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Buku : Descriptive Inorganic

Chemistry by Geoff
Rayner-Canham

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department
 Hydrogen

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department
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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department
 The Sun :
• Hydrogen (74%)
• Helium (25%)

Hydrogen 657.000.000 tones/s converts to 652.500.000 tones of helium.

The lost mass 4.500.000 million tones converts to Energy
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Chemistry Department
 Isotopes of hydrogen discovery

Based on precise measurement of atomic mass, there should be different

isotopes of H.

Harold C. Urey applied concept that : b.p ~ molar mass :

• Evaporated 5 L of H2(l), hoping that the last 2 mL
would contain a larger than usual proportion of any
higher molar mass isotope.
• Result: molar mass residue = 2 x molar mass normal H2
• This form of hydrogen was named deuterium.

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Chemistry Department
 Isotopes of Hydrogen
Large mass differences  dissimilarity in physical properties
 dissimilarity in chemical behavior.

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Chemistry Department
 Covalent bonds of deuterium and tritium with other elements are also
stronger than those of common hydrogen :

Separation of heavy water

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Chemistry Department
 H2O “heavy” water, D2O
melts at 3.8 °C
boils at 101.4 °C
density 100% higher

D2O uses :

-solvent : H atoms in solute molecules can be studied

without distrubtion of aqueous solvent.

- Reaction pathways involving H atoms by using

deuterium-substituted compounds.

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Chemistry Department
Tritium :
-radioactive isotope, t½ = 12 years, emits low- energy electrons ( rays) .
-medical tracer.

- formed by the impact of cosmic rays on atoms in the upper atmosphere

.

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Chemistry Department
 • Hydrogen (tritium) bombs.

• To extract the traces of tritium that occur in water would require the processing
of massive quantities of water. An easier route :

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Chemistry Department
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
• tools for studying molecular structure
• study of nuclear spin.

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Chemistry Department
 Properties of Hydrogen

3 Middle of Periodic Table : Argument : HEN > alkali metal EN and HEN < XEN

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Chemistry Department
 • colorless, odorless gas , (b.p -253 OC and m.p -259 0C).
• not reactive, (high H—H covalent bond energy (436 kJ/mol).

Decrease in Entropi --> must be

enthalpy driven

strong O —H bond (464 kJ)

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Chemistry Department
 enthalpy driven,
strong O—H bond (464 kJ/mol)

slow without catalyst

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Chemistry Department
 Dihydrogen reduces ...

Dihydrogen, generated by :

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Chemistry Department
Dihydrogen industrial synthesis:

CO b.p = - 205 oC

Separation of CO2 from H2 :

1. to cool the products below the

condensation temperature of CO
(-78°C) ; (H2 b.p = -253°C).  large-
scale refrigeration systems.

2.

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Chemistry Department
 Hydrides
= Binary compounds of hydrogen

EN of H is only slightly above the median value of all the elements :

So, H behaves as weakly electronegative nonmetal, forming

1. Ionic compounds with very electropositive metals and
2. Covalent compounds with nonmetals,
3. Metallic hydrides with some of the transition metals.

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Chemistry Department
 Ionic Hydrides

very reactive white solids and are formed only by the most electropositive metals.

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Chemistry Department
Covalent Hydrides

H with all the nonmetals (except the

noble gases) and with very weakly
electropositive metals such as Ga and
Sn.

1. nearly neutral H atom

2. substantially positive
H atom
3. slightly negative H
atom

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department
1. Neutral : low polarity, only dispersion force 
gases / low b.p

Ex ; - H2Se (b.p. -60C), and

- phosphine, PH3(b.p. -90 C)

- hydrocarbons

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Chemistry Department
 2. Positive : high b.p at NH3, H2O, HF

hydrogen bond

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Chemistry Department
 3. Slightly negative :

Ex : diborane, B2H6, silane, SiH4, germane, GeH, and stannane SnH4.

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Chemistry Department
Metallic (d-Block) Hydrides

Nonstoichiometric; Ex : TiH1.9.

prepared by warming the metal with H2 with P>>.

At T>>, the Hydrogen is released as H2 gas again.

Many alloys (Ex, Ni5La) can absorb and release much H2.
Their proton densities > that of H2 (l)  H2 storage for vehicles.

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Chemistry Department
Metallic (d-Block) Hydrides

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Chemistry Department
 Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Without H-bonding water’s liquid range would be between 290°C and 2100°C
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Chemistry Department
Hydrogen bonding  liquid phase is denser than the solid phase !

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Chemistry Department
 Clathrates
= a substance in which molecules or atoms are trapped within the
crystalline framework of other molecules

gas clathrates of water (hydrates)

Ex : noble gas clathrates

If Xe dissolves in water under pressure and T< 0 oC,
crystals of Xe.6H2O are formed.
Warming the crystals releases of the gas

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Chemistry Department
 Methane Clathrates

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Chemistry Department
 Carbon Dioxide Clathrates

CO2 deep-ocean sequestration:

• CO2 is released into the deep ocean, under the ambient conditions of T and P, it
forms a solid clathrate.
• The clathrate is very stable ( at 250 m depth, ( 2.7 Mpa) clathrate is stable at
-5OC.
• CO2 clathrate density = 1.1 g/cm-3 .

3 concerns of the CO2 clathrate

deposite :
1. layer of CO2 clathrate will smother
the exotic bottom life of the deep
oceans
2. Fishes’ respiratory distress
3. In the future – clathrates will
probably release their captive CO2
causing a pH decrease of the
oceans.
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Chemistry Department
 Biological Aspects of Hydrogen Bonding
Life depends on two properties of hydrogen:
1. ENC ∞ ENH  low polarity  stable
2. H-bonds of H when covalently bonded to N or O

H- bonding is a vital for biomolecules

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Chemistry Department
H-bonds help stabilize the 3-D structure of proteins  shape  function

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Chemistry Department
 Element Reaction Flowchart

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Chemistry Department
 Alhamdulilllah....

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department