12/2/2011

Basic Instrumentation

Delivered by: Rahat Sarwar

Basic Instrumentation

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Transmission Signals

Transmission Signals
The term which is used to convey/transfer data from one
place to another is known as Signal.

Signals are used to provide communication between

instruments of a control system.

There are four principal types of signals

1. Pneumatic Signal
2. Electrical Signal
3. Hydraulic Signal
4. Digital Signal

Transmission Signals

Pneumatic Signal
is actually base on air pressure which normally ranges between 3 PSI to 15
PSI.

Electrical / Electronic
signal normally ranges between 4mA to 20mA, 0v to10v (voltage), RTD Ω
range (resistance) and mv for Thermocouples.

Hydraulic Signal
is usually transferred from one location to the other by the differential
pressure of oil. Its range is normally 1.5 to 4.5 Kg/cm2.

Digital Signal
is transferred in the form of zero and one (binary). This type of signal is
commonly used in computers and Modern control systems like (DCS, PLC).Its
range is normally K. bytes/sec, M. bytes/sec.

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Transmission Signals

Signal Conversion
• One type of signal can be converted into another type of
signal. For example pneumatic signal can be converted into
electrical signal and vice versa.

• E/P’s or I/P’s
• Positioner

Signal Conversion

E/P’s or I/P’s
• To convert the electrical signal (4 to 20ma) into a
corresponding pneumatic signal (3~15 psi) for valve
operation.

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Signal Conversion

Signal Conversion
Positioner
• It is a device to operate by pneumatic
instrument signal, but with separate air
supply. Is used to provide the necessary
air pressure to the control valve actuator
for accurate positioning in accordance
with the demands of the loop controller.
They are mechanically connected to the
valve steam so that actual position can
be compared to desired position.

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Pneumatic Relays

Pneumatic Relays

Quick Exhaust Relay

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Pneumatic Relays

Volume Booster Relay

Pneumatic Relays

Reverse Relay

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Pneumatic Relays

Lock up Relay

Q & A Session ????