Citing References

A Guide for Students

David Fisher & Terry Hanstock

Contents

Pages

1. Introduction 2

2. Methods of Citation-Harvard & Numeric 4

3. Quotations 6

4. Book references (Harvard) 7

5. Journal article references (Harvard) 10

6. Electronic publications (Harvard) 11

7. Examples of other materials that can cause problems (Harvard) 15

8. Official publication 16

9. Legal references 21

10. References using the Numeric system 23

11. Citing references for items you have not actually read 25

12. Problems with dates 26

13. References 27

1
 1
Introduction
This guide is based on the British Standards BS 1629 and BS 5605 (see British
Standards Institution 1989 & 1990). However, the standards do not cover all
materials equally thoroughly and so, where necessary, we have developed our
own guidelines based on what we consider to be best practice. This is particularly
true in the case of the Internet and other electronic publications, as there is
currently little consciousness regarding how they should be referenced.

Why bother to cite references?

 To acknowledge debts to other writers

 To demonstrate the body of knowledge upon which your research is
based
 To enable all those who read your work to locate your sources easily

The process of citing references consists of two interrelated parts:

a) Citing – the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used (i.e. the
references)

b) Referencing – the process of creating a bibliographic description of each

source. Put simply, this means the provision of a consistent description of
the elements needed to identify a source: author, date, title, publisher, etc.

There are two main citation/reference systems – the Harvard (also known as the
Name & Date) and the Numeric.

You will see that this guide gives more space to the Harvard than the Numeric
system. However, you need to use the numeric system, the guide will be of help
because many of the Harvard referring examples can be adapted to comply with
the numeric system by merely altering the place of the date in the reference.
Don‟t worry about this now, it should all be clear when you starting the guide.

Don‟t panic! Reference citing is not that difficult. The main thing is to be
consistent and don‟t mix the Harvard and Numeric approaches. If you wok
thorough the examples in this booklet you should be able to tackle most types of
publication. Please note that for the sake of clarity, we have enclosed our
examples in boxes.

2
Good luck!

David Fisher
Terry Hanstock
Information Specialists-
Library & Information
Services, The Nottingham
Trent University

June 1998

3
 2
Methods of Citation

Let us look first at how you refer from your text to the description of the
documents you are using. You need a way of identifying each source you use in
your text.

You will see the Harvard and Numeric style of citation are very different from
one another.

Harvard System
This is by far most straightforward way of citing references, because all you need
to do is mention the author and the date of publication:

The work of Dow (1964), Musgrave (1968) and Hansen (1969) concluded…

It has been argued (Foster 1972) that the essential…

…the results of the survey were conclusive (see Kramer 1989).

The reading your work can then locate the full description of the item you have
cited by going to the alphabetical list of references you have provided at the at
the end of your report, essay or dissertation.

You may need to cite more than one work by the same author published in the
same year. You can do so by adding letters after the dates:

Dow (1964a) and Dow (1964b).

If you are giving exact quotations from other works you should identify the page
numbers.

Dow (1964, p.28)

Insertion of extra citation is no problem and the references are listed in one
alphabetical sequence.

Numeric System
Numbers are inserted into the text which refer to a numerical sequence of
references at the end of the document:

Dow7 and Jenkins9, or Dow (7) and Jenkins(9).

4
You can also use numbers on their own:

It can be argued10 or it can be argued (10).

Page numbers can either be given in your list of references, or after the numbers
in your text:

Dow7p. 27 or Dow (7p. 27)

5
 3
Quotations

As indicated in the earlier examples, when using either the Harvard or Numeric
system, you should mention the page number if quoting from another document.
There are certain other generally accepted conventions that you might like to
observe, these are described below.

If you are only quoting a few words, usual practice is as follows:

Jones (1989, p. 114) has challenged, what he calls, the „peculiar assertion‟ by
Howard that the moon is populated by librarians.

Smith (1986, p. 4) has argued „… it is simply not possible to know everything …

[but] it can be stated that some knowledge is attainable‟.

The quotation forms part of your text and is indicated by enclosing it thus „ ‟ or
“ ”. The … indicate omissions. Square brackets [ ] tell your reader you have
added you own words to the quotation.

If you are quoting a longer passage, it is common for the whole quotation to be
indented:

Heresy requires the presence of at least a semblance of orthodoxy, a remaining

vestige of an established paradigm, a doctrine or truth open to contradiction or
challenge. Likewise transgression needs a limit, indeed each term evokes the
other… (Smart 1993, p. 121).

The above conventions are not prescribed by national or international standards,

but have been included because they are usually adhered to by the academic
community.

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 4
Book References
(Harvard System)

A reference is the description of the source you have used. In addition to the
conventions for referencing a book by a single author, we include a variety of
more complex examples of works that you might need to reference.

You should use the title page rather than the cover of the book as the source of
reference. The order of the elements (including upper and lower case and
punctuation) of the reference is:

AUTHOR, Date. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher. Numeration within item (if only
a part is cited.)

1 Single Authors

DOW, D., 1964. A history of the world. 3rd ed. London: Greenfield.

If neither place of publication nor publisher‟s name appears anywhere on the

document then use:

(s.l.) to indicate place unknown (sine loco)

(s.l.): Greenfield

and

(s.n.) to indicate name unknown (sine nomine)

if you do not the publisher, you are not going to know the place either, so you
will have to do the following :

(s.l.): (s.n.)

But try to find publisher if at all possible!

2 Multiple Authors

i. 3 or less

7
CUTLER, T., WILLIAMS, K., and WILLIWMS, J., 1986. Keynes, Beveridge and
beyond. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

(N.B. the order in which the authors are given is that of the title page.)

ii 4 or more

PEARCE, I. F., et al., 1976. A model of output, employment, wages and price in the UK.
Cambridge University Press.

3 Editors

CHESTER, D.N., ed., 1951. Lessons of the British war economy. Westport:
Greenwood Press.

Style Tips

You must highlight titles of books using: bold type, underlining, italics etc. You
may enclose date in brackets if you wish

DOW, D., ed. (1964)

Ed. Is an accepted abbreviation for editor.

„Authors‟ forenames may also be written out in full.

DOW, Donald, ed. (1964)

4 Corporate authors

ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF SOCIAL SERVICES & COMMISION

FOR RACIAL EQUALITY, 1978. Multi-racial Britain: the social service response.
London: Commission for Racial Equality.

5 Conferences

The first element of the reference should be the individual(s) or organization

responsible for editing the proceedings. If these cannot be traced, begin with
your reference with the name of the conference. If possible you should include
the place and the date of the conference.

PAEPCKE, A., ed., 1992. OOPSLA’92 conference on object oriented programming

systems, languages, and applications, Vancouver, 18-22 October, 1992. New York : The
Association for Computing Machinery.

8
CUNNINGHAM, S., ed., 1993. Computer graphics: SIGGRAPH 93 conference
proceedings, Anaheim, California, 1-6 August, 1993. New York: The Association for
Computing Machinery.

If you need to cite an individual paper within published conference proceedings,

the author of the paper becomes the first element of your reference. You should
also include the page number of the contributed paper.

COOK, W.R., 1992. Interfaces and specifications for the smalltalk-80 collection
classes. In: A. PAEPCKE, ed.OOPSLA’92 conference on object oriented programming
systems, languages, and applications, Vancouver, 18-22 October, 1992. New York: The
Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1-15.

6 “In” references
These are used when citing, for example, a chapter from an edited work. The
format is similar to the conference paper reference above.

ROBINSON, E.A.G., 1951. The over all allocation of resources. In: D.N.
CHESTER, ed. Lessons of the British war economy. Westport: Greenwood Press,
1951, pp. 34-57

7 Theses and dissertations

McCARTHY, D.F., 1981. Group representation in the plural society: the case of the poverty
lobby. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University.

8 Anonymous works
If the book does not appear to have an author use „Anon‟:

ANON., 1964. A history of radio. London: Beacon Press.

9 Collaborative Works
Encyclopedias, dictionaries and other similar publications can be referenced by
the title:

The Europa World Yearbook, 1996. London: Europa Publications Ltd.

9
 5
Journal Article References
(Harvard)

The order of the elements (including the upper and lower case and punctuation)
of the reference is:

AUTHOR, Date. Article title. Journal title, volume (part), pages.

GREENFIELD, J., 1990. The Sevso Treasure: the legal case. Apollo, 132(341),
14-16.

GOTT, R., 1989. Crumbs and the capitalists. The Guardian, 20th Jan, 21-22.

Multiple Authors – same rules apply as in Book References (Harvard).

If no author is mentioned in the source of your reference, use „Anon‟:

ANON., 1989. Obscenity or censorship. The Economist, 312 (5 August), 33-34.

Point to note
You should always indicate the volume number and the issue or the part number.
In the above examples the numbers before the brackets refer to the volume and
those inside the brackets to the issue or part number.

Apollo, 132 (341)

Volume part

Style Tips
You should highlight the journal title, but not the title of the article. Months can
be abbreviated as in the above example, e.g. Jan for January.

You can add pp. before page numbers in journal references if you wish, but it is
not necessary to do so.

Apollo, 132 (341), pp.14-15.

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 6
Electronic Publications
(Harvard)

An increasing amount of information is becoming available in a variety of

electronic formats. At the time of writing, there is little agreement as to how such
work should be referenced. This section is very much our own interpretation of
what we consider to be best practice. Our ideas are based upon elements drawn
from a variety of sources including: the International Organization for
Standardization (1998), Cross and Towle (1996) and Li and Crane (1996).

Our own view is that electronic references are not so very different from the
hardcopy formats discussed elsewhere in this booklet. The aim, as usual, is to
provide sufficient information to enable others to trace the works you have
consulted. As with all referencing, consistency is the key. The examples below,
which follow the Harvard style, are merely suggestions and are not intended to
be prescriptive.

Internet Sources
Individual Works
The order of the elements (including upper and lower case and punctuation) of
the reference is:AUTHOR or EDITOR, year. Title [online]. Place of publication:
Publisher. Available at <URL> [Accessed Date].

The term publisher may seem a little odd when talking of Internet resources. It
seems usual to regard the organization responsible for hosting the pages as te
publisher. However, we view the place of publication/ publisher sections as
optional. As long as you supply the URL then the site can be traced. The
„accessed date‟ means the date you visited the site. It is important to give this as
pages and their locations change with great frequency, and you are informing
your reader that the information was accurate at the date stated.

LIBRARY & INFORMATION SERVICES, 1998. Electronic library resources: a

subject guide to selected resources on the Internet [online]. Nottingham: The Nottingham
Trent University. Available at: URL:http://www.ntu.ac.uk./lis/elr.htm
[Accessed 16 June 1998].

DEFOE, D., 1995. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders
[online]. Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at:
URL:ftp://archive.org/pub/gutenberg/ etext95/mollfio.txt> [Accessed 16 June
1998].

11
If a web page does not appear to have an author, we would recommend
referencing it by title.

ii Electronic Journal Articles

AUTHOR, year. Title. Journal Title [online], volume (issue). Available at: <URL>
[Accessed Date].

If you cannot discern volume/issue details simply omit them. Indicating pages
can be a problem as they are often not given in electronic journals, so we suggest
omitting them.

COYLE, M, 1996. Attacking the cult-historicists. Renaissance Forum [online], 1 (1).

Available at: <URL:http://www.hull.ac.uk/renforum/vlnol/coyle.htm>
[Accessed 16 June 1998].

HAMMERSLEY, M., and GOMM, R., 1997. Bias in social research. Sociological
Research Online [online], 2 (1). Available
at:<URL:http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/2/1/2.html> [Accessed
16 June 1998].

If you are quoting from an article in an electronic journal, you should provide as
exact a location as possible. For instance, you could give the paragraph number
(if available).

Electronic Mail
Discussion lists
AUTHOR, year. Title of message. Discussion list [online], day and month.
Available at: email address or <URL> [Accessed Date]. or

SMITH, D., 1997. UK unemployment definitions/figures. European-Sociologist

[online], 13 June. Available at: <URL:http://www.mailbase.ac.uk/ists/european
sociologist/archive.html> [Accessed 16 June 1997].

ii Personal email
AUTHOR, (email address) year. Title of email, day and month. Email to:
recipient‟s name (email address).

Referencing personal email, like any personal correspondence, is probably not

something you are likely to need to do very often. But, as most sources we have
consulted over them, we thought it would be remiss of us not to include them.

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HIGGINS, J., (Jeff.Higgins@univ.ac.uk) 1996. Email is fun. 20 June. Email to:
Peter Smith (Pete.Smith@amb.ac.uk).

CD-ROM and Online Database

These formats cover a range of resources from bibliographic database to full-text
books and articles.

i Bibliography databases
DATABASE [type of medium, e.g. online or CD-ROM]. (Inclusive dates). Place:
Publisher.

ABI/INFORM [CD-ROM]. (1986 – April 1997). Louisville: UMI.

ECONLIT [CD-ROM]. (1969 – March 1997). (s.l.): Silverplatter.

Or

ECONLIT [CD-ROM]. (1969 – March 1997). [London]: Silverplatter.

Both ECONLIT examples are correct. The first indicates that no place of
publication is listed on the CD ROM. The second indicates that the place of
publication is known but not listed on the CD ROM.

ii Electronic Journal Articles

Our recommendations are similar to those given for citing journal article from
the Internet. However, for the sake of clarity, we thought it useful to create this
separate section.

AUTHOR, year. Title. Journal title [type of medium], volume (issue), pages if
given. Available from: database title [Accessed Date].

In the following examples the same article is cited from the two different
databases to illustrate minor changes in referencing:
EZARD, J., 1995. Lottery comes up to scratch in an instant, The Guardian [CD-
ROM], 29 December, 4. Available from: The Guardian and the Observer on CD-
ROM [Accessed 19 June 1997].

EZARD, J., 1995. Lottery comes up to scratch in an instant, The Guardian

[online], 29 December. Available from: Reuter Textile [Accessed 19 June 1997].

13
As you can see, the main difference are changes in [type of medium] field and no
page numbers on the second reference (because Reuter Textline does not
provide them).

iii Individual works

These could comprise works by individual authors, conference proceedings,
encyclopedias, dictionaries and myriad other types of publications. Our general
advice would be to follow the examples given for printed materials and add a
[type of medium] field after the title.

ALBERS, J., 1994. Interaction of color [CD-ROM]. New Haven: Yale University
Press.

ANDERSON, L., 1995. Puppet motel [CD-ROM]. New York: Canal Street
Communications, Inc.

COOK, R.L., ed., 1995. Computer graphics: SIGGRAPH 95 conference proceedings, Los
Angeles, California, 6-11 August, 1995 [CD-ROM]. New York: The Association for
Computing Machinery.

We have omitted [accessed date] as the content of such individual works is

unlikely to change. However, if you think there is any possibility that the content
of the electronic work you are citing may be subject to change, then it would be
as well to include the accessed date.

7
Examples of Other Materials that can cause Problems!
1 British standard publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 1981. BS 5930: 1981. Code of practice

for site investigations.

14
2 Patents

AZIZ, A., 1997. Mentioned and apparatus for a key management scheme for Internet
protocols. United States Patent Application 68-438, 27 May.

3 Published music

STRAVINSKY, I., 1920. Three pieces for clarinet solo. London: Chester, Ltd.

4 Sound recording

ELY, J., 1990. Drivin‟ to the poorhouse in a limousine. In: Live at Liberty Lunch.
Stereo sound disk. New York: MCA, MCG 6113, side B, track 2.

5 Illustration

SANDY, P., 1746. A Bandit with a halberd. Pen and ink. At: London: British
Museum Department of Prints and Drawings. Register number 1880-9-11-1773

6 Films, Videos and Broadcasts

As a general rule, these should be cited by title, as they are usually collaborative
ventures with no one person being the „author‟ as such.

Father Ted, 1995. Episode 1, Good Luck Father Ted. TV, Channel 4. Apr 21.

Now Voyager, 1942. Film. Directed by Irving RAPPER. USA: Warner.

15
 8
Official Publications

UK Official Publications
1 Government Publications
These can be treated in the same way as corporate authors, but should be
prefixed with GREAT BRITIAN.
GREAT BRITIAN. School Curriculum and Assessment Authority, 1997. The
Parents guide to national tests… London: The Stationary Office.

GREAT BRITIAN. Department for Education and Employment, 1996. Setting

targets to raise standards: a survey of good practice. London: Department for Education
and Employment.

2 Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)

References to Hansard should include the following:
 Abbreviation of House of Commons or House of Lords: HC or HL
 The abbreviation „Deb‟
 Parliamentary Session in round brackets
 Volume number
 The abbreviation „col‟
 Column number

HC Deb (1990-91) 195 col. 311

HC Deb (1990-91) 195, written answer col. 41

HL Deb (1990-91) 529 col. 111

3 Official reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing Committees

Reference to Standing Committee proceeding should include the following:

 The abbreviation „Stg Co Deb‟
 Parliamentary Session in round brackets
 Standing Committee identifying letter
 Title of legislation under discussion
 The abbreviation „col‟
 Column number

16
Stg Co Deb (1980-81) Co E Finances Bill col. 46

4 Parliamentary Papers

Parliamentary Papers cover a variety of subjects and include Select Committee

proceedings. Each of House of Commons Paper has a serial number printed at
the bottom left of the title page. House of Lords Papers are identified by a serial
number in the same place but enclosed within round brackets.

References should include the following:

 Abbreviation of House of Commons or House of Lords: HC or HL

 Paper number
 Parliamentary Session

Repair and Maintenance of School Buildings HC 648 (1990-91)

1st Report of the Select Committee of The House of Lords on Televising the
Proceedings of the House HL (213) (1984-85)

References to reports issued by Joint Committees of the House of Lords and the
House of Commons should include both serial numbers followed by the
Parliamentary Session.

Joint Committees on Statutory Instruments – Minutes of Evidence… HL 32,

HC 15-vi (1981-82)

5 Command Papers
Command Papers are presented to Parliament „by command of Her Majesty‟.
Each one is given a unique number, prefixed by our abbreviation of Command.
This prefix has changed over the years and care should be taken in citing the
abbreviation correctly. The running number and prefix can be found at the
bottom left-hand corner of the cover and title-page.

The series of Command Papers published so far have been numbered as follows:

1st series [1]-[4222] 1833-1869

2nd series [C.1]-[C.9550] 1870-1899
3rd series [Cd.1]-[Cd.9239] 1900-1918

17
4th series [Cmd.1]-Cmd.9889 1919-1956
5th series Cmnd.1-Cmnd.9927 1956-1986
6th series Cm.1- 1986-

References to Command Papers should include the following:

 Title
 Command Paper number
 Year of publication

Royal Commission on Local Government, 1966-1969 (Cmnd. 4040, 1969)

European Union Publications

1 COM documents
COM documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the European
Union. The final versions are only published after much discussion with
interested parties - earlier drafts are generally publicly available.

References to COM documents should include the following:

 The title
 The last two digits of the year in round brackets
 The serial number
 The word „final‟ to indicate that it is, in fact, the final version and not one of
the earlier drafts.

Proposal for a Council directive establishing a European Guarantee Fund to

promote cinema and television production, COM (95)546, final.

2 Secondary legislation
All references to secondary legislation should include the following:
 Its institutions origin – Commission or Council
 Its form – Regulation, Directive, Decision
 Its unique number
 Its year of enactment
 The institutional treaty under which it was made – EEC/EC, ECSC, or
Euratom.
 The date it was passed

18
Optional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the
issue of the Official Journal of the European Communities in which it was
published.

Regulations are normally cited with the name of institutional treaty, followed by
the legislation number and the year of enactment.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 2078/92 of 30 June 1992 on agricultural

production of the environment and the maintenance of the countryside.

A shorter version would be cited as follows:

Council Regulation 2078/92EC

Directives and Decisions are cited by the year of enactment, the legislation
number and then institutional treaty.

Council Directive 92/83/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the harmonization of the

structure of excise duties on alcohol and alcoholic beverages.

Commission Decision 89/288 of 21 March 1989 established an initial list of

declining industrial areas.

Shorter versions will be cited as follows:

Council Directive 92/83EEC

Commission Decision 89/288/EEC

An example of a comprehensive citation for an EEC regulation follows:

Council Regulation (EEC) 216/84 of 18 January 1984 amending Regulation

(EEC) No 2616/80 instituting a specific community regional development
measure of new economic activities in certain zones adversely affected by
restructuring of the steel industry (OJ No L027, 31.1.1984, p9)

3 Official Journal References

References to the Official Journal should include the following:

 OJ series: L (Legislation)
C (Communications and Information)
S (Supplement)

19
 Issue number
 Date of issue
 Page number

OJ No. C311, 17.11.93, p.6

20
 9
Legal Reference

1 Acts of Parliament
Within the legal profession the generally accepted method of citing an Act of
Parliament is by its short title:

Education Reform Act 1988

This should be sufficient when the act is simply being mentioned in the text of
an article or essay. However if featured in a bibliography or list of reference, the
Act‟s chapter number should be added for completeness.

Further and Higher Education Act 1992 (c.13)

Acts are numbered in sequence throughout the calendar year. Public General
Acts are given Arabic numerals. Local and Personal Acts are given lower-case
roman numerals.

N.B. Before 1 January 1963 a more complex system was in operation based on
regnal year.

Education Act 1944 (7&8 Geo 6 c.31)

2 parliamentary Bills

Each Parliamentary Bill has a serial number in the lower left-hand corner of the
title page. Formerly the number was enclosed in square brackets for Bills
originating in the House of Commons and in round brackets for Bills originating
form the House of Lords. House of Commons Bills are still numbered in this
manner, but a House of Lords Bills is now referred to as „HL Bill‟ by a number
without brackets.

References to Parliamentary Bills should include the following:

 Short title
 Parliamentary Session in round brackets
 Its serial number. Note that a Bill is renumbered whenever it is reprinted
during its passage through Parliament.

Education (Student Loan) Bill HC Bill (1989-90) [66]

21
Further and Higher Education Bill HL Bill (1991-92) 27

3 Statutory Instruments
References to Statutory Instruments should include the following:

 Short title
 The abbreviation „SI‟
 Year of publication
 Number

National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) Regulations 1992 SI 1992/2977

4 Law Reports
Every law report series has its own mode of citation. Citation for specific cases
usually contain:

 The abbreviation of the law report series

 The year the case was reported
 The volume number (where appropriate)
 The number of pages where the report starts

[1989} 1 WLR 675

This refers to the case Rayware Ltd v Transport & General Workers Union
which can be found in volume 1 of the Weekly Law Reports for 1989 starting at
p 675.

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 10
References Using the Numeric System

This is an alternative of creating references.

The only major difference between the Numeric and Harvard reference is the
position of the date.

In the numeric system the date goes at the end of the monograph reference.

The order of the elements (including the upper and lower case and punctuation)
of the reference is:

AUTHOR. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher, Date. Numeration within item 9if
only a part is cited)

7. LAYDER, D., Understanding social theory. London: Sage, 1994

Entries are numbered and run in numeric order. For the creation of particular
types of reference (e.g. for official publications, conferences, journals etc.) follow
the example given for the Harvard system but alter the place of date.

Journal articles references are sometimes confusing so here is an example of a

numeric one.

12. GREENFIELD, J., The Sevso Treasure: the legal case. Apollo, 1990,
132(341), 14-16.

Points to note
All references are numbered (e.g. 7 and 12 above) and are matched with the
number used in the text.

Sometimes the authors name is not inverted because the order is numerical and
not alphabetical.

You will often see the terms ibid. and op. cit. used in the references.

Ibid. means in the same book or passage and is used when references are
consecutive.
1.Dawson, J., How to cite references. London: Fictional Publications, 1922.
2. Ibid. p.24

23
Op. cit. means in the network previously referred to and is used when other
references intervene.

1.Dawson, J. How to cite references. London: Functional Publications, 1922.

2.Jones, K. All your questioned answered. London: Fisher Publications, 1972.
3.DAWSON, op.cit., p.26.

The page references above refer to the books cited.

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 11
Citing References for Items you have not Actually Read
Let‟s suppose you mention an article by Colin Smith which has been referred by
Gibbs and Carroll in their book „One hundred interesting things to do with a
cited reference‟, written in 1978. you have not read the actual article by Smith
only what Gibbs and Carroll have written about it.

Using the Harvard System, you could do the following within your text:

The work of Colin Smith (see Gibbs and Carroll 1978, p.28) is very interesting…

In the references at the end of your work, you would give the full details of
Gibbs and Carroll (see main guide for examples) but not Colin Smith because
you have not read the article and your reader can find reference to it in Gibbs
and Carroll.

Using the Numeric System you could do the following within your text:

The work of Colin Smith (see Gibbs and Carroll) is very interesting…

In the numbered references at the end of the work give full details of Gibbs and
Carroll. See main guide for examples.

25
 12
Problems with Dates

When looking into a book for a date to cite, chances are you may see more than
one! You will always see a copyright date, but you may also have printing and
different edition dates. Which one do you choose?

One of the reason for giving references is so that others can locate works you
have referred to, so you need to supply the date that most accurately reflects the
particular version of the book you are using.

Edition- if you are using a 2nd or later edition of a book, always give the date of
that edition, not the original publication date. The reason is quite simple – a new
edition of a book indicates the text has been substantially revised (often with
totally different page numbers from previous editions) and so you need to make
it clear which edition you are referring to.

Reprints- as the name suggests, do not usually involve any change to the text, so
it is normal practice to give the copyright (or originally published) date. However,
if you believe that the page numbers have been changed during reprints and you
have quoted page in your work, then give printing date of version you are using
to avoid any confusion.

If you cannot trace a date of publication you will have to put [no date] with in
your reference.

26
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References

BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION, 1989.

BS 1629: 1989. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material.

CROSS, P., and TOWLE, K., 1996. A guide to citing internet sources [online].
Bournemouth: University of Bournemouth. Available at:
<URL:http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-
deps/is/LIS_Pub/harvardsystint.html> [Accessed 16 June 1998]

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STADARDIZATION, 1998.

Experts from International Standard ISO 690-2[online]. Ottawa, Canada: National
Library of Canada. Available at: <URL:http://www.nlc-
bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/690-2e.htm> [Accessed 16 June 1998].

Ll, X., CRANE, N.B., 1996. Electronic style: a guide to citing electronic information. 2nd
ed. Medford, New Jersey: Information Today.

SMART, B., 1993. Postmodernity. London: Routledge.

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