fundamentally
different designs. Single cylinder develops power in one direction only.

Therefore no heavy control equipment should be attached to them which

requires to be moved on the piston returns stoke single action cylinder requires
only about half the air volume in consumed by the double acting for one
operating cycle.

Double acting cylinder

A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the full

pneumatic cushioning and it is essential when the cylinder itself is required to
retard heavy messes. This can only be done at the end positions of the piston
stroke. In all intermediate position a separate externally mounted cushioning
derive most be provided with the damping feature.
 The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning piston before the end
of the stroke is required. As a result the sit in the cushioning chamber is again
compressed since it cannot escape but slowly according to the setting made on
reverses. The air freely enters the cylinder and the piston strokes in the other
direction at full force and velocity.

3.2VALVES

SOLENOID VALVE

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.

Commonly known as DCV; this valve is used to control the direction of air flow
in the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the
position of its internal movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual
effort and also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by
means of using solenoid valve.

A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into

straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical
operation which in turn operates the valve mechanism. Solenoid is one is which
the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is energized.

The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they can
be recognised when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install
them.
PARTS OF A SOLENOID

1.Coil

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are seperated
by insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not
affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in
various voltages such as 115 volts AC, 230 volts AC, 460volts AC, 575 volts
AC, 6 volts DC,12 volts DC, 24 volts DC, 115 volts DC & 230 volts DC they
are designed for such requiencies as 50Hz to 60Hz.

2. Frame

The solenoid frame servesseveral purposes. Since it is made of laminated

sheets, it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The
magnetized coils attract the metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions
for attaching the mounting. They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The
frame has provisions for receivers the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to
the solenoid frame, and are made of materials such as meterial or impregnated
less fibre cloth.

3.Solenoid plunger

The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The

plunger is made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high
pressure, so that there will be no movement of the lamination with respect to
one another. At the top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for making a
connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force
in one directioin and is usually returned by sping action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either the
solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the soleniod from dirt and other
foregn matter, and protects the actuator. In many application it is necessary to
use explotion proof solenoids.

WORKING OF SOLINOID VALVE

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. Three ensure easy exhausting of 5/4
valve the spool of the 5/4 valve slide inside the main bore accordind to spool
position the ports get connected and disconnected.

The working principle is as follows.

Position-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘p’ gets
connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’ gets connected to ‘R’.
Position-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’ gets connected to
each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains closed.

SOLENOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cutoff
valve or solenoid valve. This solenoid cutoff valve is controlled by the
electronic control unit.

In our project seperate solenoid valve is used to flow direction of vice

cylinder. It is used to flow the air from compressor to the single acting cylinder.

Flow control valve

In any fluid power circuit flow contol valve is used to control the speed of
actuator. The flow control can be achieved by varying the aera of flow through
which the air in passing.

When area is increased, more quantity of air will be sent to actuator as a

result its speed will increase.If the quantity of air entering into the actuator is
reduced, the speed of the actuator is reduced.

Pressure control valve

The main function of the pressure control valve is to limit (or) control the
pressure required in a pneumatic circuit.

Depending upon the method of controlling they are classified as

1. Pressure relief valve

2. Pressure reducing valve
Hoses

Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane.

These hose can with stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 x 105N/m2.

Connectors

In our system there are two type of connectors used. One is the
Hose connector and the other is the reducer. Hose connectots normally
comprise an adopt hose nipple and cap nut. These types of connectors are
made up of brass (or) aluminium (or) hardened pneumatic steel.

3.3 AIR COMPRESSOR

Compressor is the air producing machine. They collect the airs

from the atmosphere are in the running of machine are engine. Air
compressors are utilized to raise the pressure of a volume of air. Air
compressure are available in many configurations and will operate over a
very wide range of flow rates and pressure compressed air was expelled
by primitive man to give glowing embers sufficient oxygen to allow them
to flare up into a fire. During the compression oprocess the tempreture
increases as the presssure increses this is known as polytypic
compression. The amount of compression power also increases as the
temp also increases. Compressor are staged their by reducing the temp
rice and improving the compression efficiency.The temp of tha air
leaving each stage is cooled prior to entering to the next stage. The
cooling process is called inter cooling. Volumetric efficiency also
increases with multi stage copression since the pressure ratio over the
first stage will be decreased.

Seletion of the air compressor is only the first step in designing an

efficient and reliable compressed air system. The air exciting the
compressor structured with moisture and will have compressor lubricant.
The other chemical that may have been darw in to the compressor in take
may also be present. This contamination is harmful to many process,
Pneumatic tools ,equipments,air purification eqipment ,fillters,air
driers,breathing air purifier,monitoring eqipment used alone are in
combination will remove this contamints. Selection and purchase of the
compressor and necessary purification eqipment can be easily done on the
compreese air site. Our application engineers are ready to answer all
question and to assert you in placing your order and it work in the process
of rotating the fan and the piston movement with the help of the current
supply.
3.4 NON-RETURN VALVE

A check valve,non return valve or one way valve is a mechanical

device, a valve ,which normally allow fluids (liquied or gas) to flow
through it in only one direction.

Check valve are two parts valves,meaning they have two opening
in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There
are various types of check valve used in a wide variety of application.
Check valve often part of common house hold items all through there are
available in a wide range of size and cost.Check valve are generally are
very sall,simple,and/or cheap. Check valve work automatically most are
no controoled by a persion or any external control,accordingly most do
not have any valve handle or steam. The bodies the most check valve are
made of plastic or metal.

On important concept in check valve is the tracking pressure which

is the minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will operate.
Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore the specified
for a specific cracking pressure.
 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER - 4

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS AND ITS SPECIFICATION

The design and fabrication of pneumatic reciprocating water pumping

system is consists of the following components to full fill the requirments of
complete operation of the machine.

1. Double acting pneumatic cylinder

2. Solenoid valve
3. Air compressor
4. Non return valve
 CHAPTER-5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 The compressed air from the compressor reaches the solenoid
valve. The solenoid valve changes the direction of flow according to the
signals from the timing device.
 The compressed air pass through the solenoid valve and it is admitted into
the front end of the cylinder block. The air pushes the piston for the
cutting stroke. At the end of the cutting stroke air from the solenoid
valve reaches the rear end of the cylinder block. The pressure remains
the same but the area is less due to the presence of piston rod. This exerts
greater pressure on the piston, pushing it at a faster rate thus enabling
faster return stroke.
 The non-return valve is fixed to the hydraulic cylinders two side (Four
numbers).
 CHAPTER – 6
MERITS AND DEMERITS
 CHAPTER – 6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

 Requirements of man power is not necessary

 Electric power required is minimum
 Quick process
 Easy to handle
 Free of energy

DEMERITS

 It is costlier than the other types of pumps.

 Leakage of air affects the working units.
 Needs separate air compressor
 Solar power is only available at day time
CHAPTER – 7

APPLICATIONS
 APPLICATIONS

It is applicable in all small scale and large industries for lubrication.

 Higher efficiency
 It does not required any prime mover like electric motor
 As the air is freely available
 CHAPTER – 8

LIST OF MATERIALS
 LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.

1. PROPERTIES

The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface finish, rigidity,
ability to withstand environment attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection

a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal conductivity, specific
heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic
purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties concerned are strength in tensile, compressive shear,
bending, torsional and bucking load, fatigue resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit and
modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage
  Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may
demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less
number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by
welding or forging the steel.

4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not be
a perfect substitute for the material designed. The delivery of materials and the
delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

5. SPACE CONSIDERATION

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.
 CHAPTER – 9

COST ESTIMATION
 COST

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper
materials.

1. LABOUR COST

Lathe, drilling, welding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost.

2. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour Cost

Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST

Total cost = material Cost + Labour Cost + Overhead Charges

=
Total cost for this project =
CHAPTER – 10

CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made and impressing task in the field of
medical department for water purifier.

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project has been
designed to perform the entire requirement task at the shortest time available.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Design data book - P.S.G.Tech.

2.Machine tool design handbook - Central machine tool Institute, Bangalore

3. Strength of Materials - R.S.Kurmi

4.Manufaturing Technology - M.Haslehurst

5.Design of machine elements -R.S.Kurumi

6.http://www.solarpanelinfo.com/