5.4 R.C.C.

WORK

5.4.1 Introduction:
 Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening the mixture of cement,
sand, coarse aggregate and water in predetermined proportion.
 Concrete is very good in compression and weak in tension.
 Thus, combination of steel and concrete provides ideal as these two materials
are used to take up stresses and are suitable for such combination which is
called Reinforced Cement Concrete.
 So, R.C.C. contains of two parts
1) Reinforcement
2) Concreting
5.4.2 Procedure

a) Reinforcement:
 At site, TMT bars (Fe415) are used as reinforcement.
 In TMT bars carbon levels are restricted much lower than the specification,
which result in excellent ductility, high bend ability and superior weld ability.
 After doing P.C.C than centre line for column is marked on P.C.C with the
help of centre line drawing and it is marked with mortar
 Than footing reinforcement (Jali) is laid on P.C.C as per Bar Bending
Schedule
 Than column reinforcement is laid on marked point on P.C.C and it’s checked
vertically through plumb
 Basic Construction Technique

 Centre line for column should also coincinde with centre line of footing
And it is checked by measuring diagonal distance from column in all four
side’s
 Than support for column is placed with the help of Bars
 Cover of 50 mm is being provided.
b) Concreting
 All plain concrete shall be preferably mixed in a drum type power driven
machine mixer with required mix of M 25.
 The mixing of each batch in the concrete mixer shall continue for not less than
two minutes after the materials and water are in the mixer.
 Than concreting is done with the help of chute. Here concreting is done
through chute to avoid seggregation
 Concreting for R.C.C is done upto the required depth as per the design.
 Basic Construction Technique

5.4.3 Checking/ Verification for R.C.C Work:

Particulars
A) Pre-Construction:
1) Size of footing as per drawing
2) Check the dimension and diagonals of formwork box of
footing
3) Level marking up to which concreting is to be done
4) Check supports of formwork
5) Check reinforcement and minimum cover.
6) Footing should be cleaned thoroughly and cement slurry is
poured before concreting

B) During Construction:
1) Check the quantity of material
2) Check the proportion and mixing of material
3) To check that concreting is done through chute so that there is
no segregation
4) Check for the required concrete level marking
5) Mixing method
6) Check that compaction is done at regular interval with the
help of needle vibrator
C) Post Construction:
1) De-shuttering of footing after 24 hours
2) Curing to be done with sprinkling

Tools Equipments
1) Theodolite 1) Batch Mixer
2) Line string 2) Needle Vibrator
3) Plumb bob 3) Excavator
4) Hammer 4) Tractor
5) Measuring tape 30 m
6) Buckets
7) Spade
8) Pickaxe
9) Trowel
10) Chalk
11) Punja
12) Thapi (Wooden float)
13) Rammer

5.5 CONCRETING
This is the most important activity as far as frame construction is concerned because
cement which is the vital material is widely used in this & thus it should be carried out
carefully. On our site it was done by pipeline in slab and beam and manually for column and
footing. Concreting involves following stages.
Batching & Mixing
•It can be either volumetric or weigh batching
but at site mostly weigh batching is carried
out.
•Weigh batcher was used at our site. The
process is described in earlier chapter.
•Similarly mixing is done in pan mixer at
RMC plant & in tilting mixer for concrete
mixer.
Compacting
•Various types of mechanical vibrators based
on site conditions & amount of concreting
are used.
•At our site needle vibrator is used with
40mm diameter of needle.
•Compaction is carried out simultaneously
along with placing by dipping the needle in
the paste for short time period at a point.
Finishing
•With respect to some fixed reference point
which can be either adjacent surface or some
rods with markings placed there,
Approximate levelling is done.
•Floating or towelling is adopted for
finishing until the surface seems to be fairly
smooth & levelled.
Basic Construction Technique
Transporting
•Carrying concrete from the place of mixing
to the place of delivery is known as the
transporting of concrete.
•From the RMC plant concrete is transported
through miller with the help of hydraulic
pump.
•In case of concrete mixer it is transported
manually through buckets.
Placing
•Concrete is placed only after the surface is
thoroughly cleaned and oiled.
•The source of concrete is placed at sufficient
height to avoid segregation and
simultaneously rough levelling is also carried
out.
•Sometimes chutes are also used for placing.
Curing
•Various types of curing methods such as
pounding, sprinkling, wetting, steam curing
etc are adopted.
•At our site pounding, sprinkling and wetting
are used as they are simple & easy.

Concreting for Column
• First marking f or starter of the
column.
• Then formwork is provided and
then checks its verticality using
plumb bob, dori and tape.
• Then Reinforcement and covers
are provided and start concreting
work.
• First concreting is done for 100mm so
that the cement slurry doesn't
comes out form bottom.
• Remaining height of concreting is
done after 1hr.
• Concrete is compacted by using
needle vibrator.
• The formwork can be removed
after 24 hours.
• Curing should be done up to 14
days after concreting.
Basic Construction Technique
Concreting for Slab and Beam
• First shuttering level is checked .
• Then the dowel is coming out of
the column are checked for the lap
length.
• Covers for beam sides and slab
are checked.
• Then concreting is done for beam
and s lab.
• Concreting start s from one corner
and carried out towards the other
corner continuously.
• Iron rods are used to check depth
of slab.
• Finishing is done with help of
wooden muster.
• Curing should be done up to 21
days after concreting.
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The following points should be kept in mind while working & supervision.

Precautions Purpose

Mixing time in no case should be less than 2 To achieve homogenous & consistent mix.
min.
Discharge height for concrete mixer shouldn’t To avoid segregation.
be more than 70 cms.

Joints in pipeline should be checked. To avoid leakage of concrete.

Pipeline should be thoroughly cleaned with To impart lubrication to the upcoming
water & then with cement slurry. concrete.

Concrete should be placed as nearly as To save manpower & time.

possible.
Time between mixing & placing shouldn’t To avoid setting of concrete.
exceed 30min.

Concrete shouldn’t be heaped at one place. To avoid displacement of formwork.

Vibrators should be continuously operated To formation of holes inside concrete.

while they are being withdrawn.

Vibrators should be inserted vertically. To avoid flow of concrete into mould.

Old work should be flushed with cement To have proper bond between old & new
slurry prior to concreting. work.
Curing must be constantly done for at least 7 To avoid shrinkage cracks & loss of moisture.
days.

5.6 REINFORCING

This is also one of the important activities as steel, which contributes significantly to the
economy of the project is most widely used. Also it imparts tensile strength to the
structure in which concrete is lacking. Thus it also important from safety point of view. The
procedure adopted for reinforcement in beam, column, slab and other structures is almost
same. For the construction of any floor first of all the columns are cast and thereafter
beam and slabs are cast. The procedure is as under.

 The reinforcement for shear walls is provided in same manner as that for
column.
 The reinforcement for staircase is similar to that of slab.
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Column Beam Slab

Reinforcement
•Cutting & bending of
rebar is carried out
according to structural
drawing.
•For providing longitudinal
reinforcement, rebar’s are
tied to dowels by binding
wires providing sufficient
lap length. These are
continued to the next
floor with dowels if
required.
•Similarly the transverse
reinforcement is provided
by using lateral ties.
Reinforcement
•According to structural
Drawing cutting &
Bending is carried out.
•Then bottom bars are laid
First according to design.
These bars rest on covers
& stirrups provided for
shear reinforcement.
•Then top bars are
provided which are tied to
the stirrups.
• The whole skeleton is
Supported by chairs &
Other support s and is
Placed to its location only
After completion.
Reinforcement
•According to structural
Drawing cutting &
bending is carried out.
•Main reinforcement is
constructed first and then
distribution steel is laid
which will be running
perpendicular to for mer.
•Rebar’s are provided with
alternate bent up sand this
will be provided cover
through specially
designed steel chairs

The following points should be kept in mind while working & supervision.

Precautions Purpose

Proper cover should be provided. To protect steel from getting corroded.

Sufficient lap length should be provided.
Bars should be properly tie d with binding
wires.
Sufficient development should be provided.
D dowels should be properly left out.
Stirrup joints must be provided in alternate
directions.
Two bars can ac t as continuo us & resist
shearing.
To avoid displacement of rebar’s.
To anchorage beam & column junction.
To provide enough lap length
To perform well during shearing action.

5.7 SHUTTERING
This activity forms the skeletal framework for any structure. This skeleton will help to
support the concrete when it is in plastic state. Thus it will help to hold the structure till it
gains its strength and also works as a mould to define its shape. This will also finalize the
alignment as well as level hence it requires special consideration. The procedure is as
under.
Column & Shear wall
•First of all starter is
Provided by marking its
Centre & its edges. T hen
concreting is done. Starter
May or may not be
Provided but it is preferable
So that formwork gets
Stability.
•Then formwork is erected
over it. For columns 'C'
Shaped formwork is
Prepared first, erected &
Then closed in case of
plywood or conventional
Steel forms. Otherwise i t is
Erected as straight forwarded
as in case of wall.
•Ties are then provided to
Keep distance among
sheets.
•Now the alignment is
checked with plumb b ob
and the props used to
support the formwork are
adjusted.
•Finally on getting desired
plumb, props are fixed
rigidly.
Beam & Slab
•On the casted column beam
bottom is marked & the
valve plates supported by
the props are laid
horizontally between two
columns. The level is then
checked with level pipe.
•T hen the side forms are
erected according to the
dimensions and on that
slab forms are laid in with
continuity. Simultaneously
pr ops along with wedges &
ledgers are provided.
•T he ledgers a re spaced at
regular intervals of 3", 6",
9" depending on
dimensions. They are
generally laid orthogonal to
the main reinforcement.
•Sometimes 'Camber' is also
provided de pending on
dimensions to avoid
deflection while
concreting.
Basic Construction Technique
Staircase
•Here also the bottom forms
are laid first with props
supporting it.
•Then the side forms are
erected according to the
alignment of stair.
•Now the markings are
made on side forms for
placing the riser
planks. This can be done
with the help of spirit level
or level pipe.
•Then after the risers are
fixed but only after rebar’s
are laid.
•The treads are left open for
concreting and finishing
but they are casted by
matching the top & bottom
of the successive risers.