Croatian Humanists

Croatian Humanists, Ecumenists, Latinists, and Encyclopaedists
© by Darko Zubrinic, Zagreb (1995)
Contents:
* Croats at European universities in the Middle Ages <#univ>
* Latinists <#Latinists>
* Humanists <#humanists>
* Ecumenists <#ecumenists>
* Encyclopaedists <#enciklopedija>
Croats at European universities in the Middle Ages
The first public schools in Croatia were founded in Zadar
<http://split.carnet.hr/zadar/> (1282), Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html> (1333) and Zagreb
<http://www.tel.fer.hr/hrvatska/HRgradovi/Zagreb/Zagreb.html> (1362).
The first Gymnasium was founded by Paulists in Lepoglava near Zagreb in
1503.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Croatian students <http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/herman.jpg>
studied at many European Universities, starting from the Early Middle
Ages. For example, *Herman Dalmatin* (1110-1154) was our first student
who attended lectures of the famous Thierry de Chartres in Paris in the
thirties of the 12th century. Born according to his own words in the
heart of Istria, he wrote about 20 original books and translations, thus

contributing a great deal to natural philosophy and exact sciences in
Europe. He travelled a lot, and besides Latin and Greek mastered
perfectly Arabic.
On the left you can see an old drawing of Herman with an astrolabe in
his hand, shown with Euclid (from Chronica Maiora written by Matthew of
Paris in the 13th century). See a monograph by Zarko Dadic - /Herman of
Dalmatia/, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 212 pp (parallel English and Croatian
text).
He translated many important books from Arabian into Latin, like
*Euclid's* /Elements/, *Al-Khwarizmi*'s /Tables/ (continuing the work of
Adelard of Bath on both classics), *Sahl ibn Bishr's* (Arabian scientist
of the Jewish origin, 9th century) /Sextus astronomicae liber/,
Abu-Ma'ashar's /Introduction to Astronomy/, acquainting thus the West
with Aristotel's thoughts, and in particular the oldest Latin redaction
of *Ptolomey*'s /Planisphere/ (published in Toulouse 1143; in Islamic
literature known as `Almagest'). Herman wrote an astrological -
cosmological treatise /De essentiis/ (Béziers, 1143). With his English
friend Robert from Ketton he worked on the translation of *Kur'an*.
Herman's translations from Arabic represent an unavoidable ingredient of
the so-called `Toledo corpus' of texts on Islam. Its main objective was
to resist Islam not by force as the Crusaders did, but by understanding
and love. As we know, the Arabic culture was a bridge across which the
spiritual heritage of the Ancient Greeks came to the West.
The Croats were also present at the Court of the Andalusian califs in
Cordoba (Spain). The body guard for califs was composed of islamized
Croats. Among them the most famous were /Wadha el-Ameri/ and /Zahair
Alameri/ (11th century). The Croatian kingdom maintained relations with
the Califat, so that in 953 the Croatian legation visited Cordoba.
The oldest known map where the name of Croatia appears is El'Idrisi
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et01.html#idrisi>'s map of the

Mediterranean sea from 1154. The name of Croatia is written as
*Garuasia*. This map was a supplement of El'Idrisi's book "The Joy of
Those Who Long to Travel around the World".
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Pavao Dalmatin* (1190-1255), a professor at the University of Bologna,
a founder of the first Dominican communities in Croatia and Hungary,
wrote the first systematic tractate on confession in the history of
Catholic theology ("Summa de confessione"). Its last edition was printed
in 1919 in Dutch.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Augustin Kazotic*, a Dominican from the beautiful city of Trogir (13th
century), the future bishop of Zagreb, studied at the University of
Paris (Sorbonne) by the end of the 13th century. He was reputed to be
"an excellent orator and brilliant diplomat" not only in Croatia, but
also in France and Italy. He also founded the important Library of
Metropolitana in Zagreb, existing continuously from 13th century to
these days. Beatified in 1702.
It seems that Dante traveled through Croatia
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/dante.html>, and with help of
Croatian pilgrim, now a friend and guide through Croatia, Bishop
Kazotic, he visited Jurandvor on the island of Krk and saw the Baska
Tablet <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/baska.html>.
Augustin Kazotic
Also very old and important are the
* the Library of Dominicans in Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#dom> (founded in 13th
century, shelled by the Serbs in 1991/1992),
* the grand Library of Paulists in Lepoglava
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et2.html#paul> (confiscated
after the Austrians cancelled the Paulist order in 1786 - a
tremendous loss for Croatian culture).
The first known Croatian student of the Charles University in Prague
(founded in 1348) was fra Ilija from Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>, starting from 1391. The
famous Czech king Charles IV of Luxemburg built a Glagolitic convent in
Prague in 1347 <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html#karlo>,
where Croatian Benedictines from the island of Pasman were invited as
teachers. It is remarkable that the convent was just a few hundred
meters from the Charles University.
The first Croatian rector of the University of Padova was elected for
the period of 1397/1398. On the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of
Artists of the same University we know of dozens of Croatian rectors and
prorectors from the 14th century onwards. It would be difficult even to
count the number of Croatian students at the University of Padova. Some
of them became lecturers there, like Frederik Grisogono
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a1.html#gris> and Mark Antun de
Dominis <#dominis>.
In the fifteenth century several Croats were professors at the
University of Paris: Pavao Nikolin, Ivan Stojkovic <#stoj>, Petar
Gucetic and others.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Georges d'Esclavonie* <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/juraj.html>
(or de Sorbonne, Juraj Slovinac, born in Brezice in present Slovenia,
1355/60-1416), a professor at the University of Paris (Sorbonne) and a
theological writer, wrote the first Croatian abecedarium of Christian
science in the *Glagolitic alphabet* about 1400 (held in the Municipal
Library in Tours). He wanted to show his renowned colleagues of Sorbonne
that except Hebrew, Greek and Latin also existed a genuine Croatian
alphabet, or *alphabetum chrawaticum* as he called it, having a great
graphic and lexical value. In 1401 he defended his doctorate in
theology. In 1403 his name was included in the big scroll of professors
of the University of Paris. Since 1404 he was also a
canonist-penitentiary in Tours, in the nun's convent Beaumont, until the
end of his life. With his book "Le chasteau de virginite", written in
Latin and French in 1411, he entered the history of French and European
literature. There exist many of its copies from the 15th century, plus
three French printed editions (1505, 1506, 1510) and one Latin (1726),
thus proving its popularity in Europe. His manuscripts, some of them
written in the Croatian Glagolitic, are held in the City Library (former
Cathedral Library) in Tours. He was also very fond of Istria, to which
he referred as a part of his Croatian homeland: *Istria
<http://www.istra.com/> eadem patria Chrawati*. Photos of some of his
manuscripts can be seen at Juraj Slovinac
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/juraj.html> (in Croatian). One of
his original manuscripts is held at Yale University Library
<http://webtext.library.yale.edu/beinflat/pre1600.MS497.htm>.
Istria: Glagolitic books, registers and inscriptions.
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/istra4.jpg>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Tractatus de Ecclesia", written by *Ivan Stojkovic de Corvatia* (or
Iohannes de Carvatia, also known as Jean de Raguse, 1390/95-1443), a
professor at the University of Paris, was the first systematic tractate
about the Church in the history of Catholic theology. Ivan Stojkovic
also headed the delegation of the Council of Basel to Constantinople,
aiming to negotiate the Ecumenical questions of the Eastern and Western
Church. He wrote that he was from Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>, which was a Croatian
city (de Ragusio quae civitas est in Charvatia).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the 15th century /Luka Pozezanin/ and /Juraj from Cazma/ were
lecturing on mathematics at the University of Vienna. At the same
institution /Valent from Koprivnica/ was lecturing on natural
philosophy, /Ladislav from Pozega/ was lecturing on astronomy, etc.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Croatian Latinists
*Juraj Sizgoric* (~1420-1501) was born in Sibenik, and studied in
Padova, where he became doctor of sciences. He published a collection of
verses "Ellegiarum et carminum libri tres" in Venice in 1477, which is
thus one of Croatian incunabula. His book bears witness of a very rich
spiritual life in Dalmatia in the 15th century. He also described tragic
events related to spreading of the Turkish Ottoman Empire
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html>.
Konrad von Grünberger: Sibenik, 1486
Konrad von Grünberger
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#grun>: Sibenik in 1486

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Among Croatian Latinists and writers in Croatian a central place is
occupied by Marko Marulic <http://www.croatia.net/html/marulic.html>,
who is the /"father of Croatian literature"/ (born in Split
<http://www.find-croatia.com/split/>, 1450-1524). He was the most famous
spiritual writer of his time in Europe, and also the first who defined
and used the notion of *psychology
<http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htm>*, which is today in
current use.
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lat/psychologia.gif>
Source <http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htm>
His book *De institutione bene vivendi* (six volumes, 64 chapters),
published in Venice in 1506, had fifteen editions until 1686 and was
translated from Latin into
* Italian
* German (five editions between 1583 and 1614, all in Köln, in parts
already in 1568)
* French (7 editions, the first one in 1585)
* Flemish
* Japanese (in Nagasaki, in parts, 1585)
* Portuguese and
* Czech,
altogether 40 editions. It is well known that *St. Francis Xaver* had
taken only two books on his long pilgrimage to the East (India, Japan
and China): the /Bible/ and /De institutione/. Furthermore, in his
testament St. Francis Xaver asked that Marulic's book be buried with
him. Therefore we may conclude that Marulic was a spiritual father of

St. Francis Xaver. St. Francis Xaver's personal sample of Marulic's book
was kept in Madrid in a collection of valuables until 1937, when it had
dissapeared. St. Ignazio Loyola included De Insitutione into the list of
basic references for the formation of Jesuits. Both St. Francis Xaver
and St. Ignazio Loyola were Basques.
Marulic left us many beautiful verses and the epic poem /Judita
<http://nskcrolist.nsk.hr/judita/pages/judita01.html>/ written in the
Croatian language, for which he says expressly to be written in the
*Croatian verses* (versi harvatski). Some of his original verses are
held in Glasgow (GB). His Judith was translated into English, Hungarian,
French, Italian, and some parts into Spanish. Marulic translated from
Latin into Croatian the famous "De imitatione Christi" by Thoma de Kempis.
The title page of Marko Maruli?'s book Judita, printed in Croatian
language in Venice 1501.
Source of the photo Wikipedia
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87>.
Transcription:
Libar Marka Marula Spli?anina v kom se
uzdarži historija svete udovice Judite uversih
harvatskisložena kako ona ubi voj-
vodu Oloferna posridu voj-
ske njegove. I oslobodi pu-
k israelski od veli-
ke pogibli.
+
Please note:
u versih harvatski = in Croatian verses
The original Marulic's manuscript of "De institutione bene vivendi" has
been stolen from the Croatian National Library in Zagreb around 1980.
Any information about this would be appreciated.
According to investigations of a French specialist Charles Béné
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#bene>, Marulic's texts have
been used extensively by Thomas More and Henry VIII. It is known that
Marulic's "Evangelistarium" that was read by Henry VIII bears many
comments by the King. It is considered that two of the king's three
literary works were written under the influence of Marko Marulic.
Charles Béné has translated Marulic' Judita from Croatian into French
<http://www.amb-croatie.fr/culture/judith_marulic_bene.htm> (La Judith).
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/marulh8.jpg>
A page of Marulic's /Evangelistarium/ annotated personnaly by the
English King
Henry VIII, kept in the British Library (843 K 13), see Charles Béné:
/La reception des oeuvres de Marulic dans les provinces du Nord/ ,
in Colloquia Marvliana IIII, Knjizveni krug, Split 1994., p. 51
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lat/marul_madrid1655.jpg>
Marko Marulic's Evangelistarium published in Spanish in Madrid in 1655.
Note Croatian Coat of Arms
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/coat.html> in the middle. Photo
exhibited by The Split Literary Circle <http://www.knjizevni-krug.hr/>.
Marulic's poem "Carmen de Doctrina Domini Nostri Jesu Christi pendentis
in cruce" was translated into English as "A Dialogue betwext a Christian

and Christ hanging on the Crosse" by St Philip Howard
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07503a.htm>, Earl of Arundel (1557-1595).
According to C. Verdiani, Marulic is also the author of the *Florence
Codex*, which contains a biography of St Jerome written in the Croatian
language. There he wrote
/St Jerome is our Dalmatian, a glory, honour and fame,
and a brilliant crown of the Croatian language./
In Croatian: /Jerolim je nass Dalmatin, on je dika, posstenje i slava i
svitla kruna hrvatskoga jezika/.
Marulic's verses appeared printed in the Glagolitic Script
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html> alreday during his
lifetime, in Transit of St Jerome (Transit sv. Jerolima), published in
the town of Senj <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/senj.html> in 1508
under the title of /Anjelske kriposti/, in 144 doubly-rhymed
dodecasylabic (ie 12 syllabic) lines. These verses, transcribed into the
Glagolitic from the original Croatian text in Latin script, can be found
by the end of the book. Many thanks to academician Anica Nazor for this
information (2007). Here is a part of describing wisdom of St Jerome,
see [Bratulic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/hr.html#brat>, Il
poeta Marco Marulic e la tradizione glagolitica in Croazia, p 232]:
Bog razum skupi u njem tr izvrstnu mudrost,
Sveta Pisma po njem da prosine svitlost,
Prorokov otajna, Kristove pritaci
Nam su sad nahajna, jer je on stlmaci.
Vsu knjigu latinsku i grcku umise
I osce ijudejsku…
Older Croatian Glagolitic Transits of St Jerome have been studied by
[Stefanic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/hr.html#stef>].
Marko Marulic sent a dramatic letter to the Pope Hadrian VI, describing
an extremely tragic position of the Croats threatened by the onslaughts
of the Ottoman Empire <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html> and
asking for help.
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/marulgar.jpg>
Jean Garret (Ioan Garetij) of Louvain, in his writing /De era praesentia
corporis Christi in sacrmaneto Eucharistiae/, 1561, cites Marko Marulic
His books were known not only in the whole of Europe, but also in Japan
(in the 16th century) and South America. For example, parts of /De
institutione bene vivendi/ were translated into Japanese
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japan.html> already in 1585,
published in parts in Nagasaki under the title /Sanctos no gosayuno/,
see Franolic <http://www.hic.hr/books/latinists/01latin.htm> (he
mentions 1595 instead of 1585).
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/marulde.jpg>
More than 500 copies of Marulic's books are kept in Germany (60
libraries), from Franz Leschinkol: /Povijesna uloga Evandjelistara i
Institucije u 16. stoljecu/, in Colloquia Marvliana IIII, Knjizveni
krug, Split 1994., pp. 90 and 193
/Alonso de Villegas/, Spanish author of a famous book /Fructus
Sanctorum/ (printed in Paris in 1624), refers to Marulic's /De
Institutione/ on almost every page. Another Spanish Christian humanist,
/Juan Lorenzo Palmierno/ (Laurentius Palmyrenus), in four of his texts
published between 1564 and 1578 mentions expressly to be inspired by
Marulic's books. Moreover, in one of his dramas there is a figure called
"Marulus". And Professor Michael Neralich (lecturing Spanish and

comparative literature at the University of Clermond-Ferrand) considers
that the figure of "Andrea Marulo" in the novel /Trabajos de Persiles y
Sigismunda/ by /Cervantes/ is inspired by Marulic. There is no doubt
that Cervantes was familiar with Marulic's books, since they were
translated into Spanish by /Fernandez de Ruenga/. In the Library of
Cristoph Columbo in Sevilla, founded by Hernando Colon (son of Cristoph
Columbo), there are many books by Marko Marulic, and even his "Judita"
written in Croatian!
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/marulj1591.jpg>
/Sanctos nogosagveono/, 1591, written in Japanese language and in Latin
script, contains Marulic's texts; see Franz Leschinkol: /Povijesna uloga
Evandjelistara i Institucije u 16. stoljecu/, in Colloquia Marvliana
IIII, Knjizveni krug, Split 1994., pp. 98
One of Marulic's tractates has been translated into Icelandic
<http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac449.nsf/AllWebDocs/Marulic_na_Islandu_i_u_Njemackoj>
in 1601.
When St. Francis Xaver arrived to Kogoshima in Japan in 1549, he also
brought Marulic's "De insitutione bene vivendi". According to bishop
Hamao from Yokohama, president of Japanese Bishop's Conference and of
Asian Caritas, the formation of earliest Japanese Christians had been
very probably based on the spirituality of Marulic. See here
<http://www.hkz.hr/20416.htm> (in Croatian). It is interesting that in
Berlin a monument of Marko Marulic was set up in 2000. In the Library of
Congress, Washington, a symposium was held devoted to his work.
* Marko Marulic, Humanist from Split
<http://www.croatianmall.com/croatia/franolic/marko-marulic.htm>
* Marko Marulic - Marcvs Marvlvs
<http://www.studiacroatica.org/libros/tomasov/tomasov1.htm> (in
French), by Mirko Tomasovic

<http://www.almissa.com/mirkotomasovic.htm>, translated from Italian
by Charles Béné
* MARVLIANVM <http://www.knjizevni-krug.hr/marulianum/>, Centar za
proucavanje Marka Marulica i njegova humanistickoga kruga, Split
* Marko Marulic: De insittutione bene vivendi
<http://www.nsk.hr/HeritageDetails.aspx?id=181> (scrollable book),
National and University Library, Zagreb
* Marko Marulic: Judita <http://nskcrolist.nsk.hr/judita/>(scrollable
book), National and University Library, Zagreb
* Epistola domini Marci Maruli Spalatensis
<http://www.nsk.hr/HeritageDetails.aspx?id=201> ad Adrianum VI.
Pont. Max. (scrollable book), National and University Library, Zagreb
* Colloquia Maruliana
<http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=casopis&id_casopis=43>
* Bratislav Lucin (ed.): /The Marulic Reader/, Knjizevni krug Split
Marulianum, Croatian World Congress, Split 2007., ISBN 978-953-163-284-3
* Bratislav Lucin: /Marko Marulic 1450-1524/, Zebra plus, Split 2008.,
ISBN 978-953-96566-4-3, in Croatian and German
* Zvonko Pandži?: Nepoznata proza Marka Maruli?a, Tusculanae
editiones, Zagreb 2009., ISBN: 978-953-95144-6-2; the monograph is
described by Stjepan Krasi?: K rješenju maruli?evskog pitanja [PDF
<http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/77819>], Filologija 54, Zagreb 2010.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The court of the king Mathias Korvin was a strong European humanistic
center, to which the Croats gave a deep imprint. Thus the tutor of
Mathias Korvin was *Ivan Vitez* (1405-1472), a Croatian Latinist, who
also had the merit to open the University of Bratislava (capital of
Slovakia) and the Academy and library of Budim (part of today's
Budapest). He was a cardinal and occupied the position of the king's
chancellor. In his speech in Vienna he asked for help to stop the
penetration of the Turkish Ottoman Empire to Croatian lands.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jannus Pannonius <http://www.croatia.net/html/pannonius.html>
(1431-1472), a Latin poet and humanist at the court of Mathias Korvin
and a Croatian ban (viceroy), was famous in his time. He was born in a
small village near /Aljmas/ on the river Danube (the area that during
the Serbian aggression in 1991/92 suffered indescribable atrocities) and
died in Medvedgrad near Zagreb.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Antun Vrancic* (lat /Antonius Verantius/, hungarized name /Antal
Verancsics/, born in Sibenik in 1504) studied in Padova, Vienna and
Krakow. After spending almost 20 years as a secretary and diplomat at
the court of Ivan Zapolja, he continued his career at the court of
Ferdinand I Habsburg in 1549. As the king's envoy he had a delicate task
to negotiate with the Turks
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#vrana> (he spent
altogether 6 years as a diplomat in Turkey). Together with a Flamish
diplomat Busbeck he discovered the *Ankara plate* (Monumentum ancyranum,
held in the National Museum in Vienna), which is quite important for
understanding the history of the Roman Empire, especially during the
time of the Emperor Augustus. As a diplomat he travelled to France,
Italy, Poland, England (on a diplomatic mission to the court of King
Henry VIII), Turkey etc., and was exchanging letters with Erasmus of
Rotterdam. In Krakow, Poland, he published two collections of poetry in
the Latin language ("Elagiae" and "Otia").
Antun Vrancic portrait by Martin Rota Kolunic
Portrait of Antun Vrancic by outstanding Croatian painter
Martin Rota Kolunic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/art.html#rota>
from Sibenik
Antun Vrancic occupied the highest ecclesiastic and state positions,
first as the Ostrogon Archbishop and the primate of Hungary, and then as
the Cardinal (during the Pope Gregory XIII). He left us valuable
testimonies written in the Latin language about the tragic life in the
Croatian areas occupied by the Ottoman Empire
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html>. Already as a young
person Vrancic wrote the biography of Petar Berislavic, a Croatian Ban.
From about 4000 of his preserved letters one can see that he stressed to
be a Croat. His collected works have been published in 12 volumes by the
Hungarian Academy.
Petar Berislavic, Croatian ban
Antun Vrancic, that is, /Antal Verancsics/, is in Hungarian literature
usually described as Hungarian, which is no surprise. The same for
Faustus Verancsics
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a2.html#vran>, his very famous
relative.
It is little known that the famous Venetian painter Tizian portrayed
Frane Vrancic - father of Antun Vrancic.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the oldest secular dramas in Europe is `The Slave', written by
*Hanibal Lucic* (born in Hvar, 1485-1553), a Croatian writer. In 1612 a
municipal theatre in Hvar (on the island Hvar) was built up. It was the
*first communal theatre in Europe* (i.e. the first theatre in a closed
building).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Croatian language was taught in all church Universities in the 17th
century as one of six world languages:
* Latin,
* Greek,
* Hebrew,
* Arabian,
* Caldean (Aramaic),
* Illyric (Croatian).
The decree ordering to learn these languages was issued by Pope Urban
VIII in 1623, and it was decided that Croatian should be lectured at
least for two years as compulsory subject at the following universities:
* University of Bologna,
* University of Padova,
* University of Vienna,
* University of Ingolstadt,
* University of Köln,
* University of Louvain,
* University of Paris,
* University of Toulouse,
* University of Salamanca,
* University of Madrid (Alcalŕ de Henares).
This hitherto completeley unknown fact has been published in a monograph
by academician *Stjepan Krasic*, /Pape i hrvatski knjizevni jezik u
XVII. stoljecu, Zagreb - Citluk/, Matica hrvatska, 2004. (Academician
Krasic is professor of history at Papal University of St. Thomas Aquinas
in Rome). See an interview with Stjepan Krasic at www.glas-koncila.hr
<http://www.glas-koncila.hr/rubrike_interview.html?news_ID=1941>.
Stjepan Krasic also discovered that the University of Zadar, i.e.
/Universitas Jadertina/, was founded in 1396, see here

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et2.html>.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the well known Latinists was *Rajmund Kunic* (1719-1794), who
translated the Iliade from Greek into Latin in 1776 (the first edition
in Rome, second edition in Venice in 1784). His translation is even
today generally regarded as the best one in the world. Kunic was a
member of the Accademia dell'Arcadia <#arcad> in Rome.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Benedikt Stay-Stojkovic* (1714-1801) was a famous Latin poet, a member
of Accademia dell'Arcadia <#arcad>. He studied in Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html> and Rome, and was a
professor at Sapienza. He wrote two extensive epics:
* "Philosophiae versibus traditiae libri VI" (Six books of versified
philosophy), published in Venice in 1744. It contains 10,249
hexameters, in which he presented Descart's philosophy. Second
enlarged ed. was published in Rome, comprising 11,229 hexameters.
* "Philosophiae recentioris...versibus traditiae libri X", was devoted
to Newton's scientific and philosophical views, published in 1755.
It contains as many as 24,227 hexameters. Commentaries and notes
have been written by an outstanding Croatian Latinist and scientist
Rugjer Boskovic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#rudder>.
This is why he was named "Croatian Lucretius".
------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the most outstanding Croatian scientists in history was Rugjer
Boskovic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#rudder>
(1711-1787), also brilliant Latinist poet. He wrote an extensive

scientific poem /De solis et lunae defectibus/ (On Solar and Lunar
Eclipse), published in London in 1760. It contains 5570 Latin verses,
and was dedicated to the Royal Society of England whose member he was.
In the title one can read "Father R. Boskovic, of the Jesuit Order",
although at that time it was forbidden for Jesuits to live and work in
England. The epic was written in the manner of Roman classics, in
dactilus hexameter.
For more information see Latin as literary language among the Croats
<http://www.hic.hr/books/latinists/01latin.htm>
The oldest known Croatian book in the Latin script was "The Order and
Law", written in 1345 by the Dominicans from Zadar.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Brne Zamanja* (Bernardus Zamagne, 1735-1820) was born in Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>. He lectured rhethoric
in Rome, Livorno, Siena, and Greek language and literature in Milano.
His translations into Latin comprise Greek classics and Croatian authors
(Gundulic) and Croatian folk poetry.
For more information see
* Marianna D. Birnbaum: /Humanists in a Shatterd World: Croatian and
Hungarian Latinity in the Sixteenth Century/
<http://www.slavica.com/litfolk/lf11.htm>, 433 p., UCLA Slavic
Studies, Volume 15, 1986. "Here the author investigates a group of
sixteenth-century Hungarian and Croatian Latinists, their
vicissitudinous lives and remarkable contributions to every facet of
European culture." Reedited in 1993 under the title Croatian and
Hungarian Latinity in the Sixteenth Century, Croatian PEN Centre and
Most / The Bridge, Zagreb-Dubrovnik, 1993.

* Branko Franolic: Works of Croatian Latinists
<http://www.hic.hr/books/latinists>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Croatian Humanists
*Pavao Dalmatin* was lecturing canonical law at the University of
Bologna. His book "Summa poenitentia" (1220) had been rewritten in as
many as fifty copies in the period between the 13th and 15th century,
that are now held in many European libraries. It also had three printed
editions in the 18th, 19th and even in the 20th century. This book
represents the first known manual of moral theology for confessionals.
Pavao Dalmatin was a collaborator and a good friend to St. Dominic.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the most important Croatian humanists in the 15th century was
bishop *Nikola Modruski*, the creator of the first known Latin
incunabula written by a Croat author ("Oratio in funere Petri Cardinalis
S. Sixty," 1474, Rome). At the same time he was a great promoter of the
Croatian Glagolitic Script
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html>. He was also the papal
nuncio at the court of the *Bosnian ban (viceroy) Stjepan Tomasevic* and
at the court of king Mathias Corvin in Budim. His huge library, whose
origin is from Modrus, was left to the Vatican. He wrote a treatise in
defence of the Glagolitic Script in Modrus bishopric. It is regarded to
be the /first polemic treatise/ in the history of Croatian literature.
It is interesting that Nikola Modruski was born in Boka kotorska
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#boka>. In 1474 he printed
the first book among the Croats, in the Latin language. For additional
information see here <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html#niko>.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Croatian Dominican priest Beniamin
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html#ben> was editor in chief
of the first Russian Bible (finished in 1499) written in Russian Church
Slavonic. It was the first Bible also among all Orthodox Christian
Slavs. It served as a basis of later printed Russian editions in 1580-81
and 1663, which had spread among Orthodox Christian Slavs. Beniamin's
original translations of the Vulgata are even today left unchanged in
many parts of the contemporary Russian Bible. It is interesting that the
old Russian Bible has many Croatian characteristics in phonetics,
morphology and vocabulary, for example,
* /kovac /(blacksmith)
* /loviti /(to hunt)
* /plijen /(prey)
* /staja /(stable)
* /stijena /(rock)
* /nastojati /(to strive)
* /puk /(common people)
* /obitelj /(family)
* and even - /gusterna/ (stone water cistern)!
It is clear that he originates from the coastal region of Croatia,
probably from the city of Split (according to Vladimir Rozov <#rozov>),
and according to Franjo Sanjek <#rozov>, from the Glagolitic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html> environment in the area
of Rijeka, Vinodol <http://www.vinodol.org/> or Lika
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html>.
According to the famous Russian church historian /Makarij/, Beniamin was
the chief personality in the creation of Genadij's Bible. This
undertaking was of great importance for the Russian Church, in

particular for the development of Russian spiritual literature. Beniamin
also translated the 8th part of the latest 1486 Strasbourg edition of
the famous work /Rationale divinorum officiorum/ of Guilelemus Durandus
- Spectator, which was devoted to calendar calculations and astronomy.
In this way Beniamin influenced also the development of Russian
astronomical terminology, in particular - Russian names for star
constellations. According to Vladimir Rozov <#rozov> (Russian emigrant
in Zagreb), Beniamin (or /Venjamin/ as he is called in the Russian
literature) represents /the earliest humanist on the Russian soil/, and
furthermore, Beniamin was actually _editor in chief_ of the first
complete Church-Slavonic Bible among Pravoslav Slavs. Beniamin also had
important role in opening new schools in Novgorod (until that time there
were no real schools in Russia). The name of Croatian Dominican Beniamin
is completely unknown among Croats in time when these lines are written
(1999), except to several specialists. The Croats can be rightfully
proud of this little known person for his great Ecumenical role.
Beniamin's mission in Russia represents an important and almost
forgotten bridge between Catholic and Orthodox Christianity.
* Literature: Vladimir Rozov: /Hrvatski dominikanac Venjamin u
Rusiji/, Nastavni vjesnik, knj. 41, sv. 8-10, Zagreb, 1933, 302-336.
See also here <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html#ben>.
Vladimir Alekseevic Rozov <http://www.vgd.ru/R/rozov.htm#>
(1876-1940), born in Kyiv, capital of Ukraine, in the family of
professor of the Kyiv Spiritual Academy. In 1903 graduated from the
Kyiv University (Faculty of Philosophy). In 1907-1908 investigated
the Slavic manuscripts on the Near East. Professor of Slavic
philology in the Nizyn Institute (1916) in Ukraine. Professor at the
University of Tavrid (1918-1920; Tavrid is today's Herson in
Ukraine). Lectured Russian language at the *University of Zagreb*
(1920-1940), and died in Zagreb. Literary critic, culturologist,
publicist, investigator of Russian-Croatian relations, author of
many articles. [more <http://zarubezhje.narod.ru/rs/r_008.htm>].

Many thanks to Mr. Oleh Hirnyk, Lviv, Ukraine, for kind help.
* Zarko Dadic: /O hrvatskom dominikancu Benjaminu i njegovoj ulozi na
dvoru novgorodskog arhiepiskopa Genadija/, Croatica christiana,
XIII, (1989) 23, str. 44-48.
* BENJAMINOV PRIJEVOD OSME KNJIGE ZNAMENITOGA DURANDUSOVA DJELA "RATIO
DIVINORUM OFFICIARUM"
<http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/srv/srv_10.htm#6>, by
academician Zarko Dadic
* Franjo Sanjek: Dominikanci u Rijeci i Hrvatskom primorju, Sveti Vid
VIII, zbornik, Izdavacki centar Rijeka 2003.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Andrija Jamometic*, a descendant of noble family from the town of Nin
on Croatian littoral, was born in 1420-30, and died around 1486. He
obtained excellent education in Padova, and later became outstanding
diplomat in the service of Pope Sixto IV, tsar Friedrich III, and free
cities like Nürnberg. In the Dominican convent in Udine (Italy) there
was his portrait (now lost), with the following inscription: /Brother
Andrija, Croat, member of Udinese convent, famous for his knowledge of
theological science and connoisseur of foreign languages/. Pope Sixto IV
apppointed him Archbishop of Granea in Greece. He was deeply involved in
Ecumenical questions related to delicate relations between Eastern and
Western Christianity. He also insisted on the necessity to save
Constantinople and Eastern Europe from Turkish onslaughts. In his letter
written in 1482 to many European rulers, Jamometic sent an appeal to
organize the Third General Church Council to discuss Ecumenical
questions, and to continue the unfinished Basel Council. He also sent an
appeal to many universities, for example, to theological faculties in
Vienna, Paris, Köln, Louvain, Krakow, and other similar institutions
throughout Europe. His tragic destiny was similar to that of Thomas More
about 50 years later.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Juraj Dragisic* (Georgius Benignus, 1445? - 1520) was a Croat born in
*Srebrenica* in eastern Bosnia (known by the Greater Serbian slaughter
of Muslim Slavs in 1995 that the international community watched with
fingers crossed, though it had been "UN protected area"). As a young
Franciscan, when Bosnia fell in the Turkish hands in 1463, he escaped
across Zadar to Italy. Due to the generous support from several Italian
noble families he obtained excellent university education in Rome,
Bologna, Florence, Padova, Ferrara, Paris and Oxford. His career started
on several Italian universities, where he was lecturing philosophy and
theology (including Sapienza in Rome). At the same time he was an
educator and tutor of the children of the Toscan Archduke Lorenzo Medici
- one of his children became a Pope (Leon X). By the end of the 15th
century, after 30 years spent in Italy, he continued his career in
Dubrovnik <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>. Juraj
Dragisic was in touch with the most outstanding names of the European
Humanism of that time, and is the author of several books in the Latin
language: "De natura celestium spiritum", Florence, 1499, "De natura
angelica", Dubrovnik, 1498. He also spent some time as an envoy of the
Pope at the court of Emperer Maximillian in Innsbruck. In 1514 he
proposed the reform of the Julian calendar
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a1.html#drag>, which later
became known as the Gregorian calendar.
Juraj Dragisic: De natura celestium spiritum
In 1515 a question was raised by a German theologist on the
admissibility of Talmud within the Christian doctrine. As a
representative of the theological commission in charge to express his
opinion, Dragisic was resolutely for acceptance of Talmud. Being accused
by a Great Inquisitor of Germany for heresy, he was defended by the
famous Erasmus of Rotterdam. See [Gregory Peroche

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#pero>], p. 65.
The last book by Dragisic entitled "New and Old Rules of the Dialectical
Art" (Artis dialecticae praecepta vetera et nova, 1520), dedicated to
the questions of Logic, has been prepared in Dubrovnik and published in
Rome. Croatian Logic Association
<http://hrvatskologickoudr.wixsite.com/hlu1> has founded the Juraj
Dragiši? / Georgius Benignus Prize in Logic
<http://hrvatskologickoudr.wixsite.com/hlu1/prize>.
This very interesting Bosnian Croat, and outstanding European
intellectual of his time, is treated in a monograph written by Croatian
scientist Mirjana Urban: /Juraj Dragisic/, published in Dubrovnik in
1998. We learn that Dragisic wrote 7 printed book (ou of them 5
incunabula, including one very beautiful in Dubrovnik), 12 handwritten
books, and at least 4 lost books.
We find it pertinent to add that the monograph of Mirjana Uraban is
dedicated to her son Pave, a young Croatian photographer and cameraman,
killed in 1991 during Serbain attacks on Dubrovnik. He had the same
profession, and the same tragic destiny as Gordan Lederer
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lederer.html>.
The reader will not mind a short digression with a word or two about
*Srebrenica*, where Juraj Dragisic was born. Before the Ottoman
penetration to Bosnia, which started in the 15th century, its population
was mostly Croatian. In 1600 it had about 200 Catholic houses.
Srebrenica was a part of the Bosnia Argentum Archbishopric held by the
Bosnian Franciscans. Its Catholic church from the 14th century had not
been destroyed by the Turks, only its bell-tower was rebuilt to a
minaret, so that the former church served as a mosque, even till these
days (i.e. for more than 500 years). The author of these lines visited
it in 1981, when the population of Srebrenica had a large Muslim

majority. As a "UN protected" zone, this city, overpopulated by tens of
thousands of exiles (mostly Muslim Slavs), was a victim of the
Greater-Serbian ethnical cleansing and genocide in July 1995. The fate
of about 8,000 people is not known. The Catholic church - mosque was
destroyed.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Simun Kozicic Zadranin <http://www.svkri.hr/izlozbe/bishopshimun.html>
(or Benja), the bishop of Modrus
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>, was a humanist,
Glagolitic writer and Glagolitic typographer with his printing house in
the city of Rijeka <http://mamed.medri.hr/riweb/rijeka.html>. He is
known for his speech about the insupportable pressure of the Ottoman
Empire <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html> on Croatia to the
participants of the Lateran Council in 1513. The same purpose had his
speech *De Corvatiae desolatione* (On Devastated Croatia) held in the
presence of the Pope Leon X in 1516. For additional information see here
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html#kozi>.
1516 speech of Simun Kozicic Zadranin, Bishop of Modrus: De Coruatiae
desolatione (On Devastated Croatia), published in Latin original in
Paris, France, 1517
It is interesting that Kozicic's 1516 speech, held in Latin, has been
translated into French already in 1518
<http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac466.nsf/AllWebDocs/Kozicic_na_francuskom___1518._godine>,
published again in 1560 and 1561, all three times in Paris. In the
French translation the author of the speech is described as "reuerend
pere en Dieu leuesque de Modrusie, ambassadeur deuers sa Sainctete pour
le pais de Coruacia" (reverend father in God from Modrus, emissary in
front of His Holiness from the country of Croatia). It is interesting

that his Koži?i?'s Latin words /pauperes illi nostri/are translated
as"noz poures gentz de Coruatie" (our poor people of Croatia).
Bratislav Lu?in: Koži?i? na francuskom - 1518. godine!
<http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac466.nsf/AllWebDocs/Kozicic_na_francuskom___1518._godine>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Toma Niger <http://www.st.carnet.hr/split/poljud.html> (Toma Nigris,
bishop of Skradin and later bishop of Trogir) as an emissary of Ban
Petar Berislavic, was on a diplomatic mission to the Roman Pope and to
the Emperor Charles the Fifth in Brussels in 1520, to appeal for help to
the defence of Croatia against the Turks. The same year the Croatian Ban
was killed in the battle against the Turkish army at the town of Korenica.
Toma Niger (Toma Nigris) portrait by Lorenzo Lotto, Italian painter in
Croatia
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Prince Bernardin Frankapan*, born and educated in the Glagolitic
environment, was an important promoter of the Croatian Glagolitic
literature. He founded the Glagolitic scriptorium for translating the
Bible in the town of Ozalj. In his speech *Oratio pro Croatia* held in
*Nürenberg* in 1522 he sent a dramatic appeal to the German State
Council and to Europe to help the Croats in their struggle against the
attacks of the Ottoman Empire. Simun Kozicic Zadranin <#kozi> wrote for
him that "even under arms and with sword, all the time he writes and
translates". For additional information see here
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html#franb>.
/Sigismun Gelenius/ (1477-1554), a Czech humanist, is the author of a

Latin Czech dictionary /Lexicon Simphonium/ published in Basle in 1537,
where one can encounter Croatian words as well (in particular in its
second edition from 1547; information by Mr. Ivan Dubravcic, Delft, The
Netherlands).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the greatest promoters of Protestantism in Europe was *Flacius
Illyricus* (Matija Vlacic, born in Labin in Istria, 1520-1575). As a
young Croatian philosopher, at the age of 24 he was appointed to be a
professor of Hebrew and Greek at the University of Wittenberg, the
center of Protestantism. The bibliography of his work is enormous -
three hundred books and brochures. His "Catalogus testium veritatis"
(Magdeburg, 1555) represents a tremendous historical documentation,
probably the best polemical book of his time. French edition appeared in
Strasbourg in 1526 and in Lyon in 1597. His pamphlet "Contre la
principauté de l'évęque de Rome" was printed in Lyon in 1563. He wrote
also about Croatian churches that ever since had liturgy in the Croatian
version of the Old Church Slavonic language, using holly books written
in the Croatian Glagolitic Alphabet. He was the organizer, editor in
chief and the chief writer of the famous "Ecclesiastica historia" (The
History of the Church), that appeared in 13 volumes in Basel.
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/vlacic2.jpg>
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/vlacic1.jpg>
Flacius Illyricus: Clavis Scriptuare Sacrae, Regensburg, 1567
(from the 2006 exhbition in NSK
<http://www.nsk.hr/izlozbe/knjigepisama/index.htm>, Zagreb)
His greatest linguistic work is "Clavis Scripturae Sacrae" (The key to
the Sacred Script, it contains about 7.5 million characters),
Regensburg, 1567, analyzing lexicographically the content of the Old and

New Testament. He is considered to be the founder of hermeneutic
philosophy. When writing about *Istria* (peninsula in the Adriatic), he
calls it *`the sweetest homeland'*.
There is a work of a famous French polyhistor Guillaume Postel, with the
preface written by Flacius Ilyricus (Matija Vlacic):
Postel Guillaume: Epistola Guilemi Postelli ad C. Schwenkfeldium, cum
prefacione m. Mathiae Flacci Illyrici, Jenae, 1556. (see [Marianna D.
Birnbaum <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lat.html#birnbaumm>, p. 510])
It is interesting that Guillaume Postel
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html#postel> presented Croatian
Glagolitic Scritp in one of his books, calling it /Alphabetum
Hieronymianum seu Dalmaticum, aut Illiricum./
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Croatian Jesuit *Mark Antun de Dominis* (born as *Marko Domnianich* on
the island of Rab <http://www.multilink.hr/rab/e_index.html>, 1560-1624)
ranked among the greatest European philosophers and scientist of his
time. His career of a university professor started in Padova. He was
especially esteemed in England, where he was invited by king James I.
There he lived at the Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury and was
appointed to be the Windsor Dean and the king's chancellor.
Marko Antonio de Dominis
Dominis arrived to London in December 1616 with a great pomp after his
apostasy from Rome. Four days after the spectacular welcome, Dominis was
placed fifth place next to King James. This meant, according to the
protocol of the time, that he was fifth in the hierarchy of the state.
In 1617 he was lecturing in Cambridge and Oxford. In Cambridge he was

awarded the title of doctor of divinity. His sermons in London were
printed in Italian, English and Latin. His book "The Ecclesiastical
State" was printed in Latin in England, with permission of the King.
It is interesting that Dominis introduced the word "*puritan*" into
English in its modern meaning, which was earlier used only in
theological literature and had a very narrow meaning.
His work in physics was cited in I. Newton's book "The optics" published
in 1704 (page 147). Among other things he contributed to the explanation
of the phenomenon of the double rainbow
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/stroh/rainbow.html>. His theory of
tides was based on the idea of attractive force between the Moon and the
Earth, which was later made precise in Newton's theory of gravitation.
He also discovered the phenomenon of diffraction of white light (see G.
Hund's "Geschite der Physik"). However, his main preoccupation was the
problem of European peace and the reform of the Church. In 1618 his work
"The Rocks of Christian Shipwrecke" was printed first in Italian, and
then in English. It was held an important apologetic work of Protestant
theology, and was soon translated into French. It was read throughout
Europe.
After six years of stay in England his relation with the Anglican Church
and the King himself cooled down, though he had given the Anglican
Church one of the most important doctrinal weapons (for more details see
[Mardesic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#mard>], p. 162).
His work "De Republica Ecclesiastica", which was published in ten books
in London, brought him the anathema of Rome. He was imprisoned by
Inquisition and when he died, the burial of his body was not allowed. It
was burnt, together with his manuscripts, on the square of Campo dei
Fiori in Rome, where Giordano Bruno had been burnt twenty four years
earlier.
Branko Franolic: Two Croatian refugees at St. James’s Court at the
beginning of the 17th century
<http://www.dalmatia.net/croatia/franolic/Marko-Antun-de-Dominis.htm>
Markantun Dominis taught poetics in Verona, mathematics in Padova,
philosophy and rhetoric in Rome and Brescia. His position in Padova was
later filled by Galileo Galilei. (see [Marianna D. Birnbaum
<#birnbaumm>, p. 362])
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Croatian theologist, ecumenist panslavist and musicologist *Juraj
Krizanic* (1618-1683) was trying to initiate the dialog on the
unification of the Russian Church with Rome. He dreamed about an open
and peaceful dialog with Orthodox Christians. His major works are
"Razgovory ob vladatelstvu"or "Politika" (written in panslavic Esperanto
that he invented as a combination of his native Croatian, Russian and
churchslavonic), written during his 15 year exile to Siberia and the
panslavic grammatical book "Gramaticcno iskazanie ob ruskom jaziku"
(Tobolsk, 1665). He also spent some time in Ukraine, where he had close
ties with some of leading scholars. Krizanic wrote "Historia de Siberia"
in 1680, with dedication to Jan Sobiesky. It is known that during his
sojourn in Rome he supervised a publication of musical works of the
Portuguese king D. Joăo IV. According to Krizanic's systematization of
science, music should be regarded as a part of mathematics. He wrote his
"Asserta musicalia nova" in 1650. Krizanic died near Vienna while
participating in its defence against the Turks in the Ukrainian troops
that adjoined the troops of the Polish king Jan Sobiesky.
According to a Russian historian S.M. Solovev (see his /Istorija Rosii s
drevnejshih vremen/, vol. XIII, Sanktpeterburg 1868), Krizanic's book
/Razgovory ob vladatel'stve/ (Discussion about Governement) served as a
handbook to Peter the Great, founder of the modern Russian state.
Russian scholars consider Juraj Krizanic as the father of the Slavic

comparative philology as a scientific discipline.
* Ivan Golub: Simpozij o Jurju Krizanicu u Moskvi [PDF
<http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/38902>], 2005, Russia
* Ivan Golub: Juraj Krizanic, teolog pomirenja [PDF
<http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/54631>], 1984, USA
For those who can read Russian, we can recommend ???? ????????
<http://krotov.info/acts/17/krizhanich/krizh_00.html>.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Croatian Jesuit *Nikola Plantic* (born in Zagreb, 1720-1777) studied
in Zagreb, Graz, Vienna and Trnava in Slovakia. He was teaching logic
and philosophy at the Jesuit University in Cordoba in Argentina.
In some books we can read that Plantic allegedly had an important role
in the formation of the unique *Jesuit Kingdom in Paraguay*, established
for the wellbeing of native /Guarani Indians/. It is true that the
Jesuits managed to organize prosperous economic and cultural life,
including printing in the Guarani language. This was too much for great
forces, since this Jesuit-Indian Republic had shaken the existing "world
order." The rebellion was put down in 1767, which led to the tragedy for
Guaranis. The "international community" managed to achieve interdiction
of the Jesuit order in 1773. But the claim that N.Plantic organized the
rebellion is false. Some sources even claim that the Jesuit Republic was
led by Plantic, and that allegedly a coin was issued with his figure in
the Netherlands. Plantic was never in Paraguay, and never met Guaranis
in their homeland. I owe this info to Mr. Joza Vrljicak, director of
Studia Croatica <http://www.studiacroatica.org/>, Buenos Aires. The only
Croat known to have participated the famous Paraguay mission was Ivan
Krstitelj Marchesetti (or Marqueseti, 1704-1767), born in Rijeka in a
noble family having Italian roots, later Croatized. See

* [Zoric <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#zoric>, pp. 49-51]
* Mijo Korade and Mirjana Poli? Bobi?: Paragvajska pisma
<http://www.matica.hr/knjige/paragvajska-pisma-1094/>, Matica
hrvatska, Zagreb 2010. (containing a collection of letters by Juan
Bautista Marchesetti from Rijeka and Nikola Planti? from Zagreb,
published in Croatian and Castillian
* Mijo Korade: Istraživa?i novih obzorja
<http://www.matica.hr/knjige/istrazivaci-novih-obzorja-1137/>,
Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 2015.
* Mijo Korade, Jerko Matoš and Mira Aleksi?: Jesuits and Croatian
culture, Most/The Bridge, Zagreb 1992.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Ivan Pastric* (Ioannes Pastritius, Givanni Pastrizio, 1636-1708),
Croatian theologist and Hebraist in Rome, redactor of glagolitic books,
was born in Poljica
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html#poljica> near the city of
Split. He was cofounder of the /Academy of Council/ in Rome (1671), and
among the first members of the famous Accademia dell'Arcadia <#arcad>
(since 1691, only six months after its foundation). Giulio Bartolocci,
his professor, claimed for Pastric to be the greatest connoisseur of
Hebrew language in Rome, and a fine interpreter of Talmud. Congregation
de Propaganda Fide entrusted him issuing glagolitic liturgical books
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html> (Pastric's Glagolitic
breviary was issued in 1688, and Glagolitic missal in 1706). He was very
famous for his overall knowledge and humanism. So G.W. Leibniz wrote
about him as /knowledgeable Pastric, whose humanism I experienced/
(...doctissimus Pastritius, cuius humanitatem sum expertus). Pastric was
a member of the first geographic society in the world: /Academia
cosmographica degli Argonauti/. The last two years of his life he was
the president of Croatian Confraternity of St Jerome in Rome.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benedikt Rogacic
<http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=82854&lang=en>
(1649-1719), was esteemed Jesuit, writer and poet from Dubrovnik, who
was writing in Latin and Italina. Among his ethical works we mention his
poem Euthymia sive tranquilitate animi (Rome, 1690), in which he
celebrates the peace of mind in verse. His most important prose work is
L'Uno necessario (five folumes, Rome 1697-1708). Both these works had a
great success, especially the first one, which had numerous reprints and
several translations up to these days. See an article by Mijo Korade:
[PDF <http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/121983>].
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Josip Marinovi? (1741-1801). Portrait kept in Gospa od Škrpjela, Boka
kotorska.
Photo by Mijo Korade.
*Josip Marinovic* (1741 - 1801), was a Jesuit born in Perast - Kotor (in
Boka kotorska <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#boka>,
annexed to Montenegro in 1945), professor of theology in Venice. His
friendship with an Armenian banker Serpos resulted in his interest for
the history of Armenians. His assiduous research resulted in the book
/"Compendio storico...della nazione armena"/, published in Venice in
1783. The book had a great success. Though it was signed by Serpos, its
true author was Marinovic. It represents the *first history of Armenians
published in Europe*. It is interesting that the book had been extended
and republished by Ivan Dominik Stratico (1732-1799), bishop on the
Croatian island of Hvar. This book incited European interest for
Armenian people and their culture. In particular, upon the initiative of

the Vatican, supported by Austria and Russia, in 1830 the Turkish sultan
admitted very old Armenian Christian Church and allowed Armenian
Archbishopric to be founded in Constantinople. See [Gregory Peroche
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#pero>], p. 119.
Croatia - Armenia <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/armenia.html>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Vladimir Solovev* (or Soloviev, Solovjov, correct reading: Solovyov,
1853-1900), outstanding Russian humanist, religious philosopher and
poet, spent a part of his life in Croatia, with Croatian bishop Josip
Juraj Strossmayer and in Zagreb. In Zagreb Soloviev published his book
/Istoriya i budushchnost' teokratii/ (The History and future of
Theocracy) in 1886, the first volume of projected (but never completed)
three volume work. Let us cite a part of a speech of Pope John Paul II
<http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP960901.HTM> (1 September 1996):
/For him the very basis of culture was recognition of the unconditional
existence of others. Hence his rejection of a monolithic type of
cultural universalism, incapable of respecting and accepting
civilization's many different expressions. He was consistent with this
view even when he became an ardent, impassioned prophet of ecumenism,
doing all in his power for reunification between Orthodoxy and
Catholicism./
Vladimir Soloviev
It is certainly interesting to mention here (especially for the Russian
reader) that according to dr. Vladimir Rozov the first humanist on
Russian soil was a Croatian Dominican Beniamin <#ben>, who had important
role in the preparation of the first Russian Bible (Genadij's Bible) by
the end of 15th century.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
St *Leopold Bogdan Mandic*
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#mandic> (1866-1942,
memorial day 30th July)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Ivan Benigar* was born in Zagreb in 1883, studied in Graz and Prague,
and since 1908 lived Argentina, in Patagonia, among Mapuches or
Araucanos Indians. He wrote a dictionary of Mapuche language and several
other books. Since 1924 he was a member of the "Council of American
history", which is today "National history academy" in Buenos Aires.
Married with Eufemia Scheypuquin, grand-daughter of Mapuches chieftain
Catriel, he had 11 children. When she died, after 6 years he married
again with a Mapuche Indian, and had four children. Due to his intense
scientific activity in Latin America, it is not surprising that he
earned the title /White chieftain of Mapuche Indians/. Ivan Benigar and
his brother were born in Zagreb, and considered themselves to be
Croatians, although their parents were Slovenians, see [Verlichak
Vrljicak <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#verlichak>, Hrvati u
Argentini, p. 25].
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Aleksa Benigar* (Alexius Benigar, 1893-1988), born in Zagreb, was a
Croatian missionary in China
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/china.html> for 25 years, since 1929
till 1954. He is an author of an extensive monograph about blessed
Alojzije Stepinac <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jews.html>. His
Chinese name was Pen Lin Gan, and he taught theology for three
generations of Chinese students in Hankow, several hundred of them. He
wrote an extensive two volume work "Liturgia Romana", in Beijing in
1947. He also wrote an extensive work "Theologia spiritualis" in the
Latin language, dedicated to blessed Alojzije Stepinac, published

in Sapporo in Japan <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japan.html> in
1958, reprinted in Rome in 1964). Father Benigar spoke seven languages:
Croatian, Polish, Russian, German, Chinese Mandarin, Italian and Latin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
As many as _thirty_ intellectuals from Croatia were members of the
famous /Accademia dell'Arcadia/ (Academy of Arcadia) in Rome, founded in
1690 as the literary and scientific circle around the Swedish queen
Cristine (in 1925 it assumed the sub-title /Accademia Letteraria
Italiana/). The members obtain the special names inside the Accademia
(Inter Arcades). Some of outstanding Croatian members of Arcadia were
* Ivan Pastric <#pastr> (Inter Arcades Ergino Parorio), member of
Arcadia only six months after its founding
* Gjuro Baglivi <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#bagl>
(Inter Arcades Epiduaro Porgense)
* Rugjer Boskovic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#rudder> (Inter
Arcades Namenio Anigreo)
* Rajmund Kunic <#kuni> (Inter Arcades Peredao Megaride)
* Adam Aleksandar Patacic (Inter Arcades Sirasio Acrotophorio), member
of the Arcadia with only 23 years
* Benedikt Stay-Stojkovic <#stay> (Inter Arcades Areta Epidaurense)
For more information see [Croatia and Europe
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html>, III, article by /Ivan
Golub/ (also a member of Arcadia) about /Croats and Arcadia/, pp. 225-229].
Important Croatian humanist in France was Mirko Drazen Grmek
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a2.html#grm> (1924-2000),
historian of biomedical sciences.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Josip Stjepan Poglajen
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/poglajen.html> or Tomislav Kolakovic
(1906-1992)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dr Borislav ArapovicBorislav Arapovic, born in Bosnia and Hercegovina
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html> in 1935, is honorary
director of the Biblical Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1973 he
founded /The Institute for Translation of The Bible into Languages of
(former) Soviet Union/. In 1996 the Russian Academy of Sciences
conferred him a doctorate honoris causa. In 1999 he was elected foreign
member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For the creation of the
Children’s Bible in 1983, Dr. Arapovic was awarded the Leo Tolstoy medal
by the Russian Children’s Fund. In the period of 1983-90 ten editions of
the Children’s Bible in five million copies were printed for free
distribution in Russia.
He discovered an amazing pacifist sermon given in 1778
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/peace.html> by an anonymous Croatian
preacher <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a2.html#address> to
Croatian soldiers. The sermon was published in /German/ in 1778, in
/Dutch /in 1778 in the Hague, Amsterdam, and Leeuwarden, in /Swedish/ in
1778 in Norrköping, and in 1779 in Stockholm, and in /Latvian / in Riga
- Leipzig in 1804.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gerardo Zerdin
<http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/9408/1/Nopoki-University-for-Peruvian-Indians-founded-by-Msgr-
Gerardo-erdin/Nopoki-Centro-de-Investigacion-y-Formacion-Intercultural-Peru.html>
is a Croatian Franciscan born in 1950, and a missionary in Peru since

1975. He is living already for 32 years among Peruvian Indians as a
priest, and since 2001 as a bishop appointed by the rescript of Pope
John Paul II. Msgr. Zerdin learned several Indian languages, and now
basic Christian prayers are available in these languages. Extremely
important work is devoted to Indian children, first to teach them to
read and write, both in their native languages and in Castellano.
Msgr Zerdin initiated a very complex and notrivial task to start the
university for Peruvian Indians, *Nopoki - Universidad para indigenas*,
in cooperation with the Catholic University in Lima. It started to work
in 2006/07 with 57 students. The aim is to educate future school
teachers for work within their native communities, in order to preserve
their roots, language and customs, and ensure material and cultural
prosperity.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Croatian Ecumenists
* Ivan Stojkovic de Corvatia <#stoj> (1390/95-1443)
* Andrija Jamometic <#jamo> (~1420-~1486)
* Beniamin <#ben> (15/16th centuries)
* Marko Antonio de Dominis <#dominis> (1560-1624)
* Juraj Krizanic <#kriz> (1618-1683)
* Ivan Pastric <#pastr> (1636-1708)
* Leopold Bogdan Mandic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#mandic> (1866-1942)
* Vladimir Soloviev <#solov> (1853-1900)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Croatian Encyclopaedists
Now we have come to a very rich history of the /Croatian Encyclopaedia/.
Its origins go back to the first half of the 15th century.
The earliest known lexicographic work is a handwritten book "Liber de
simplicibus" (The book about medicinal herbs), prepared in Zadar and
Venice between 1415 and 1453. Written by an Italian physician and Zadar
protophysicist *Nicolo Roccabonelli*, it contains very nice drawings of
various plants together with their Croatian, Latin, Greek, Arabic and in
part German names. It is held in the Venetian national library Marciana.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Ilija Crijevic*, poet, orator and lexicographer from Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html> (1463 - 1520), wrote his
/Lexicon/ in 1480, a Latin encyclopaedic dictionary. This very nice
handwritten book of large format, 33 x 23 cm, has 429 pages.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
We know of a small Italian - Croatian dictionary /Opera nuova che
insegna a parlare la lingua schiavonica alli grandi, alli picoli et alle
donne/, containing about 300 words, written in 1527 by *Pietro Lupis
Valentiano* in Ancona, Italy.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pavao Skalic, photo from Zagreb <http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb>

Pavao Skalic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html#skal>, a
humanist-polyhistorian (Paulus Scalichius, born in Zagreb, 1534-1575),
was the first to have used the notion of
/ENCYCLOPAEDIA/
in its modern meaning, in his book /Encyclopediae seu orbis
disciplinarum.../ (Basel, 1559).
He also wrote a musical tractate "Dialogus en Lyra" (Köln, 1570). He
used to write his name as Pavao Skalic de Lika
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html>, thus indicating the
origin of his family.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
An <http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/turop.jpg> extremely interesting
biography has *Bartol Gyurgieuits* (Bartol Jurjevic or Gjurgjevic, born
in the region of Turopolje near Zagreb, known for nice wooden churches,
1506 - 1566?), a participant of the tragic battle on the Mohac field in
1526, where he was captured by the Turks and lived as a slave in many
parts of the Turkish Empire. As a captive he was a teacher of Greek in
Damascus (see [Marianna D. Birnbaum
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lat.html#binrbaumm>, p. 252]). After
13 years of slavery he managed to escape, first finding refuge among
Armenians <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/armenia.html> (see
[Marianna D. Birnbaum <#binrbaumm>, p. 253]). Since that time he
travelled a lot throughout Europe, agitating for the creation of a
strong union against the Ottoman Empire. His numerous writings in the
Latin language were published first in Antwerpen (1544) and then
extensively reprinted in many other languages: Italian, French, English,
German, Spanish, Dutch (Flemish), Hungarian, Polish, Czech etc. One of
his numerous titles is Exhortatio contra Turcas. These extremely

interesting testimonies about the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire can be found
in the libraries of almost all larger European cities:
/Paris, Rome, Vienna, Basel, Leiden, Wittenberg, Florence, London,
Prague, Venice, Antwerpen, Liége, Worms, Nürenberg, Krakow, Lyon,
Frankfurt etc. (e.g. in 44 towns of Germany alone) and in some
cities of the USA. /
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/bartolj1.jpg>
Bartol Gyurgieuvits:/Libellus vere christina lectione dignus diuersas
res Turcharum brevi tradens/, Rome, 1552, content: De Turcarum ritu et
caeremoniis, De afflictionem tam captivorum, Vaticinium infidelium de
Christianorum cladibus et calamitatibus, Deploratio cladis christianorum
ad potentisimos monarchos; the book contains "Our Father" in the Arabic
in written in Latin characters (from the 2006 exhbition in NSK
<http://www.nsk.hr/izlozbe/knjigepisama/index.htm>, Zagreb)
Most of his writings contain small dictionaries of the Croatian (which
he calls Slavonian), Turkish, Persian and Hungarian languages. As a part
of his "De afflictione...sub Turcae" (1544) he wrote the first known
Croatian - Latin dictionary (with the basic prayers: Our Father, such as
Hail Mary, Credo), which is also the first known dictionary among the
Croats. He is also the author of the practical Italian - Arabian -
Hebrew - Chaldean dictionary, added to the description of his pilgrimage
to Yerusalem when escaping from the Turkish slavery. It was written in
Italian: "Specchio della peregrinazione delli piu notabili luoghi della
Terra Santa", and the author signed it as Georgievicz de Croatia. His
name is written in as many as 25 different ways in the literature.
He also mentioned a Croatian Script, which is "different from any other
script in the world" (Glagolitic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html>). He indicates that the
Croatian language is spoken among others on the Constantinople court of

Turkish sultans. Gyurgieuivits' works are also of interest for the study
of Islamic music <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et12.html#gyur>. He
was not only the first Croatian author, but also the first Slav author
whose writings were popular throughout Europe. For more information see
[Zoric <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#zoric>].
Branko Franolic: Georgijevic's Description of Turkish Ways and Customs:
Unique Work Published in London in 1570
<http://www.croatianmall.com/croatia/franolic/georgijevic.htm>, Croatian
Times, London 1977
The Englishman Hugh Goughe wrote "The Ofspringe of the House of
Ottomane", published in London in 1570, which is a translation of
Gyurgieuits' book "De origine imperii Turcorum". In Goughe's book there
is a dialogue in Croatian with a parallel English translation, alongside
with two prayers in Croatian (Our father and Hail Mary).
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lat/otcenas_g.jpg>
Source Branko Franolic: Georgijevic's Description of Turkish Ways and
Customs: Unique Work Published in London in 1570, Croatian Times, London
1977 (many thanks to Dr. Franolic for sending me this article)
Let us present again Lord's Prayer in Croatian using contemporary
orthography.
*Nas otce ki jesi na nebesi*
Our father which arte in heaven
*Sveti se tvoje ime. Kraljevstvo*
Holowed thy name. They kyngdome
*pridi, tvoja volja budi na zemlji kako*
come, they will be done in earthe as it is

*na nebu. Daj nam ga danas nasega*
in heaven. Give onto us this day our
*vsagdanjega kruha, i odpuscaj nam nase duge,*
daillye bredde, and forgeue us oure debts
*kako mi odpuscamo nasim duznikom, i*
as we doe frgeue our debters, and
*ne pelaj nas v napast, da izbavi*
leade not us into temptation, but deliver
*nas od neprijazni, Amen.*
us from evil, Amen.
Note that the word order of Croatian follows the word order of English
version of Lord's Prayer. The Lord's Prayer in Croatian with the usual
word order would be as follows (compare with the Croatian Glagolitic
Lord's Prayer <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ocenas.html>, which is
very close):
/Otce nas ki jesi na nebesi \\ Sveti se ime tvoje \\ pridi
kraljevstvo tvoje \\ budi vlja tvoja \\ kako na zemlji tako i na
nebu \\ kruha vsagdanjega daj na ga danas \\ i odpuscaj nam duge
nase \\ kako i mi odpuscamo duznikom nasim \\ i ne pelaj nas v
napast \\ da izbavi nas od neprijazni, Amen./
There is also a small vocabulary of Croatian language, Vocabula
Sclavonica, containing 52 words and phrases. Gyugyieuits himself is
called the "first Croatian lexicographer" in this book. The British

Library in London holds as many as 44 copies of various Gyurgiveuvits'
books.
We should also mention the following book, Georgievits, Bartholomeus: De
reitibus et differentiis Graecorum et Armenicorum
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/armenia.html>, Antverpiae?, 1544.
(see [Marianna D. Birnbaum <#birnbaumm>, p. 194])
Regarding early dictionaries of the Croatian language, let us mention a
German knight Arnold von Harf (1471-1505) who visited the Croatian lands
along the coast during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1496-1499. His
book "Die Pilgerfahrt des Ritters Arnold von Herff von Cöln", published
in Köln in 1860, includes a short conversational dictionary of the
Croatian language containing 56 words and basic expressions. He also
visited the /beautiful, strong and freedom loving city of Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>/ (as he says), for which
he states to be in the Croatian Kingdom - in den Koenynckrijh van
Croatijen <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#gurn>.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Another Turkish captive was *Juraj Hus (Hosti)*, contemporary of the
above mentioned Bartol Gyurgieuvits. After the defeat of Sultan Suleyman
the Magnificent in the battle with the army led by famous Croatian
statesman Nikola Jurisic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#jurisic> in 1533 (the aim
of Suleyman was to occupy Vienna), and after his retreat through
Croatian lands, Juraj Hus was taken to slavery from his village
(Rasinje) to Constantinople. Since he did not want to renounce his
Catholic faith, he managed somehow to be educated as a Turkish military
trumpeter. As a musician he visited many lands: India, Egypt, and Holy
Land. He described his visit to pyramids near Cairo, where he was
playing his trumpet on the top of a pyramid, while soldiers below were
measuring the volume of the pharaoh's grave. After many years he managed
to escape, and reached Genova, and then Rome, where he was accepted in
the Croatian Collegium of St. Jerome
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/mornari.html#jerome>. In his village
in Croatia he did not find any of his relatives, and died in Pozun
(today's Bratislava in Slovakia) around 1566. He left the description of
his pilgrims in his manuscript entitled /Descriptio peregrinationis
Georgii Huszthii/. One version of the manuscript is held in the Vatican
library, and the other in the National Library in Vienna. For more
details see [Zoric <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#zoric>].
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Faust Vrancic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a1.html#vran> (or
Faust Verantius, 1551-1617) from Sibenik was the author of a five
language dictionary "Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europeae
linguarum: Latinae, Italicae, Germanicae, *Dalmaticae* et Hungaricae"
(Venice, 1595), with more than 5000 words (i.e. altogether 25000 words),
where Dalmaticae means Croatian language. Indeed, in his dictionary the
words /Dalmata, Dalmatia, Dalmaticae/ are translated as /Croat, Croatian
land, Croatian/ respectively. It is known that Vrancic was fluent in at
least seven languages. See p. 13 of his Dictionarium:
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/vrancicr.jpg>
Faust Vrancic <http://www.ihjj.hr/ENo-hr-faust-vrancic.htm> considered
that the Dalmatian language was the most beautiful among Slavic
languages, and that it was spoken from Adriatic sea to rivers of Drava
and Danube. In the second edition to his dictionary, issued in
collaboration with a Prague Benedictine Petar Loderecker, the Latin
description of Dalmatian language was given as follows: /the Croatian
language/. See [Malic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/hr.html#malic>, Na izvorima
hrvatskoga jezika, p. 28].
Faust Vrancic (1551-1617), distinguished Croatian inventor and
encyclopaedist, is burried upon his last wish,
on the island of Prvic near the city of Sibenik on Croatian coast.
In the appendix to his dictionary he gave a list of several hundred
Croatian words that entered the Hungarian language (Vocabula dalmatica
quae Ungri sibi usurparunt). His book had a great influence on the
formation of both Croatian and Hungarian orthography (Hungarian
orthography accepted most of Vrancic's suggestions - usage of /ly, ny,
sz/, and even /cz/, see [Hrvatska/Madarska
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#madd>], p. 94). It represents
also the first dictionary of Hungarian language. The book had six
editions, three of them out of Croatia: in Venice, Prague and Pozun
(Bratislava).
Vrancic's dictionary is dedicated to *Alfonso Carillo*, a Spanish Jesuit
who supported its publication.
His work was an important source for the creation of several subsequent
European dictionaries: Hungarian - Italian dictionary written by
Bernardino Bali, "Thesaurus polyglottus" by a German humanist and
lexicographer Hieronim Megister (1603, "editio secunda " in 1613), and
"Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum (Videlecit Latine, Italice,
*Dalmatice*, Bohemice, Plonice, Germanice et Ungarice)" written by a
Czech Benedictine Peterus Lodereckerus Pragensus in 1605.
Peter Loderecker: Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum, Videlecit
Latine, Italice, *Dalmatice*, Bohemice, Polonice,
Germanice et Ungarice, Prague 1605

Faust Vrancic was a chancellor on the Court of king Rudolph II in Prague
(Hradcany) from 1581 to 1594, where also a famous musician Adrian de
Vries, astronomer Tycho Brache, mathematician and astrologer Johannes
Kepler were present. He also wrote about logic and ethics. However, his
major contributions are related to numerous technical inventions
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a1.html#vran>.
Faust Vrancic <http://www.nsk.hr/HeritageDetails.aspx?id=148>,
scrollable books, National and University Library, Zagreb
Faust Vrancic 1551-1617 Memorial Center on the island of Prvic near the
town of Sibenik in Croatia
<http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/10619/1/Faust-Vrancic-1551-1617-Memorial-Center-on-the-island-of-
Prvic-near-the-town-of-Sibenik-in-Croatia.html>
An interesting and surprising fact about Faust Vrancic's "Dictionarium
quinque nobilissimarum Europeae linguarum: Latinae, Italicae,
Germanicae, *Dalmaticae* et Hungaricae", published in Venice in 1595,
(i.e., from Dictionary of Five Most Noble European Languages: Latin,
Italian, German, Croatian and Hungarian), is that it provides a long
list of Croatian (Dalmatian) words which entered into Hungarian vocabulary:
The list of Croatian words that entered Hungarian vocabulary
Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europeae linguarum: Latinae,
Italicae, Germanicae, *Dalmaticae* et Hungaricae
It is surprising that at that time (16-17th centuries), among most noble
European languagues in Vrancic's dictionary, there is neither English,
nor French, nor Castillian nor Portugese.

Faust Vrancic also wrote Xivvot nikoliko izabraniih divviicz (The Life
of Some Virgins), written in Croatian and published in Rome, AD 1606 (on
the above photo, taken in 2017 during the exhibition dedicated to Faust
Vrancic, organized by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1605 a Czech Benedictine /Petr Loderecker/ published the book
/Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum: videlicet Latine, Italice,
*Dalmatice (Croatian)*, Bohemice, Polonice, Germanice & Ungarice... /in
Prague (around 5000 words for each language). This dictionary represents
an extension of Vrancic's 1595 /Dictionary of the five most noble
European languages: Latin, German, Italian, Croatian and Hungarian/
<#vran>, in which Czech and Polish languages have been added. In
Loderecker's book we can find the following descriptions: Dalmatian =
Croat, Dalmatia = Croatia, Dalmatian = Croatian.
The book is a result of collaboration between Faust Vrancic and
Loderecker, which represents the earliest known lexicographic
collaboration in Central Europe. Loderecker's dictionary has 578 pages:
the first 200 pages consits of Latin vocabulary translated into Italian,
Croatian, Czech, Polish, German and Hungarian (in this order), while the
remaining 378 pages consist of vocabularies of Italian, Croatian, Czech,
Polish, German and Hungarian translated (in this order) into Latin.
Faust Vran?i? was at the court of the Roman-German Emperor and
Croatian-Hungarian King Rudolph II, who was crowned by Antun Vran?i?,
Faust's uncle. Now doubt, these are some of the reasons why in the
chruch of st. Vitus in Hrad?ani Cathedral in the Prague, we can see
fantastic Croatian Coats of Arms. Karl of the Stier (Karlo Štajerski),
brother-in-law of King Rudolph II, was in charge of the Croatian

Military Frontier, where in 1578 he made the foundations of the new very
strong fortress of Karlovac, which was important in the struggle of
Croatia against the Turkish Ottoman Empire onslaughts. Among numerous
great artists and scientists at the Royal Court in Hrad?ani, Faust
Vran?i?, the Royal Secretary, was in close contact with Tyho de Brahe
and Johannes Kepler.
Lit.: Vladimir Muljevi?: Hrvatski znanstvenici Faust i Antun Vran?i?,
Encyclopaedia Moderna, 2(42) (1993), pp.122-136.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A significant Croat, born on the island of Hvar, very little known even
among the Croats, was *Ivan Franje Bjundovic* (Giovanni Francesco
Biondi, 1573-1645). After having met Sir Henry Watton, English
ambassador in Venice, with whom he shared the same interests as a lawyer
and literature fan, he journeyed to England and carried confidential
messages to King James I. Obviously, he was considered a competent
scholar and diplomat, since James himself entrusted him with important
diplomatic missions.
Bjundovic wrote a trilogy in Italian: "Eromena", "La danzella
desterrada" and "Il Corlabo", which had several editions. Their English
translations enjoyed exceptional popularity, as well as German and
French. His most important work is "History of the English Civil Wars",
with his name appearing as Sir Francis Byondy. It was published in three
volumes, where he described the Wars of the Roses. It was first
published in Italian (L'istoria della Guerre civili d'Inghilterra) and
printed in Venice in 1637-1644. Its English translation started to
appear in 1641.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bartol Kasic* (1575-1650), a Croatian Jesuit, was the author of the
first Croatian Grammar "Institutiones lingue illyricae", printed in Rome
1604. About the same time he prepared the Croatian - Italian dictionary,
which remained unpublished until 1990. In the period of 1631-1636 he
translated the whole Bible into spoken Croatian, but unfortunately the
book remained only in handwriting. In his "Ritual Rimski" ("Rituale
Romanum", Rome, 1640) he cites very old Croatian names for months that
are in use even today (more about this
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/months.html>):
1. /*sijecanj*/ (January)
2. /*veljaca*/ (February)
3. /*ozujak*/ (March)
4. /*travanj*/**(April)
5. /*svibanj*/ (May)
6. /*lipanj*/ (June)
7. /*srpanj*/ (July)
8. /*kolovoz*/ (August)
9. /*rujan*/ (September)
10. */listopad/*(October)
11. /*studeni*/ (November)
12. /*prosinac*/ (December).
* In 1999 we celebrated four centuries of Croatian philology, which
has started with Bartol Kasic. His work was very important in
standardization of the Croatian language, using the principle "write
as you speak".
* He also wrote one of the earliest autobiographic books
<http://www.moderna-vremena.hr/novisajt/shop/prikazknjige.asp?Pid=33003>
in Croatia describing the consequences of the Turkish Ottoman
occupation. In one of his writings he concludes: /I stop here,
crying and sighing when I remember all that I saw with my own eyes:
profaned churches, settlements completely destroyed, so that nothing
was left except tents, hovels, huts. Let God have mercy on us and
let him bless us... Let him illuminate us with his Face and Word,
and let him have mercy on *Croatian people*, which is crushed and
almost heart-broken./
* In 1612 he opened the gymnasium for the Catholic youth in Belgrade
(mostly for children of native Catholics and the Dubrovnik
merchants). At that time Belgrade was under the Turks. This was the
first gymnasium in Serbia.
* Two samples of Kasic's /Cathecism/ are held in Bibliothéque
Nationale (former Bibliothéque Royale) in Paris, France.
* For more information see Vladimir Horvat: Bartol Kasic; cetiri
stoljeca hrvatskog jezikoslovlja, Zagreb, 1989. In this book you can
also find important information about Dominican Glagolitic priest
Beniamin de Croatia <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html#ben>.
* It is interesting that in Kasic's dictionary one can find the name
of "tesla", meaning adze. One of grand-grandfathers of the famous
inventor Nikola Tesla
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a2.html#tesla> was Draganic,
nicknamed Tesla. I owe this information to dr. Vladimir Muljevic,
professor emeritus of the University of Zagreb.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jakov Mikalja <http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Mikalja> (Giacomo
Micaglia, ~1600 - 1654) was lexicographer and theological writer born in
Peschici in Italy in Molise (the name of Peschici is obviously of
Croatian origin), collaborator of Bartol Kasic <#kasi>. He was
descendant of Croatian exiles that had to escape before the Turks from
Dalmatia. After his studies he lectured at the Jesuit collegium in
Dubrovnik <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>. His most
important work is a dictionary /Blago jezika *slovinskoga*/ containing

25,000 words (/Thesaurus linguae Illyricae sive Dictionarium Illyricum/,
1649, printed in Loreto and finished in Ancona in 1651), and also
Croatian-Italian-Latin dictionary with grammar, containing rich
vocabulary of Croatian ikavian - chakavian and stokavian words. In this
huge book having 926 pages, which starts with Croatian column, he
clearly stated to be Croat. His surname is derived from his father's
name (son of Mikalj), so that Mikalja is genitive case of Mikalj. His
book /Ortografija jezika slovinskog/ represents the first printed
orthography of Croatian language. He also published /Bogoljubno
razmisljanje od Ocenasa/ in Pozun (= Bratislava) in 1642. The only known
copy of this book, printed in Croatian language, is held Bibliothéque
Nationale in Paris (within section of Slovak literature!). It is
interesting that Mikalja founded the first school for Croatian children
in Temisoara in Romania.
Vladimir Horvat: Jubileji leksikografa Mikalje
<http://www.matis.hr/zbornici/2002/text/du_322.htm>
In Loreto there is a Croatian collegium
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/mornari.html#loreto> founded in 1580.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Ivan Lucic*, or Lucius (born in Trogir, 1604 - Rome, 1679) was the
founder of modern Croatian historiography, with his major work "De Regno
Dalmatiae et Croatiae libri sex" (Amsterdam, 1666). However, the oldest
Croatian historigraphic work is Croatian Chronicle
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et01.html#grgur>, written by *Grgur
of Bar* in the 12th century.
photo from Croatian Historical Musem

<http://pubwww.srce.hr/hpm/p0248003.htm>
Map dedicated to Petar Zrinski
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#zrinp>, ban of Croatia.
The map was created at the workshop of Joannes Blaeu in Amsterdam as an
addition to the work by Ivan Lucic, "De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae
libri sex", Amsterdam, 1666. Blaeu had inserted the map in Atlas Maior
in 1667, and dedicated it to the Croatian ban Petar Zrinski (bottom of
the map, in the middle):
/To the most illustrious and noble lord, Prince Peter of Zrin, the
ban of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia, hereditary ban
of the Littoral, hereditary captain of the Legrad fortress and
Medimurje peninsula, master and hereditary prince of Lika, Odorje,
Krbava, Omis, Klis, Skradin, Ostrovica, Bribir etc.., Master of
Kostajnica and the sliver mine at Gvozdansko, councillor and
chamberlain to his anointed imperial majesty, master Ioannes Blaeu
dedicates this map./
Text from Croatian Historical Musem
<http://pubwww.srce.hr/hpm/p0248003.htm>. Note Croatian coat of arms
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/coat.html> on the map.
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lucius.jpg>
"De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae libri sex" (Amstelaedami, 1666),
by Ioannes Lucius
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Ardelio Della Bella* published his Italian-Latin-Croatian dictionary
(Dizionario italiano, latino, illyrico) in 1728, with the grammar of the
Croatian language.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Also very important are the following two Croatian lexicographers:
* *Ivan Belostenec* (born in Varazdin, 1594-1675), who wrote
"Gazophylacium seu Latino-Illyricorum onomatum aerarium" published
in Zagreb in 1740. It provides a lexical wealth of three Croatian
dialects: kajkavian, stokavian and chakavian. This monumental book
which has 2000 pages and more than 40,000 words is important not
only for Croatian but also for European cultural history: at that
time a similar dictionary existed only in Florence, prepared under
uncomparably better conditions. Belostenec was a Paulist monk in
Lepoglava, who spent part of his life in Croatian south, including
Istria. This is also reflected in his dictionary. An incomplete copy
of his book /Deset propovjedi o Euharistiji/ (published in Graz in
1672) is held in the University Library of Budapest.
Ivan Belostenec: Gazophylacium
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lat/belostenec1.jpg>
Although Belostenec originally used the name of "Croatian language"
everywhere in his book, its every occurence was changed due to
political reasons to "Illyric language". The book was issued 65
years after his death. According to dr. Olga Sojat the original
title of his book was *Dictionarium Latino-Croaticum*, see [Sekulic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/pavlini>, p. 350]
* *Andrija Jambresic* (1706-1758), who wrote an important
lexicographic work /Lexicon latinum interpretatione illyrica,
germanica et hungarica/ (illyric = Croatian), published in Zagreb
(1742). Jambresic called himself /Croata Zagoriensi/, as can be seen
on the front page of the book. The book contains many valuable
historical comments and is imbued with a deep patriotic feeling.

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lat/jambresic1.jpg>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Related to the famous Paulist convent in Lepoglava is *Hilarion
Gasparotti* (1714-1762), born in the lovely town of Samobor near Zagreb.
As a Lepoglava Paulist he wrote an encyclopaedic masterpiece /Czvet
Szveteh/ (The Flower of Saints) in 4 books on as many as 3,800 pages
(982+923+987+896), published in Graz (written as /Gradecz/ there, which
reveals the Croatian origin of the name of *Graz*: /grad/ - town) in
1752, and in Vienna in 1756, 1760 and 1761. In these books he wrote
biographies of numerous saints in the beautiful kajkavian Croatian
language, which he calls simultaneously /slovenski jezik/ and /horvatcki
jezik/. As we see, at that time Slovenian and Croatian languages were
identified. On the front page Gasparotti stated that he consulted
sources written in Spanish, Latin, French and German (see [Sekulic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et12.html#pavlini>, pp 412-415]). Of
course, he had at his disposal a magnificent library of the Lepoglava
convent. The library and the valuables of the convent have been robbed
by Austrian officials after cancelling the Paulist order in Croatia in
1786. This top monument of Croatian culture served as prison during the
Yugoslav communist period.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1999 a new jewel of Croatian lexicography was discovered: *Ljudevit
Lalic* (17th century) and his handwritten Latin-Italian-Croatian
dictionary, /Blago jezika slovinskog...Thesaurus linguae illyricae sive
Dictionarium Illyricum.../, prepared in the period between 1680 and
1696. The book has about 1900 pages, and Croatian words are written in
two old scripts: Croatian Cyrillic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et04.html> and Croatian Glagolitic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html>. Ljudevit Lalic was a

Franciscan, and the oldest known Herzegovinian lexicographer. For more
details see an article by Andrija Nikic <http://www.hkz.hr/221/2216.htm>
in Hrvatsko Slovo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Ivan Krstitelj Lalangue* (= John the Baptist Lalangue), a native of
Luxembrug born in 1743, found his new homeland in Croatia in the lovely
city of Varazdin, where he was working as a physician until his death in
1799. He wrote an interesting book "*Medicina ruralis* iliti Vrachtva
ladanyszka", 374 p., a medicinal manual which represents an important
monument of the Croatian (kajkavian) literature. It contains a botanical
dictionary with a description of 160 medicinal herbs in Croatian,
including their Latin and German names. It was printed in Varazdin in
1776. Lalangue is also the author of two other books printed in Varazdin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Julije Bajamonti* (1744-1800) was medical historian, writer,
translator, encyclopaedist, historian, philosopher, and musician. He
composed the first opera in Croatia
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et12.html#bajam> (performed only
once), wrote the History of Split (unfinished and unpublished).
Bajamonti helped Alberto Fortis with his journey round Dalmatia, and
with his discovery of Hasanaginica. His wife was a Split commoner Ljuba.
After the fall of Venice in 1797 he urged that Dalmatia should be
annexed to Croatia (and Austro-Hungary). In his speech in 1797 he said
that Austria was the successor of the old Croatian state. Like many
other Croatian intellectuals along the Croatian coast, Bajamonti wrote
most of his works in Italian. Despite this, he certainly felt himself a
Croat (or Illyiran, as they said at the time). He was very interested in
the Croatian language, national costumes and tradition, economic and
cultural progress. See D.Keckemet, E. Stipcevic: Julije Bajamonti,

Croatian P.E.N Centre, Zagreb - Split, 1997, p 16. Nicolo Tommaseo
<#tomma> claims that there was no one in Italy writing better than
Bajamonti in his time.
He performed his medical work in Split, Kotor (in Boka kotorska
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#boka> in today's
Montenegro), and Hvar.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The beginning of the Bosnian historiography is represented by a work of
rev *Filip Lastric* (1700-1783), Bosnian Franciscan and Latinist,
"Epitome vetustatum provinciae bosniensis", published in Venice in 1765.
His "Testimonium Bilabium", published also in Venice in 1755, has been
studied in detail by a young Italian scholar Ruggero Cattŕneo, see the
summary of his extensive work
* in Italian <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/tal.html>
* in Croatian <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/hrv.html>
Filip Lastric
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Adam Patacic*, bishop of Petrovaradin and Calocz archbishop (in
Hungary) wrote Latin-Croatian and German dictionary in 1772-1779:
"Dictionarium latino-illyricum et germanicum" (illyricum=Croatian, in
the kajkavian dialect).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rev. *Marijan Lanosovic* published his "Neue Einleitung zur slavonischen
Sprache", with the German-Croatian dictionary. The first two editions

appeared in Osijek in 1778 and 1789, and the third in Budim (today's
Budapest) in 1795.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Josip Voltic* (Voltiggi, 1750-1825), an Istrian writer and
lexicographer, published the Illyrian (Croatian)-Italian-German
dictionary in Vienna in 1803.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A three language encyclopaedic lexicon (Latin, Croatian, Italian) of
*Joakim Stulli* (1730-1817), Franciscan from Dubrovnik
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>, written in three parts
on 4721 pages, was an important source of traditional Croatian words,
especially in medicine. It was finished in 1810, after more than a half
of century of systematic work. Its second, Croatian part, contains about
80,000 lexical units. The dictionary describes among others the meaning
of Illiric: Illiric = Croatian.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Illyrian (Croatian)-French dictionary, prepared by *Sime Starcevic*
(from Udbina in Lika <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html>),
has been published by the French rulers in Trieste in 1812.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Nicolo Tommaseo* was an important writer, lexicographer and politician,
born in Sibenik, of Italian nationality (1801-1874). In 1830 he
published "Nuova dizionario di sinonimi della lingua italiana", and his
voluminous "Dizionario della lingua italiana" in 1865-1879. He was also
translating from Latin and Greek into Italian. In 1841-42 he published

his "Canti popolari toscani, corsi, illirici, greci". In accordance with
his Dalmatian autonomistic views, he believed in the separate "Dalmatian
nationality", and was against the unification of Italy, and against
unification of Dalmatia with banska Croatia (1861). He also violently
criticized the French centralism. It is worth mentioning his close ties
with many Croatian intellectuals, especially with Ljudevit Gaj and Ivan
Kukuljevic-Sakcinski. With his beautiful elegiac and poetic work written
in the Croatian language - "Iskrice" (Sparklets), and published in
Zagreb in 1884, he entered the history of Croatian literature. Another
important work is his elegy written in the Croatian ikavian language:
"Suze sina zahvalnoga." He also wrote pedagogic and philosophic treatises.
*Bohoslav Sulek* (1816-1895), Slovak by birth, one of the most important
Croatian linguists and lexicographers, made an enormous contribution to
the enrichment of the Croatian literary language. He invented several
hundred new terms that can be seen in his extensive dictionaries: German
- Croatian (1860), Croatian - German - Italian Dictionary of Scientific
Terminology (1874/75) and other. Many of them are now everyday Croatian
words. Some of them also entered other South Slavic languages, including
Serbian.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Dragutin Antun Parcic* <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/parcic.html>
(1832-1902) was a Glagolitic priest, linguist, philologist, and
lexicographer born in the lovely town of Vrbnik on the island of Krk,
important site of Croatian Glagolism
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html>. He wrote extensive
Croatian - Italian and Italian - Croatian dictionaries ("Rjecnik ilirsko
- talijanski," Zadar, 1858, its last edition was printed under the title
"Rjecnik hrvatsko - talijanski," 1901; "Vocabolario Italiano - Slavo,"
Zadar 1858-68). His 1901 dictionary contains 90,000 words on 1200 pages.
He also published a grammar of the Croatian language in Italian:

"Grammatica della lingua slava (illirica)", Zadar 1873. Only four years
later it was translated into French, but under the title "Grammaire de
la langue Serbo-Croate" (sic!) (Paris 1877, Paris 1904). It is little
known that he introduced the name of /*BRZOGLAS*/ for telephone in his
dictionaries (Anic's contemporary dictionary
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lopan.html> claims in all its four
editions that "brzoglas" is an NDH neologism, which is not true).
Rimski Misal - Missale Romanum, Rome 1893, prepared by Dragutin Parcic,
printed in Croatian Glagolitic Script
His probably most interesting work is the Glagolitic Missal that he
prepared for the needs of the Croatian Glagolitic Liturgy
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html>, published in Rome in
1893. See an article by Igor Gostl <http://www.hkz.hr/16716.htm> for
more details (in Croatian), or his book
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/hr.html#parc>. Parcic was also one
of the first Croatian photographers. Here is his seal from his photo,
written in part in Croatian Glagolitic Script:
Dragutin Par?i?
svjetloslikar
na
Galevcu
1863.
(many thanks to Mirna Lipovac
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/glagoljica/novosti/mirna.html> for the
photo)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ivan Dezman <http://www.hkz.hr/223/22316.htm> (1841-1873) physician, a
medical writer and lexicographer, published the first Croatian medicinal
dictionary (Rjecnik lijecnickog nazivlja; Croatian - German, German -
Croatian) in 1868 in Zagreb.
The reader may be surprised to see such a quantity of old dictionaries
of the Croatian language (various grammars are even more numerous). See
a remark on the "Declaration about the Name and Position of the Croatian
Literary Language
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et112.html#jezik>", written by
outstanding intellectuals and most important cultural institutions in
Zagreb in 1967.
According to Edward Stankiewicz (ed): /Grammars and Dictionaries of the
Slavic languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: an annotated
bibliography,/ Berlin, Mouton 1984, pp 77-93, Croatians have
* 43 grammars
* 45 dictionaries
The first etimological dictionary among the Slavs is /Pravoslovnik/ by
Petar Katancic <http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-Katancic.html> (1750-1825),
which has 1,473 pp (later renamed /Etymologicon illyricum/ by Grgur
Cevapovic). The manuscript contains 53,000 entries from A to Svemoguc.
See [Franolic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#franolic>, p. 30].
The Croatian language was often designated under the name of Illyrian,
Slavonian, Sclavonian, Dalmatian language. For example, rev Emerik Pavic
in his 1778 translation of "Flos Medicinae" from Italian (it was the
book about health care) wrote to be versified in "Croatian or Dalmatian
language". Croatian Franciscan Filip Grabovac (1699 - 1749) wrote a book

/Cvit razgovora naroda, i jezika*ilirickoga*, aliti *arvackoga*/,
published in Venice in 1747, that is, /Flower of people's speech, and of
Illyric language, or Crotian/.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The voluminous Wurzback's Biographic Lexicon of Austrian Kingdom,
prepared in 60 volumes between 1856 and 1891, comprises 24,200
biographies. According to investigations of dr. Igor Gostl as many as
1050 of them refer to the Croats.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Safvet-beg Basagic* (1870-1934) was outstanding Muslim-Croatian poet
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html>, orientalist, historian
and lexicographer. He studied oriental languages and history in Vienna,
where he defended his thesis in 1910. His most important work is
"Znameniti Hrvati Bosnjaci i Hercegovci (The famous Croatian Bosniaks
and Herzegovinians), published by Matica hrvatska (Matrix Croatica) in
Zagreb in 1931. In this lexicon he presented nearly 700 biographies. He
occupied the position of curator of the Zemaljski muzej in Sarajevo
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#truh> (1919-1927), and was
also vice-president of the Sabor (Parliament) of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Safvet-beg Basagic, orientalist, historian and lexicographer
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first Croatian general Encyclopaedia was prepared in Osijek
<http://tjev.tel.etf.hr/hrvatska/HRgradovi/Osijek/Osijek.html> in
1887-1890 (in two volumes, 600 pages each, from A to G). The project was
initiated by *Ivan Zoch* (1843-1921) and *Josip Mencin* (1856-1900).
Ivan Zoch was the Slovak by birth, who devoted most of his life to his
second homeland - Croatia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the greatest projects in this field was the creation of the
Croatian Encyclopaedia, initiated in 1938 in Zagreb by *Mate Ujevic*
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ujevic.html> (1901-1967), but
unfortunately the war did not permit our scientists to complete this
enormous job. Only five volumes of the highest typographical quality
were issued (1941-1945), from A to Elektrika, out of 12 planned volumes.
The Encyclopaedia was written according to highest scientific standards,
and contains no traces of anti-Semitism, though the ustasha regime in
Croatia, being subdued to fascist Italy and Germany, was anti-Semitic.
Mate Ujevic was the greatest Croatian lexicographer of the 20th century.
Furthermore, it is known that even some outstanding Serbian scientists
wrote their contributions for the Croatian Encyclopaedia from Belgrade
during the WW2! The scientific committee was divided into 52 sections,
covering among others themes like /Judaica/ (dr. Lavoslav Sik), /Serbian
life, culture, history and art/ (dr. Milan Budimir from the University
of Belgrade).
Artistic advisor of Croatian Encyclopaedia was distingusihed Croatian
sculptor Ivan Mestrovic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/art.html#mest>, while artistic
editor was Joza Kljakovic. Outer design had been entrusted to Vladimir
Kirin, and magnificantly realized. Volume 1 of this monumental
encyclopaedia had 808 pp., 22 x 29 cm. See the list of editors of the
main areas, [JPG
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lat/hrvatska_enc_urednici.jpg>].
Volume 1 was published by the Konzorcij hrvatske enciklpedije

(Consortium of Croatian Encyclopaedia), while subsequent four volumes
were published by the HIBZ (Hrvatski izdavala?ki bibliografski zavod -
Croatian Publishing Bibliographic Institute), directed by Mate Ujevic.
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/lat/hrvatska_enciklopedija1938-1945.jpg>
Photo from Wikipedia
<http://hr.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikizvor:Wikiprojekt_Hrvatska_enciklopedija_%28Ujevi%C4%87%29#Svesci>
It is also interesting that the whole Encyclopaedia (with exception of
the last, fifth volume, issued in 1945) was written in phonetical
orthography, contrary of the official etymological orthography adopted
in 1941, which was regulated by a special law under insistance of Mate
Ujevic at president Ante Pavelic. The whole edition has been
systematically destroyed by the Yugoslav communist regime, when the
Second World War finished. At the same time, Mate Ujevic left without
job for almost a year.
Mate Ujevic
Mate Ujevic, posrednik izmedju stare i nove domovine
<http://www.zigh.at/leksikon/S-Z/ujevic_mate.htm>
Mate Ujevic is one of Croatian Righteous
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jews.html>. Namely, risking his own
life and the lives of his large family, he saved Manko Berman,
outstanding architect and member of the Jewish community in Zagreb, from
the infamous Jasenovac concentration camp
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/bul.html>. He intervened also at
Archbishop dr Alojzije Stepinac
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jews.html> (who openly declared for

Jasenovac to be the greatest shame of the Croatian state), and then
authoritatively asked at president Pavelic for his release, since he
considered him as one of key collaborators for realization of the
Croatian Encyclopaedia. Additional information about Ujevic is here (in
Burgenland Croatian) <http://www.zigh.at/leksikon/S-Z/ujevic_mate.htm>.
<http://hr.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikizvor:Wikiprojekt_Hrvatska_enciklopedija_%28Ujevi%C4%87%29#Svesci>
Some of the collaborators of Croatian Encyclopaedia (1938-1945) were:
Josip Andreis, Josip Andric
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et12c.html#andr>, Stjepan Antoljak,
Ljubo Babic, Josip Badalic, Antun Barac, Miho Barada, Slavko Batusic,
Albert Bazala, Julije Benesic, Franjo Bosnjakovic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a2.html#bosnjak>, Antun
Bonifacic, Danica Bresler
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lace.html#brosler>, Franjo Bucar,
Ramiro Bujas, Rudolf Cesarec, Antun Dabinovic, Jean Dayre, Olinko
Delorko, Milislav Demerec
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22b.html#deme>, Mladen Dezelic,
Franjo Dugan <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/dugan.html>, Matija
Evetovic, Franjo Fancev, Vladimir Filipovic, Stanko Flögl, Vinko
Foretic, Miroslav Freiberger
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jews.html#freiberger>, Milovan
Gavazzi, Petar Grgec, Stjepan Gunjaca, Josip Hamm, Ljudmil Hauptmann,
Stanko Hondl <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a2.html#hond>,
Stjepan Ivsic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ivsic.html>, Ljudevit
Jonke, Ljudevit Jurak
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22b.html#jurak>, Dragutin Kniwald,
Franjo Kogoj <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22b.html#kogo>,
Mihovil Kombol, Dervis Korkut, Hamdija Kresevljakovic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#kres>, Gjuro Kurepa,
Emilije Laszowski, Josip Loncar, Radoslav Lopasic, Vatroslav Lopasic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lopasic.html>, Dominik Mandic, Petar

Mardesic, Zeljko Markovic, Alija Nametak, Vilim Nice, Grga Novak, Marko
Oreskovic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/glagoljica/rara.html>, Stjepan
Pavicic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html#pavicic>, Dusan
Pejnovic, Drago Perovic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22b.html#pero>, Mihailo Petrovic,
Josip Poljak, Bare Poparic, Vladimir Rozov <#rozov>, Janko Simrak,
Bozidar Sirola, Petar Skok, Stjepan Skreblin, Andrija Stampar
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et12b.html#stam>, Vjekoslav Stefanic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/hr.html#stef>, Gjuro Szabo, Mate
Tentor, Pavao Tijan <#tijan>, Ciro Truhelka
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#truh>, Fran Tucan, Mate
Ujevic, Vladimir Varicak
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et22a2.html#vari>, Dusan Zanko,
Vinko Zganec, Nikola Zic, Stjepan Zimmermann, and many other. More than
360 names in Volume I only.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
After 1945 Zagreb was again the center of encyclopaedic activity, as a
continuation of a very long tradition, with many publications and books
being issued during the past 40 years. Here we should mention *Miroslav
Krleza* (1893-1981), one of the most outstanding Croatian writers of the
20th century. The famous French writer Jean Paul Sartre admitted that
Krleza has anticipated his idea of the "nausée". During many years
Krleza was the president of the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute in
Zagreb (today Lexicographical Institute Miroslav Krleza) and editor in
chief of the Encyclopaedia of Yugoslavia. He also signed the important
*Declaration <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et112.html#jezik> about
the Name and Position of the Croatian language* in 1967. At this moment
a project is initiated that should result in a new Croatian Encyclopaedia.
Miroslav Krleza
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Five centuries of the Croatian lexicographic work can endure any serious
critical judgement, which ranks it to the highest achievements of
European lexicography (Igor Gostl). This unusual situation is especially
striking in view of the fact that the Croats represent a small European
nation.
The Croats organized all the expositions of the (ex)Yugoslav art in Paris:
* in Petit Palais (1919) by Ivan Mestrovic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/art.html#mest>,
* in Palais de Chaillot (1950, L'art médiéval yougoslave) by Miroslav
Krleza,
* in Grand Palais (1971, Huit millénaire d'art en Yougoslavie) by
Miroslav Krleza, which received 150,000 visitors; it has been
considered as "l'événement de la saison" in Paris.
An exposition of the French art has been organized in Zagreb in 1940.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The most exhaustive monographs dealing with the history of Croats in
Bosnia - Herzegovina are those prepared by the cultural society
Napredak, Sarajevo, and three monographs written by *Dominik Mandic*,
see here <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#mandic>.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pavao Tijan <http://www.filosofia.org/ave/001/a196.htm> (1908-1997) was
a Croatian encyclopaedist born in the city of Senj, close collaborator
of Mate Ujevic <#ujev> on the project of Croatian Encyclopaedia
(1938-1945). In 1945 he emigrated to Italy, where he published his book

/Martyrium Croatiae/, Rome, 1946. In Spain he was a university professor
in Madrid, and known as *don Pablo Tijan Roncevic*.
He is a holder of the prestigious medal of the Spanish King - Cruz de
Alfonso X el Sabio (/Encomienda con Place de Alfonso X El Sabio/ del
Estado espanol por sus meritos en el campo de la cultura). Although
being a foreigner, he was
* technical redactor of Encyclopedia de la Cultura Espanola
<http://www.filosofia.org/enc/ece/ece.htm>, 1-5, Madrid, 1963-1968,
* close collaborator of editor in chief of the biographic
encyclopaedia "Forjadores del Mundo Contemporaneo" (Forgers of the
Contemporary World), 1-4, Madrid, 1959-1961,
* collaborator in /Las grandes corrientes del pensamiento
contemporaneo/, Madrid, 1959, I, II,
* collaborator of /Geografia Universal/, Barcelona 1952.
Among his books we mention
* /Proceso de formación de las naciones eslavas/, Madrid, 1952
* /Crisis del liberalismo en al Europa Central, el mito Masaryk/,
Madrid, 1958 (429 pp)
We mention a few of his articles published in the journal /Arbor,
Revista general de investigacion y cultura del CSIC/, Madrid:
* /La formación de las naciones balcanicas de hoy/, Madrid, 1947
* /La historiografia rusa dirigada por los Soviets/, Madrid, 1949
* /Evolucion del ideal eslavo en los ultimos cien anos/, 1949
* /El mito Masaryk/, 1951
* /Salamanca en la tradicion cultural croata/, 1953
* /Constantinopla y su imperio/, 1954
* /Ivo Andric <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et2.html#andric>,

premio Nobel de Literatura 1961/, 1962
More information about Pavao Tijan:
Nedjeljka Lueti? Tijan
<http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=37423>: Život Pavla
Tijana, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 2014. ISBN 978-953-150-935-0
The town of Senj <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/senj.html>,
Pjeva?ko tamburaško društvo Orlovo gnijezdo (Singing Tamburatza
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/akordi.html> Society Eagle's Nest),
Ožegovi?ianum School in Senj, 1919/1920. In the second row, 2nd from the
left, is Pavao Tijan
(distinguished Croatian lexicographer) playing bisernica. Source of the
photo [Tijan <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/l.html#tijan>].
------------------------------------------------------------------------
/Premio Brajnovic a la communication/ is a prestigious Spanish award
(500,000 pesets) established in 1997 upon the initiative of newspapermen
and lecturers from the University of Pamplona as a recognition to *Luka
Brajnovic* (born in 1919 in Kotor, in Boka kotorska
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#boka> in today's
Montenegro, died in 2001). He was a professor of Ethics at the
University of Navarra, a former director of the Institute of Artes
Liberales, a well known Spanish intellectual. It is interesting that the
award was established during his lifetime.
Professor Brajnovic on the irght, in Pamplon
Professor Brajnovic on the right, Prof. Radovan Grgec
<http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/9363/1/Radovan-Grgec,-outstanding-Croatian-intellectual-and-
humanist,-passed-away>,
Mrs Brajnovic,
and the King of Dolls <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/dolls.html> on
the left, in Pamplona (many thanks to Prof. Grgec)
He was the founder and the dean of the prestigious School of
Communication <http://www.unav.es/fcom/journalism/awards.html> at the
Universtiy of Pamplona (Facultad de Comunicación de la Universidad de
Navarra) until his retirement, and he educated hundreds of top
newspapermen working in Spain and in Latin America. Luka Brajnovic is
the author of important monographs, like
* /Tecnologia de la informacion/, 1968
* /Deontologia periodista
<http://personaybioetica.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/palabraclave/article/view/8/10>,
/1969
* /Literatura de la revolucion bolschevique, /1975
* /Despedidos y encuentras/.
For more information see the biography of don Brainovic at The
University of Navarra
<http://www.unav.es/fcom/actividades/biografiabrajnovic>, and also here
<http://www.diariodenavarra.es/hoyeneldiario/20001122/navarra/A11ART1A.asp>.
Don Luka Brajnovic Luka Brajnovic with his wife Ana Tijan, and with
Antonio Fontan - recipient of Premio Brajnovic
Professor Brajnovic had to escape from Croatia in 1945 in front of the
Yugoslav communist threat. He also collaborated intensively with various
Croatian emigrant journals.
* One of his brothers was killed by Yugoslav partisans on the islet of
Daksa <http://www.glas-koncila.hr/GK36/Intervju.htm> near Dubrovnik
in 1944, sharing the same destiny as the whole group of forty four
leading Dubrovnik intellectuals.
* Premio Brajnovic for 2001 was conferred posthumously to Sinisa
Glavasevic <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/sinisa.html>,
Croatian newspaperman killed in Vukovar in 1991 during the
Greater-Serbian aggression on Croatia. Exhumed from the mass grave
Ovcara near Vukovar together with several hundred detainees from the
city hospital.
* Premio Brajnovic for 2005 was conferred to Dr. Joaquin
Navarro-Valls, director of The Holly See Press Office
<http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/index.htm>, The Vatican.
It is interesting that he studied among others at the Faculty of
Sciences and Communication in Pamplona where Luka Brainovic was
teaching.
Photo from Faculdad de Comunicacion
<http://www.unav.es/fcom/actividades/brajnovic01.htm> (School for
Communication)
Universidad de Navarra
The Luka Brajnovic Award for Communication
<http://www.unav.es/fcom/brajnovic/index_en.htm> was inaugurated by the
School of Communication at the University of Navarra in 1997. The award
was established in memory of Luka Brajnovic –who died on the 8th
February 2001– as a mark of respect to his career, his professional
standing and reputation.
Journalist, writer and Croatian poet resident in Spain after World War
II, Luka Brajnovic was professor of more than thirty generations of
journalists in the University of Navarra and first author of an
Information Deontology manual written in Spanish.
The Award is bestowed on those who have defended human dignity and the
fundamental values of freedom, tolerance and solidarity in their work in
the field of communication. Thus far, the award has been granted to the
following people:
* 1997: *Miguel Delibes*, writer and journalist.
* 1998: *Violeta Chamorro*, former President of Nicaragua.
* 1999: *David Puttnam*, British film producer.
* 2000: *Antonio Fontán*, journalist and professor of journalism.
* 2001: Sinisa Glavasevic
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/sinisa.html>, Croatian journalist.
* 2002: *Medios para la Paz*, a Colombian media organization.
* 2003: *José Javier Uranga*, Navarre journalist.
* 2004: *Ettore Bernabei*, Italian TV executive and producer.
* 2005: *Joaquín Navarro-Valls*, spokesperson for the Holy See.
* 2006: *Krzysztof Zanussi*, Polish director and producer of cinema.
Don Luka, my professor
<http://www.unav.es/fcom/brajnovic/en/professor.htm>, by Carmen Ripa
Luka Brajnovic among his students in Pamplona, Spain (source
<http://hr.opusdei.org/art.php?p=14512>)
Luka Brajnovic Davinovic was born in Kotor, Croatia, in 1919. He studied
law in Zagreb, and was president of the League of Croatian Students.
When Communism took over his country, he was persecuted for the faith
and risked his life with Christian heroism on various occasions. He was
forced to leave his country and spent twelve years without being able to
see his wife and daughter. He managed to reach Italy, where he met
Blessed Josemaria. He later moved to Spain, and resided there until the
end of his life. He joined Opus Dei in 1952. In 1960 he became a
professor in the School of Journalism at the University of Navarre. He
was noted for his simplicity, good humor and spirit of service. He died
in Pamplona on February 8, 2001.
Source <http://en.romana.org/art/32_7.0_2>
Josip Bratulic: Luka Brajnovic - krizni put hrvatskog intelektualca, in
[Boka kotorska - jedno od izvorista hrvatske pasionske bastine
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#boka_pasion>, pp 199-210]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
For additional information see
* A short survey of encyclopaedia making in Croatia
<http://knjiga.hlz.hr/eng/povijest.html>, by Lexicographic
Institute, Zagreb.
* A compendium of Croatian literary resources
<http://clover.slavic.pitt.edu/%7Eaatseel/croatlit/croataatseel2.htm> on
the web from Renaissance to the end of 19th century (provided by
AATSEEL <http://clover.slavic.pitt.edu/%7Eaatseel>)
* Circulus Latinus Zagrabiensis <http://zagrabia.latinitatis.com/>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Croatia - an overview of its History, Culture and Science
<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/etfss.html>

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Croatian Humanists, Ecumenists, Latinists, and Encyclopaedists

© by Darko Zubrinic, Zagreb (1995)

* Croats at European universities in the Middle Ages <#univ>

Croats at European universities in the Middle Ages

The first public schools in Croatia were founded in Zadar

<http://split.carnet.hr/zadar/> (1282), Dubrovnik

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html> (1333) and Zagreb

The first Gymnasium was founded by Paulists in Lepoglava near Zagreb in

Croatian students <http://www.croatianhistory.net/gif/herman.jpg>

studied at many European Universities, starting from the Early Middle

who attended lectures of the famous Thierry de Chartres in Paris in the

heart of Istria, he wrote about 20 original books and translations, thus

Europe. He travelled a lot, and besides Latin and Greek mastered

Paris in the 13th century). See a monograph by Zarko Dadic - /Herman of

Dalmatia/, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 212 pp (parallel English and Croatian

He translated many important books from Arabian into Latin, like

*Euclid's* /Elements/, *Al-Khwarizmi*'s /Tables/ (continuing the work of

Adelard of Bath on both classics), *Sahl ibn Bishr's* (Arabian scientist

of the Jewish origin, 9th century) /Sextus astronomicae liber/,

Abu-Ma'ashar's /Introduction to Astronomy/, acquainting thus the West

with Aristotel's thoughts, and in particular the oldest Latin redaction

of *Ptolomey*'s /Planisphere/ (published in Toulouse 1143; in Islamic

literature known as `Almagest'). Herman wrote an astrological -

cosmological treatise /De essentiis/ (Béziers, 1143). With his English

friend Robert from Ketton he worked on the translation of *Kur'an*.

Herman's translations from Arabic represent an unavoidable ingredient of

to resist Islam not by force as the Crusaders did, but by understanding

spiritual heritage of the Ancient Greeks came to the West.

Alameri/ (11th century). The Croatian kingdom maintained relations with

the Califat, so that in 953 the Croatian legation visited Cordoba.

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et01.html#idrisi>'s map of the

*Garuasia*. This map was a supplement of El'Idrisi's book "The Joy of

Those Who Long to Travel around the World".

*Pavao Dalmatin* (1190-1255), a professor at the University of Bologna,

a founder of the first Dominican communities in Croatia and Hungary,

wrote the first systematic tractate on confession in the history of

Catholic theology ("Summa de confessione"). Its last edition was printed

*Augustin Kazotic*, a Dominican from the beautiful city of Trogir (13th

century), the future bishop of Zagreb, studied at the University of

Paris (Sorbonne) by the end of the 13th century. He was reputed to be

also in France and Italy. He also founded the important Library of

Metropolitana in Zagreb, existing continuously from 13th century to

these days. Beatified in 1702.

It seems that Dante traveled through Croatia

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/dante.html>, and with help of

Croatian pilgrim, now a friend and guide through Croatia, Bishop

* the Library of Dominicans in Dubrovnik

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html#dom> (founded in 13th

century, shelled by the Serbs in 1991/1992),

* the grand Library of Paulists in Lepoglava

after the Austrians cancelled the Paulist order in 1786 - a

tremendous loss for Croatian culture).

The first known Croatian student of the Charles University in Prague

(founded in 1348) was fra Ilija from Dubrovnik

<http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et111.html>, starting from 1391. The

famous Czech king Charles IV of Luxemburg built a Glagolitic convent in

Prague in 1347 <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html#karlo>,

where Croatian Benedictines from the island of Pasman were invited as

teachers. It is remarkable that the convent was just a few hundred

meters from the Charles University.

the period of 1397/1398. On the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of

Artists of the same University we know of dozens of Croatian rectors and

prorectors from the 14th century onwards. It would be difficult even to

Euclid's /Elements/, Al-Khwarizmi's /Tables/ (continuing the work of

Adelard of Bath on both classics), Sahl ibn Bishr's (Arabian scientist

of Ptolomey's /Planisphere/ (published in Toulouse 1143; in Islamic

friend Robert from Ketton he worked on the translation of Kur'an.

Garuasia. This map was a supplement of El'Idrisi's book "The Joy of

Pavao Dalmatin (1190-1255), a professor at the University of Bologna,

Augustin Kazotic, a Dominican from the beautiful city of Trogir (13th

Georges d'Esclavonie <http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/juraj.html>

science in the Glagolitic alphabet about 1400 (held in the Municipal

alphabet, or alphabetum chrawaticum as he called it, having a great

Juraj Sizgoric (~1420-1501) was born in Sibenik, and studied in

His book De institutione bene vivendi (six volumes, 64 chapters),

altogether 40 editions. It is well known that St. Francis Xaver had

Croatian verses (versi harvatski). Some of his original verses are