SYNOPSIS

Generally the cups and plate are made in plastics. The plastics are
harmful and it has many disadvantages to us. By naturally we get leaves, papers
by using this we can make cups. It is very cheap and it does not have any
chemical effects. The paper cup is made by a pneumatic machine. The machine
is operated by the pneumatic system. By using this we can produce cup at high
production rate. By using different shape die we can produce different shape
and size cups. The machine size is comfortable to suit any where.

The air enters to the flow control valve and gives pressure to the double
acting cylinder. The direction is control by the direction 5/2 control valve. The
movement of piston will be varied by adjusting the flow control valve. By
adjusting the speed, the production rate will be varied

INTRODUCTION:

In this project going to “FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC

PAPER CUP MAKING MACHINE”. As India rapidly economic growing country
in the world, so we have much more responsibility to control the pollution in air,
water and land. In this view, we are planned to start a Paper cup manufacturing unit,
which will be substitute of Plastic Cups. In this journey, we will create a mark and
reach the required destination as early as possible. Disposable food service products
were initially developed to enhance public health by improving practices in the food
service industry. This requirement when combined with the environmental threat
faced by us at the turn of the 20th Century and need of strong efforts in order to
conserve the environment gave birth to the concept of PAPER CUP. There are
several inherent advantages in using Paper products as compared to CUP of other
materials. These Paper CUP are gaining popularity all across the globe as a beautiful
and stylish way of minimizing exposure to food borne infections. the future of the
proposed unit for manufacturing paper CUP is very vibrant and will be a gesture
towards supporting the usage of Eco-friendly products.
Benefits of Paper cups 1. Biodegradable
2. Eco-friendly 7. Paper cups for marketing
3. 100% Recyclable 8. Print on Paper cups
4. Light Weight 9. Variety of designs
5. Easy to use 10. Variety of shapes
6. Variety of sizes
In a pneumatic system, energy is stored in a potential state in the form of
compressed air. Working energy is produced in a pneumatic system when the
compressed air is allowed to expand. So, in order to do work, a device is
required which is able to supply an air tank with sufficient amount of air at a
desired pressure. This device usually happens to be a positive displacement
compressor.
Above figure shows basic idea for cup making machine . Paper or paper pulp is
raw material may be used here and the ram which has male die is operated by
pneumatic circuit Or with help of Compressed Air.
The air enters to the flow control valve and gives pressure to the double
acting cylinder. The direction is control by the direction 5/2 control valve. The
movement of piston will be varied by adjusting the flow control valve. By
adjusting the speed, the production rate will be varied.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 POWER UNIT

LCD DISPLAY
IR SENSOR

DRIVER
CONTROL
MICRO
BUTTON CONTROLLER

AIR
DC VALUE
TANK

CYLINDER

WORKING PRINCIPLE

In this paper cup making machine there is a double acting cylinder which

is a pneumatic device a punch, die, screw rod, top plate, bottom plate, direction

control valve, flow control valve, connectors and hoses. A compressor supplies

high pressure air to the cylinder, whose flow is controlled by a flow control
valve. The air passes through a direction control valve. This is used to actuate

the piston and to specify its direction of movement. The piston is connected to

a ram.

At the end of the ram punch is fastened. The die in the ram can be

replaced. The piston, ram and punch are the moving parts in this machine. The

die is fixed on the base of the machine by screw rods. The height of the base

can be adjusted by rotating the screw rod. The whole unit is fixed on the

column. When the air flows through the flow control valve, its volume is

restricted to the specified amount. Then the direction control valves control the

part of cylinder which it should occupy.

When it occupies part A of the cylinder, it moves the ram downwards

along with the punch. The punch, punches the paper kept over the die. The

paper will be wet. To recover the wetness and make the shape stable a heating

coil is placed in the die. Next, direction control valves are actuated which

makes the air to flow in part B of cylinder. Due to air in part A is released to the
atmosphere by a valve. This makes the punch to move upwards. The cup can

be taken out and the next paper can be placed over the die for the next cycle.

LITERATURE SURVEY

PNEUMATICS
 The word ‘pneuma’ comes from Greek and means breather wind. The

word pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived

from the word pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the

application of air as a working medium in industry especially the driving and

controlling of machines and equipment.

Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying

out the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more

important role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be

made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the

system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however

it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means

using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas

at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

 Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and

delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely

at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in

1962 and that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular

quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV = C (or) Pı Vı = P2 V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is

about 14.7 Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury,

nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in

pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a days.

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS:

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by

mechanical power. Pneumatics is an attractive medium for low cost

mechanization particularly for sequential or repetitive operations. Many

factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is capable of

providing both the power or energy requirements and the control system
(although equally pneumatic control systems may be economic and can be

advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantages of an all-pneumatic system are usually economy and

simplicity, the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out

of standing advantages in terms of safety.

PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be

made available, in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the

system. When pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it

wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using

reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a

certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and

delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely

at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.

 Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the

life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result in increased

precipitation of condense from the compressed air. Compressor may be

classified in two general types.

1. Positive displacement compressor.

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for

compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for

pneumatic control application.

The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor

2. Rotary type compressor

Turbo compressors are employed where large capacity of air required at

low discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for pneumatic
control application unless built in multistage designs and are seldom

encountered in pneumatic service.

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

The pneumatic Paper cup making machine consists of the following

components to fulfill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.

 Pneumatic cylinder

 Direction control valve

 Flow control value

 Punch

 Die

 Bottom plate

 Top Plate

 Screw Rod

 Connectors

 Hoses
CYLINDER:

The cylinder is a double acting cylinder one, which means that the air

pressure operates alternatively (forward and backward). The air from the

compressor is passed through the regulator which controls the pressure to

required amount by adjusting its knob. A pressure gauge is attached to the

regulator for showing the line pressure.

Then the compressed air is passed through the directional control valve for

supplying the air alternatively to either sides of the cylinder. Two hoses take the

output of the directional Control valve and they are attached to two ends of the

cylinder by means of connectors. One of the outputs from the directional

control valve is taken to the flow control valve from taken to the cylinder.

The hose is attached to each component of pneumatic system only by

connectors.

CYLINDER TECHNICAL DATA:

Barrel:

It is made of cold drawn aluminium honed to 25mm.

Piston Rod:

M.S. hard Chrome plated

Seals:

Nitrile (Buna – N) Elastomer

End Covers:

Cast iron graded fine grained from 25mm to 300mm

Piston:

Aluminium.

Media:

Air.

Temperature Range:

0^c to 85^c

Cushions:

Adjustable standard on 400mm bore and above.

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

To control the to and fro motion of cylinder, the fluid energy has to be
regulated, controlled and reversed with a predetermined sequence in a
pneumatic system
 Similarly one may have to control the quantity of pressure and flow rate

to generate the desired level of force and speed of actuators. To achieve these

functions, valves are used. Valves are fluid power elements used for controlling

and regulating the working medium.

The main functions of the valves are,

 Start and stop the fluid energy

 Control the direction of flow of compressed air

 Control the flow rate of the fluid

 Control the pressure rating of the fluid

FLOW CONTROL VALVE:

These are used to control the rate of flow of a fluid through the valve.

A directional control valve on the receipt of some, external signal, which might

be mechanical, electrical or a fluid pilot signal, changes the direction of stops,

or starts the flow of fluid in some part of the pneumatic/hydraulic circuit. They

can be used to carry out such functions as:

1. Controlling the direction of motion of an actuator

2. Selecting alternative flow paths for a fluid.

3. Stopping and starting the flow of fluid

Purpose:
 This valve is used to speed up the piston movement and also it acts as an

one – way restriction valve which means that the air can pass through only one

way and it can’t return back.

By using this valve the time consumption is reduced because of the faster

movement of the piston.

PUNCH:

The male portion of cutting die is called a punch. It is usually upper

movable member fastened to the piston rod. The design of the punch depends

up on area to be pierced or blanked, and the pressure required penetrating the

work piece material. The method of mounting a punch also depends up on the

area to be pierced or blanked. The punch is made up on EN-8 material.

DIE

The die is mounted on the bottom plate and it is surrounded by heating

coils. These coils are used to heat the Paper and absorb the moisture present in

the Paper. So heating the Paper gets stiffness. The die is made in EN-8 material.

BOTTOM PLATE:
 Material : C15

Material Selection : Weld ability, toughness, low cost,

Hardness, easy to machine, and

easily

Available in the market.

Machines Used : Lathe, Drilling and shaping

machines.

Quantity : 1

TOP PLATE:

Material : C15

Material Selection : Due to Weld ability, toughness,

low cost,

Hardness, easy to machine, and

easily

Available in the market.

 Machines Used : Lathe, Drilling and shaping

machines.

Quantity : 1

SCREW ROD:

Material : C15

Material Selection : Due to Weld ability, toughness,

low cost,

Hardness, easy to machine, and

easily

Available in the market.

Machines Used : Lathe, Drilling and shaping

machines.

Quantity : 4
CONNECTIORS:

In our pneumatic system there are two types of connectors used; one

is the hose connector and the other is the reducer. Hose connectors normally

comprise an adapter (connector) hose nipple and cap nut. These types of

connectors are made up of brass or Al or hardened steel.

Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes or

hoses of different sizes. They may be fitted straight, tee, “V” or other

configurations. These reducers are made up of gunmetal or other materials like

hardened steel etc.

 IR Proximity Sensor

General Description The IR Sensor-Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Here we use it for

collision detection. The module consist of a IR emitter and IR receiver pair. The high precision IR

receiver always detects a IR signal. The module consists of 358 comparator IC. The output of sensor is

high whenever it IR frequency and low otherwise. The on-board LED indicator helps user to check

status of the sensor without using any additional hardware. The power consumption of this module

is low. It gives a digital output.

The Multipurpose Infrared Sensor is an add-on for your line follower robot and obstacle avoiding

robot that gives your robot the ability to detect lines or nearby objects. The sensor works by

detecting reflected light coming from its own infrared LED. By measuring the amount of reflected

infrared light, it can detect light or dark (lines) or even objects directly in front of it. An onboard RED

LED is used to indicate the presence of an object or detect line. Sensing range is adjustable with

inbuilt variable resistor. The sensor has a 3-pin header which connects to the microcontroller board

or Arduino board via female to female or female to male jumper wires. A mounting hole for easily

connect one or more sensor to the front or back of your robot chassis.

Features

. 5VDC operating voltage

. I/O pins are 5V and 3.3V compliant.

 Range: Up to 20cm.

 Adjustable Sensing range.

 Built-in Ambient Light Sensor.

 20mA supply current.

 Mounting hole.

L293D Motor Driver

The L293D is a quadruple push-pull 4 channel driver capable of

delivering 600 mA (1.2 A peak surge) per channel. The L293D is ideal for
controlling the forward/reverse/brake motions of small DC motors controlled
by a microcontroller such as a PIC.

The L293D is a high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to
accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays
solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. The
L293D is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 KHz.
Features Include:

 600 mA Output Current Capability Per Driver

 Pulsed Current 1.2 A / Driver
 Wide Supply Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V
 Separate Input-Logic Supply
 NE Package Designed for Heat Sinking
 Thermal Shutdown & Internal ESD Protection
 High-Noise-Immunity Inputs

RELAY

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of

another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented
by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of
higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered, in a broad sense, to
be a form of electrical amplifier.

Operation

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field
attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The
movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the
current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force
approximately half as on as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually
this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in individual motor starters.
Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application,
this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to
reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the
coil, to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation,
which would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to
circuit components. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small
copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid.

This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases

the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

Pole & Throw

SPST - Single Pole Single Throw.

These have two terminals which can be switched on/off. In total, four
terminals when the coil is also included.

SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw.

These have one row of three terminals. One terminal (common) switches
between the other two poles. It is the same as a single change-over switch. In
total, five terminals when the coil is also included.

DPST - Double Pole Single Throw.

These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or

relays actuated by a single coil. In total, six terminals when the coil is also
included. This configuration may also be referred to as DPNO.

DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw.

These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT

switches or relays actuated by a single coil. In total, eight terminals when the
coil is also included.

QPDT - Quadruple Pole Double Throw.

Often referred to as Quad Pole Double Throw, or 4PDT. These have four
rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four SPDT switches or relays
actuated by a single coil or two DPDT relays. In total, fourteen terminals when
the coil is also included.

Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed

The contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC),
or change-over (CO) contacts. Normally-open contacts connect the circuit
when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is
inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make" contact. Form A contact is
ideal for applications that require to switch a high-current power source from a
remote device.

Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is

activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called
Form B contact or "break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that
require the circuit to remain closed until the relay is activated.

Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one
normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C
contact or "transfer" contact.

Relay application considerations

Selection of an appropriate relay for a particular application requires

evaluation of many different factors:
 Number and type of contacts - normally open, normally closed,
changeover (double-throw) In the case of changeover, there are two types. This
style of relay can be manufactured two different ways. "Make before Break"
and "Break before Make". The old style telephone switch required Make-
before-break so that the connection didn't get dropped while dialing the
number. The railroad still uses them to control railroad crossings.

Rating of contacts - small relays switch a few amperes, large contactors

are rated for up to 3000 amperes, alternating or direct current Voltage rating of
contacts - typical control relays rated 300 VAC or 600 VAC, automotive types to
50 VDC, special high-voltage relays to about 15,000 V Coil voltage - machine-
tool relays usually 24 VAC or 120 VAC, relays for switchgear may have 125 V or
250 VDC coils, "sensitive" relays operate on a few mill amperes
Package/enclosure - open, touch-safe, double-voltage for isolation between
circuits, explosion proof, outdoor, oil-splash resistant Mounting - sockets, plug
board, rail mount, panel mount, through-panel mount, enclosure for mounting
on walls or equipment Switching time - where high speed is required "Dry"
contacts - when switching very low level signals, special contact materials may
be needed such as gold-plated contacts

Contact protection - suppress arcing in very inductive circuits Coil

protection - suppress the surge voltage produced when switching the coil
current Isolation between coil circuit and contacts Aerospace or radiation-
resistant testing, special quality assurance Accessories such as timers, auxiliary
contacts, pilot lamps, test buttons Regulatory approvals Stray magnetic linkage
between coils of adjacent relays on a printed circuit board.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY:
 The electromagnetic relays give a transition from ON to OFF when the
coil is energized or reenergized. The main feature in a relay is contacts that
close or open an electric circuit under the control of electromagnet.

We use the UN scaled general purpose relay and is very simple in design.

ARMATURE FIXED CONTACT

MOVABLE CONTACT

SUPPLY

COIL SPRING

IRON CORE

When a DC current is passed through a coil the iron core get magnetized
and attracting armature towards it. The moving contact is attached to the
armature. Therefore the switches can operated with the help of this make
contact.
 Typical switching capacities

Normal duty contacts : 5 amps 24Vdc

1 amp 250Vac

Heavy duty contacts : 10 amps 24Vdc

5 amps 250Vac

INTRODUCTION

WHY WE ARE USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

 Cost of production is very low.

 It is an advanced and latest technology.

 Production time is very less.

 It improves the efficiency of the host machine tremendously.

WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

Embedded System is a small computer system that is generally hidden

inside equipment [machine, electrical appliances, or electronic gadget] to
increase the intelligence of the equipment for better or more efficient
functionality. This kind of system always involves both the software and the
hardware co-development.

Embedded Systems are often easier understood in terms of Smart devices,

intelligent or automated equipments. Embedded Systems do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system. Hence Embedded System can be defined as follows:

 It is embedding or inserting human intelligence by means of software into a

Microcontroller chip and designing hardware for the purpose.
 It is a combination of software and hardware with automatic working
without user interface.

 It performs specific functions in host systems like satellites, remote

controllers, televisions, robotic vehicles, ATMs, pagers, laser printers,
missile launch systems, etc.

 It is a closed loop system i.e., change in the input will not affect the output.

 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software

and additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An
embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame,
repeatedly, without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system in a real-time environment, that is, a real time operating system.
(RTOS). Frequently, embedded system does not have a user interface.

Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense

systems, telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing,
broadcast, automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical
electronics, consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an
embedded system are microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs.
The combination of micro-controller and ICs are application specific.
Commonly used microprocessors include the following. Motorola 680XX
series, IBM PowerPC series processors, MIPS processors, Intel 386 and
compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC series, etc. Embedded systems
need memory for storing programs and data, and usually programs are stored in
ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial port network interface, I/O
interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in the case of process
controlling systems.

MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built
CPU, Memory and peripherals, which make it, function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU,

microprocessor needs many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one
or two codes are enough.

 Microcontrollers have many bit-handling instructions, but microprocessors

have only one or two.

 Microcontrollers have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessors lack in-

built peripherals.

 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement

of bits within the chip.

 Microcontrollers have simple circuit structure compared to microprocessor.

 Microcontrollers have only 35 instructions whereas microprocessors have
75.

 Microcontrollers are costly when compared with microprocessor.

 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional

parts.

 Microcontroller instructions are simple, single word instructions.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF PIC16F917

This powerful yet easy-to-program (only 35 single word instructions)

8-bit microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful PIC architecture into an 40- or
44-pin package and is upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X, PIC12CXXX
and PIC16C7X devices. The PIC16F917 features 256 bytes of EEPROM data
memory, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 additional timers, the synchronous serial
port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the
2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C™) bus and a Universal Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter (USART). All of these features make it ideal for more
advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial, appliances and
consumer applications.

PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC16F917

PIC16F917 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The PIC16F917 has 40 pins. These 40 pins can be connected to different ports
like PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD and PORTE. Apart from these it can be
used for transmitting and receiving different analog signals. Oscillators,
Capacitors, Resistors of varying value can be used with this. The ports in this
can be configured as either an output port or as an input port .If it is configured
as output port either LED’s or LCD’s or seven segment displays can be used to
view the output. If the ports are configured as input then signals can be received
by using keys. These ports have 3-8 pins. Port A, B, C, D has eight pins each
and Port E has only 3 pins. Supply of +5v are used in pins 1 and 32 where a
resistor of 1K is used in pin 1.Similarly pin 31 is used as ground. This IC is
particularly used for storing values in its memory. RTC (Real Time Clock) is an
added feature. When there is a need to use five ports or lesser than five ports we
can always go for 877 since it gives us an advantage to use EEPROM, RTC and
different types of input and output.

Oscillators

There are 4 common oscillator modes that are available on most PIC
micro devices. HS, XT, LP and RC.

These modes support crystals, canned oscillator modules, some resonators

or the use of an external resistor and capacitor as a clock source. When using a
crystal or resonator, other components such as capacitors may be needed. The
XT mode stands for “Crystal” mode and will produce a medium drive level. It is
designed to be used with crystals and resonators of about 1 to 4 MHz XT mode
has moderate power consumption since its drive level is lower than that of HS
mode, and because a lower clock speed is produced. Remember, as a rule: the
faster the clock used, the more current the application will require.

Master Clear Resets (MCLR)

Resets can be caused by a signal on the MCLR pin, by powering

up the device, by a Watchdog timer timeout, by a Brown-Out voltage Reset
(BOR), by a software reset instruction, or by a stack overflow or underflow
reset. The MCLR pin can be used to generate a reset. On most PIC micro
devices the MCLR pin is always active. When the MCLR function of the pin is
enabled, it is an active low Schmitt trigger input. This means that to ensure a
reset, the voltage on the pin must be lower than the maximum input low voltage
specified.

LCD DISPLAY

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the

properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they
have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as
they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to
a crystal.

Liquid crystal display

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material
sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated
with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be
displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid
crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined
orientation angle.

One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These
polarisers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in
a particular direction When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by
the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the
LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal

molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing
through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in
activating / highlighting the desired characters.

The LCD's are lightweight with only a few millimetres thickness. Since
the LCD's consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic
circuits, and can be powered for long durations. The LCD's don't generate light
and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is
possible in the dark. The LCD's have long life and a wide operating temperature
range. Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which
makes the LCD's more customer friendly.

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring in

aments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of
numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better
legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider temperature
range. These have resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in
telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started
replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics,
and also in small TV applications.
 Interface PIN Connection

SOFTWARE

MPLAB

INTRODUCTION
MPLAB is a Windows program package that makes writing and developing
a program easier. It could best be described as developing environment for some
standard program language that is intended for programming a PC computer.
Some operations which were done from the instruction line with a large number
of parameters until the discovery of IDE "Integrated Development
Environment" are now made easier by using the MPLAB. Still, our tastes differ,
so even today some programmers prefer the standard editors and compilers
from instruction line. In any case, the written program is legible, and well
documented help is also available.

MPLAB CONSISTS OF

 Grouping the projects files into one project (Project Manager)

 Generating and processing a program (Text Editor)

 Simulator of the written program used for simulating program

 Function on the microcontroller.

REQUIREMENTS

 PC compatible computer 486 or higher

 Microsoft Windows 3.1x or Windows 95 and new versions of the
Windows

Operating system

 VGA graphic card

 8MB memory (32MB recommended).

 20MB space on hard disc

 Mouse

HITECH C
INTRODUCTION

The HI-TECH C Compiler is a set of software, which translates

programs written in the C language to executable machine code programs.
Versions are available which compile programs for operation under the host
operating system, or which produce programs for execution in embedded
systems without an operating system.
FEATURES

Some of HI-TECH C's features are:

1. A single batch file or command file will compile, assemble and

link entire programs.

2. The compiler performs strong type checking and issues warnings

about various constructs which may represent programming errors.

3. The generated code is extremely small and fast in execution.

4. A full run-time library is provided implementing all standard C

input/output and other functions.

5. The source code for all run-time routines is provided.

6. A powerful general purpose macro assembler is included.

Programs may be generated to execute under the host operating

system, or customized for installation in ROM.

CONCLUSION

Paper plates can be manufactured at high rate with the

available machines. Manufacturing normally requires hydraulic press
machines to operate at a very high speed. But the problem is that they
are used for making one or two plates simultaneously, which shows a
less production rate.
Therefore there may be the chances of increase in production
rate by simultaneously punching the number of sheets in a single pass.
ADVANTAGES

 This product is an alternative for plastic cups and plates.

 Easily decomposing product.

 Cheaper and easily available material is used.

 Eco friendly product.

 The pneumatic arm is more efficient in the technical field.

 Quick response is achieved

 Simple in construction.

 Easy to maintain and repair.

 Cost of the unit is less.

 No fire hazard problem due to over loading.

 Comparatively the operation cost is less.

 Continuous operation is possible without stopping.

 It reduces the manual work.

 It reduces the production time.

 Occupies less floor space.

 Less skilled operator is sufficient.

DISADVANTAGES
 While working, the compressed air produces noise therefore

a silencer may be used.

 High torque can not be obtained.

 Initial cost is high.

 Cylinder stroke length is constant.

 Need a separate compressor.