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Lte-Measurementspdf PDF
Lte-Measurementspdf PDF
Lte-Measurementspdf PDF
Training Centre
Rohde & Schwarz, Germany
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks
of the owners.
2011 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG
Test & Measurement Division
- Training Center -
This folder may be taken outside ROHDE & SCHWARZ facilities.
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes.
Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pages of these notes or to translate them must first
be obtained in writing from
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Training Center, Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany
Mobile Communications: Fields for testing
End-to-end Service
Radio S1 S5/S8 Gi
Core network
Performance
l Transmitter Characteristics
l Base station output power
l Frequency error
l Output power dynamics
l Transmit ON/OFF power
l Output RF spectrum emissions (Occupied bandwidth, Out of band
emission, BS Spectrum emission mask, ACLR, Spurious emission,
Co-existence scenarios,…)
l Transmit intermodulation
l Modulation quality TR 36.804: Base Station (BS) radio
transmission and reception
l Receiver Characteristics
l Reference sensitivity level
l Dynamic range
l Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)
l Blocking characteristics
l Intermodulation characteristics
l Spurious emissions
l Performance
E-UTRA Band
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
1 Yes Yes Yes Yes
6 Yes Yes[1]
11 Yes Yes[1]
13
14
Yes[1]
Yes[1]
Yes[1]
Yes[1]
Not every channel
...
17 Yes[1] Yes[1]
bandwidth for
... every band!
33 Yes Yes Yes Yes
NOTE 1: bandwidth for which a relaxation of the specified UE receiver sensitivity requirement (Clause 7.3) is allowed.
described by EARFCN
(E-UTRA Absolute lowest EARFCN possible
Radio Frequency
Channel Number)
and 1 RB at position 0
mid EARFCN
and 1 RB at position 0
Frequency
RF power
Highest EARFCN
and 1 RB at max position
Frequency
• Voltage
• Vibration
Acceptable Test System Uncertainty (Test Tolerance, TT) defined for each test individually
in 36.521 Annex F (will be ignored further on for the sake of simplicity)
Channel (ideal)
sl n rl n
1
TMC
Samples
f
f0 f1 f2 f3 f0 f1 f2 f3
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 17
OFDM risk: Degradation due to Frequency Offset
Channel
e j 2fn
sl n rl n
f
Samples
f
f0 f1 f2 f3 f0 f1 f2 f3
Channel
sl n rl n
f k
Samples
f
f0 f1 f2 f3 f0 f1 f2 f3
Downlink:
f-1 f+1
1
j 2kf t N CP ,l Ts
N RB N sc / 2
DL RB
sl( p ) t a k ( ) ,l e
( p)
ak( (p)) ,l e j 2kf t NCP ,lTs DC subcarrier,
k N RB
DL RB
N sc / 2 k 1 suppressed
1/TSYMBOL=15kHz
Uplink:
N RBULNscRB / 2 1 j 2 k 1 2 f t N CP ,l Ts
sl t a k ( ) ,l e
k N RB
UL RB
N sc / 2 f-1 f0 f1
f
½ subcarrier
DC subcarrier
offset
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 20
LTE: DC subcarrier usage
fBB=fRx-fLO
fRX=fLO+fBB+fLO_ɛ 1st mixer
fLO –fLO_ɛ=DC fBB + DC
Non-linearities of
fLO_ɛ fLO Amplifier also cause
DC in the signal
PLL
RB
E-UTRA Band
Worst case:
Ressource Blocks allocated
at channel edge
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 24
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio - eNB
E-UTRA transmitted BS adjacent channel Assumed Filter on the ACLR
signal channel centre adjacent adjacent lim
bandwidth frequency offset channel channel it
BWChannel [MHz] below the first carrier frequency and
or above the last (informative) corresponding
carrier centre filter bandwidth
frequency
transmitted
1.4, 3.0, 5, 10, 15, 20 BWChannel E-UTRA of same Square (BWConfig) 45 dB
BW
0
*
A
-10
1 AP
VIEW
-20
2 AP
VIEW
-30
3 AP
CLRWR
-40
-50 EXT
UTRAACLR1 UTRAACLR2
= 33 dB = 36 dB UTRAACLR2bis
3DB
= 43 dB
-60
-70
-80
10 MHz f 10.05 MHz f_offset < -16 dBm (Note 5) 100 kHz
fmax f_offsetmax
-13 dBm
30MHz - 1GHz 100 kHz Note 1
For a BS declared to support Band 20 and to operate in geographic areas within the CEPT in
which frequencies are allocated to broadcasting (DTT) service, the manufacturer shall additionally
declare the following quantities associated with the applicable test conditions of
Table 6.6.3.5.3-4 and information in annex G of [TS 36.104] :
PEM,N Declared emission level for channel N
P10MHz Maximum output Power in 10 MHz
Synchronisation
time/frequency
BS under
Test FFT
2048
Per Symbol
100 subcarrier Detection /
RF- CP- RBs, Ampl. decoding
correc- remov 1200 /Phase
tion sub correction
carr
EVM
Resource element Tx RETP
power: Distinguish:
•OFDM symbol
•Reference symbol
PA = -4.77 dB
2011 © Rohde&Schwarz
-54.77 dBm
PB = 3 (-3.98 dB)
-58.75 dBm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 [Time]
OFDM symbols
RS EPRE = Reference Signal Reference signal power = linear average of all Ref.
Energy per Resource Element Symbols over whole channel bandwidth
PDSCH
# of 64QAM PDSCH PRBs within a slot for which
EVM is measured
1 1 1 1 1 1 Test model:
PRB PA = EA/ERS [dB] 0 0 0 0 0 0 E-TM3.1
# of PDSCH PRBs which are not allocated 5 14 24 49 74 99
All RB allocated
PDSCH with
16 QAM
PDCCH +
PBCH with
QPSK
S-SCH with
BPSK
CAZAC
Sequences,
Reference signals
…
…
…
equalizer IDFT meas.
DUT RF
correction FFT
Inband-
…
…
…
emmissions
l Open-loop:
UE estimates the DL-Path-
loss and compensates it
for the UL
l Closed-loop:
in addition, the eNB
controls directly the UL-
Power through power-
control commands
transmitted on the DL
Bandwidth factor Basic open-loop starting point Dynamic offset (closed loop)
1) +23 dBm is maximum allowed power in LTE according to TS 36.101, corresponding to power class 3bis in WCDMA
l PEMAX_L is the maximum allowed power for this particular radio cell
configured by higher layers and corresponds to P-MAX information
element (IE) provided in SIB Type1
l
l PEMAX_L is reduced by 1.5 dB when the transmission BW is confined within
FUL_low and FUL_low+4 MHz or FUL_high – 4 MHz and FUL_high,
PPowerClass +
2dB
23dBm
PPowerClass - 2dB
-1.5dB -1.5dB
6.6.2.2.3.3 Table
NS_07 13 10 Table 6.2.4.3-2
6.6.3.3.3.2 6.2.4.3-2
> 29 ≤1
NS_08 6.6.3.3.3.3 19 10, 15 > 39 ≤2
> 44 ≤3
[NS_09] 6.6.3.3.3.4 21 TBD TBD TBD
..
NS_32 - - - - -
DL UL
RBStart 0 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 42 43 – 49
Defines the length of a
contiguous RB allocation LCRB [RBs] 6–8 1 – 5 to 9 – 50 ≥8 ≥18 ≤2
A-MPR [dB] 8 12 12 6 3
PCMAx Tolerance
(dBm) T(PCMAX) (dB)
21 ≤ PCMAX ≤ 23 2.0
Tolerance is 20 ≤ PCMAX < 21 2.5
depending on
19 ≤ PCMAX < 20 3.5
power levels
18 ≤ PCMAX < 19 4.0
13 ≤ PCMAX < 18 5.0
8 ≤ PCMAX < 13 6.0
-40 ≤ PCMAX < 8 7.0
UE power class
= 23dBm ±2 dB
Class 1 Tolerance Class 2 Tolerance Class 3 Tolerance (dB) Class 4 Tolerance (dB)
EUTRA
(dB (dB) (dBm) (dB) (dBm (dBm)
band m) )
1 23 ±2
2 23 ±22
… 23 ±22
40 23 ±2
UE transmits
with 23dBm ±2 dB
Frequency
More RB’s in use will be at
RF power
Frequency
Test Channel Bandwidths as specified in TS 36.508 subclause 4.3.1 Lowest, 5MHz, Highest
Test Parameters for Channel Bandwidths
Downlink Configuration Uplink Configuration
Ch BW N/A for Max UE output power testing Mod’n RB allocation
FDD TDD
1.4MHz QPSK 1 1
1.4MHz QPSK 5 5
3MHz QPSK 1 1
3MHz QPSK 4 4
5MHz QPSK 1 1
5MHz QPSK 8 8
10MHz QPSK 1 1
10MHz QPSK 12 12
15MHz QPSK 1 1
15MHz QPSK 16 16
20MHz QPSK 1 1
20MHz QPSK 18 18
23dBm
PPowerClass - 2dB
23dBm
PPowerClass - 2dB
-1.5dB -1.5dB
Max. power permitted in cell, Max. power for UE, Max. power permitted in Max. power for UE
considering bandwidth considering maximum power cell
confinement reduction
23dBm
FUL_low FUL_high
PCMAX_L=-1.5dBm
PCMAX_H=0 dBm
T(PCMAX_L) = T(PCMAX_H)=7dB
PCMAX_H + 7dB +7dBm
0 dBm
UE transmits
with -40dBm
The transmit OFF power is defined as the mean power in a duration of at least one
sub-frame (1ms) excluding any transient periods. The transmit OFF power shall not
exceed the values specified in table below
1.4 3.0 5 10 15 20
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
Measurement
1.08 MHz 2.7 MHz 4.5 MHz 9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz
bandwidth
Not scheduled
Resource block
PPUSCH (i) min{PMAX ,10 log10 (M PUSCH (i)) PO_PUSCH ( j ) PL TF (TF (i)) f (i)}
Bandwidth allocation Given by higher layers TPC commands
or not used
2
minimum
power in LTE
Pm
-1
-4
RB change
RB change
0 .. 9 sub-frame# 0 .. 9 sub-frame#
1 2 3 4 radio frame 1 2 3 4 radio frame
Power pattern C
ramping down
alternating
ramping up
time
0 dB PUCCH ±2.5 dB
0 dB PUSCH ±3.5 dB
Note:
1. The UE transmission gap is 4 ms. TPC command is transmitted via PDCCH 4 subframes preceding
each PUCCH/PUSCH transmission.
Tolerated UE power
P deviation
UE power with
TPC = 0
Time = 21 milliseconds
0 5 0 5 0 3 8 3 8 3
sub-frame# sub-frame#
Power Power
0 5 0 5 0 3 8 3 8 3
sub-frame# sub-frame#
ON power requirement
20µs 20µs
PRACH
ON power requirement
20µs 20µs
For PRACH
you have to
set a trigger Reminder:
PRACH is
CAZAC
sequence
Reminder:
PRACH is
CAZAC
sequence
SRS ON power
requirement
Single Sounding
Reference Symbol
End of OFF Start of OFF power
power requirement requirement
20µs 20µs
SRS SRS
* Transient period is only specifed in the case of frequency hopping or a power change between SRS symbols
N+1 Sub-frame
N0 Sub-frame N+2 Sub-frame
Sloti Sloti+1
PUCCH
allocation
No resource
scheduled
PUSCH allocation, different #RB and RB offset
Frequency error
fc Fc+ε f
noise
EVM
Used
allocation <
½ channel
bandwidth
channel bandwidth
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 100
Carrier Leakage
Carrier leakage (the I/Q origin offset) is a form of interference caused by crosstalk or DC offset.
It expresses itself as an un-modulated sine wave with the carrier frequency.
I/Q origin offset interferes with the center sub carriers of the UE under test.
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the UE transmitter to verify its modulation quality in
terms of carrier leakage.
DC carrier leakage
due to IQ offset
LO Parameters Relative
Leakage Limit (dBc)
Error Vector
Measured
Signal
Ideal (Reference) Signal
Φ
Phase Error (IQ error phase)
Reference Waveform
011001… Ideal
Demodulator
Modulator -
Input Signal
Σ Difference Signal
+
Measured Waveform
PUSCH symbol
frequency
Demodulation Reference
symbol, DMRS
Limit values
Unit Level
Parameter
QPSK % 17.5
16QAM % 12.5
64QAM % [tbd]
N cp Ratio of
N cp Cyclic prefix EVM
Channel W to CP
for symbols 1 Nominal for symbols window
Bandwidt for symbol 0 for
to 6 FFT size 1 to 6 in FFT length
h MHz symbols 1
samples W
to 6*
FFT window does
1.4 128 9 [5] [55.6]
* Note: These percentages are informative and apply to symbols 1 through 6. Symbol 0 has a
longer CP and therefore a lower percentage.
Table from TS 36.101 for normal CP
CP CP
CP part CP part
OFDM OFDM
Cyclic Symbol Cyclic Symbol
prefix Part equal prefix Part equal
to CP to CP
Continuous phase shift
Difference in phase shift
Each subcarrier
Modulated with
e.g. QPSK
Integration of all
f Error Vectors to
Display EVM curve
f0 f1 f2 f3
Error vector
....
Error vector
Amplitude Equalizer
coefficients
f
f0 f1 f2 f3 Subcarriers before
equalization
Integration of all
1
amplitude equalizer
coefficients to display
| A( EC ( f )) |2
12 * N RB 12* N RB
P( f ) 10 * log
spectral flatness curve | A( EC ( f ) |2
A(f)
1-tap equalization =
Calculating scalar to
amplify or attenuate
A(f)
1 1-tap equalization =
| A( EC ( f )) |2
12 * N RB 12* N RB Calculating scalar to
P( f ) 10 * log amplify or attenuate
| A( EC ( f ) |2
Range 1 Range 2
RB
E-UTRA Band
30
20
10 1 RB MPR 0dB
5 RBs MPR 0dB
6 RBs MPR 0dB
0 7 RBs MPR 0dB
8 RBs MPR 0dB Channel
level (dBm/100kHz)
-50
-60
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
offset (MHz)
Channel
RB
1 adjacent LTE
carrier, 20MHz BW
2 adjacent WCDMA
carriers, 5MHz BW
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block
1 MHz RBW
30 kHz RBW
Limits depend
on channel
bandwidth
Spectrum emission limit (dBm)/ Channel bandwidth
The spurious emission limits apply for the frequency Frequency Range Maximum Measurement
ranges that are more than ΔfOOB (MHz) from the Level Bandwidth
edge of the channel bandwidth
9 kHz f < 150 kHz -36 dBm 1 kHz
150 kHz f < 30 MHz -36 dBm 10 kHz
Channel 1.4 3.0 5 10 15 20
bandwidth MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz 30 MHz f < 1000 MHz -36 dBm 100 kHz
ΔfOOB (MHz) 2.8 6 10 15 20 25 1 GHz f < 12.75 GHz -30 dBm 1 MHz
Channel
Spurious domain ΔfOOB bandwidth ΔfOOB Spurious domain
RB
E-UTRA Band
Allocation of
PUCCH only.
frequency
User Equipment(s) transmitting in close vicinity of each other can produce intermodulation products,
which can fall into the UE, or eNode B receive band as an unwanted interfering signal.
The UE intermodulation attenuation is defined by the ratio of the mean power of the wanted signal
to the mean power of the intermodulation product when an interfering CW signal is added at a level
below the wanted signal at each of the transmitter antenna port with the other antenna port(s)
if any is terminated.
UE measures RSRP:
Reference Signal
Receive Power
PDSCH, PUCCH or
SRS receive power UE
at eNodeB
PDSCH, PUCCH or
UE reports RSRP: SRS transmit power
back to the eNB at UE
R R
Entire bandwidth
R R
R
noise R
Entire bandwidth
interferer
R R
Definition Reference signal received power, the mean measured power of the
reference symbols during the measurement period.
Definition E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator, comprises the total
received wideband power observed by the UE from all sources, including co-
channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal
noise etc.
Definition Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio N×RSRP/(E-
UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RB’s of the E-UTRA carrier
RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and
denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.
E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the
linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM
symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the
measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE
from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells,
adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc.
The reference point for the RSRQ shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRQ of any of the individual diversity branches.
Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency
Receive feedback
Specifies DL scheduling
on PUSCH
parameters like
or PUCCH
RB allocation
Modulation, etc.
for every TTI (1ms) ACK/NACK/DTX
Counting
PBCH PBCH_RA = 0 dB
PBCH PBCH_RA = A
PBCH_RB = 0 dB
PBCH_RB = B
PSS PSS_RA = 0 dB
PSS PSS_RA = A
SSS SSS_RA = 0 dB
SSS SSS_RA = A
PCFICH PCFICH_RB = 0 dB
PCFICH PCFICH_RB =
PDCCH PDCCH_RA = 0 dB
B
PDCCH_RB = 0 dB PDCCH PDCCH_RA = A
PDCCH_RB = B
PDSCH PDSCH_RA = 0 dB
PDSCH PDSCH_RA = A
PDSCH_RB = 0 dB PDSCH_RB = B
For tests where no Ref. Signal For tests where Ref. Signal
boosting is applied boosting is applied, e.g. ρA = -3dB
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 144
Fixed reference channels
Parameter Unit Value
Channel bandwidth MHz 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Allocated resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
Subcarriers per resource block 12 12 12 12 12 12
Allocated subframes per Radio Frame 10 10 10 10 10 10
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
Target Coding Rate 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
Number of HARQ Processes Processes 8 8 8 8 8 8
Maximum number of HARQ transmissions 1 1 1 1 1 1
Transport block CRC Bits 24 24 24 24 24 24
Number of Code Blocks per Sub-Frame
(Note 4)
For Sub-Frames 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9 Bits 1368 3780 6300 13800 20700 27600
For Sub-Frame 5 Bits n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
For Sub-Frame 0 Bits 528 2940 5460 12960 19860 26760
Max. Throughput averaged over 1 frame kbps 341.6 1143.2 1952.8 3952.8 6040.8 7884
UE Category 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5
Channel bandwidth
E-UTRA
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz Duplex
Ban
(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm) Mode
d
1 - - -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
2 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 -93.2 -92 FDD
3 -103.2 -99.2 -97 -94 -92.2 -91 FDD
4 -106.2 -102.2 -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
5 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 FDD
6 - - -100 -97 FDD
Extract from TS 36.521
Rx
quality
DL
signal
l Rx Measurements
l Counting
– ACKnowledgement (ACK)
– NonACKnowledgement
(NACK)
– DTX (no answer from UE)
l Calculating
l BLER (NACK/ALL)
l Throughput [kbps]
PDSCH, as PRBS
Count
#NACKs
and ACK/NACK feedback
calculate
BLER
Assumption is that eNB
Power = UE Rx power
ACK/NACK feedback
# NACK # DTX
# ACK BLER =
ACK relative = # ACK # NACK # DTX
# ACK # NACK # DTX
# NACK
NACK relative =
# ACK # NACK # DTX
# DTX
DTX relativ =
# ACK # NACK # DTX
Data
rate
No change in data
rate, but in reliability
S/N
ACK/NACK
PRBS
Channel bandwidth
E-UTRA
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz Duplex
Ban
(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm) Mode
d
1 - - -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
2 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 -93.2 -92 FDD
3 -103.2 -99.2 -97 -94 -92.2 -91 FDD
4 -106.2 -102.2 -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
5 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 FDD
6 - - -100 -97 FDD
ACS= 33dB
Padj = -57.5
ACS= 33dB
ACS= 33dB
Pown= -82.3
2dB IM
Pown= -84.5 Nt= -84.3
2dB IM
Pown= -88.5 Nt= -86.5
2dB IM
Nt= -90.5
1.4MHz LTE 1.4MHz LTE 3MHz LTE 3MHz LTE 5MHz LTE 5MHz LTE
1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz
ACS=
30dB
27dB
ACS=
Pow n= -76.3
Pown= -77.5 2dB IM
Pown= -79.3 2dB IM Nt= -78.3
2dB IM Nt= -79.5
Nt= -81.3
10MHz LTE 5MHz LTE 15MHz LTE 5MHz LTE 20MHz LTE 5MHz LTE
Channel bandwidth
CW interferer at a frequency,
Narrow band blocking which is less than the nominal channel spacing
Throughput
shall be ≥
f >> system bandwidth 95%
fB fc
frequency
NOTE: For the UE which supports both Band 11 and Band 21 the out of blocking is FFS.
f f
Modulated
Interferer Imod
Throughput
CQI report
≡CQIn
≡CQIn-1
≡CQIn-2
Underrated
CQI report
low
Prevailing conditions of SIR
BLER on median CQI <= 10% BLER on median CQI > 10%
Network sends CQI +1 Network sends CQI -1
-> BLER must be -> BLER must be
> 10% < 10%
UE SS
PHYSICAL LAYER
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 164
Test loop mode A
UE Test Loop Mode A Function
u0,u
u01,u
.......u
1 .......u
K .................u
K -1 N -1 u0,u 1 .......uK -1
Max throughput
possible in SISO
Throughput
Measurement,
Settings for max
throughput
for SISO:
Number of
Resource blocks
Modulation scheme
Rx quality,
Indicating NACKs when
Lowering the RS EPRE
Of the serving cell.
UE sends
different
CQI
values
1 4
1 9 9 MIMO correlation
1 19 * 1 4
ReNB 1 1 9 9
4 * 1 *
eNode B Correlation ReNB
1
ReNB
1 Models from
9 9 1 9
*
4 * 1
9 9
*
1 TS 36.521
MIMO active,
2 streams with
different data rate
MIMO r2
MMSE,MLD)
de2
Time
n2
No increase of total transmit power, i.e. distribution of transmit power across multiple transmit antennas!
RF
System
simulator
Channel emulator
Fading Profile
System
simulator
IQ IQ RF
Out In
I/Q Interface
Option
CMW-B510x
IQ IQ
In Out
Channel emulator
Fading Profile
~2dB
AWGN only
MCS 7 and 10
IMS to control
All interfaces are packet switched access + data
transfer
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 189
IMS Architecture
application
layer Megaco SIP RTSP RSVP RTCP RTP
transport
layer TCP UDP
network
layer IPv4, IPv6
link
layer e.g. PPP, AAL2/ATM, AAL5/ATM, MAC
Physical
layer Sonet, SDH, PDH, Ethernet, RF link = LTE
UICC
universal integrated circuit card
P-CSCF
401 User200
notOK
authorized
SMS Delivery
IP based Core
Access Network,
i.e. EPC
S-CSCF HSS
I-CSCF
P-CSCF
IP-SM-GW
IP short message
Gateway to connect
S-CSCF to SMS SMS-SC
serving centre
LTE radio
signal
eNB
Measurements based on reference sources*
Target LPP
Location
Device Server
Assistance data
l Evolved MSC, eMSC – CS Services via EPS – network operator proposal, interim solution
PRACK
200 OK (PRACK)
200 OK (INVITE)
ACK
3. Service Control
5. Offer Response
6. Offer Response
7. Authorize QoS
Resources
8. Offer Response
10. Resource
Reservation 11. Response Conf (Opt SDP)
31. ACK
32. ACK
33. ACK
SIP Non-
QCI = 5 AM DRB
signalling GBR
PDCP
Voice QCI = 1 GBR UM DRB
RLC
QCI Quality of Service Class Indicator
GBR Guaranteed Bitrate MAC
DRB Data Radio Bearer
PHY
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 207
VoLTE connection to CS via IMS
CS Connection via Boarder and Media Gateway of IMS
Control plane
IP based Core
Access Network,
i.e. EPC
S-CSCF HSS
I-CSCF
How to connect VoLTE
P-CSCF
To legacy network?
PSTN BGW
CS
network
MGCF BGCF
User plane
MG
GERAN CDMA2K
1xEVDO
UTRAN
EUTRAN
But….
UE UTRAN
MSC
SGs
LTE Uu S1-MME
UE E-UTRAN MME
Handover or
Redirection?
•Is it a handover command or a command to redirect to a new RAN ? i.e.
the UE selects the target cell or the EUTRAN commands the target cell
•Is there any information about the target RAN available (SysInfo)?
•Is there a packet data connection PDN active or not?
•Will the PDN be suspended or continued in the target RAN?
•Will the UE re-initiate the PDN or continue?
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 214
CS fallback options to UTRAN and GERAN
Feature
group
index, UE
indicates
CSFB
support
1xCS
CSFB 1xRTT CS A1 1xRTT
UE Access MSC
A1
Circuit switched
UE 1xRTT connection
CDMA2000 cell
EUTRAN
Application
UE Evolved nodeB
Application
UE Evolved nodeB
RLC
Logical channels
Medium Access Control
MAC
Transport channels
PHYSICAL LAYER
Gs
Gb
Uu
GERAN
Iu-cs
S3
MSC
Um A Server
For 1xRTT it
LTE-Uu S1-MME SGs is the S102
UE E-UTRAN MME interface
SGsAP SGsAP
IP IP
MME via new interface SGs. L2 L2
New protocol SGs interface L1 L1
8. Service Request
8a. Service Request No real fallback,
9a. Downlink Unitdata because SMS
9b. Downlink NAS Transport
9c. Uplink NAS Transport 9d. Uplink Unitdata is sent over
NAS signaling
10. Uplink NAS Transport 11. Uplink Unitdata
UE UTRAN
MSC
Measurement
Reports
Handover to UTRAN/GERAN
required
CS handover preparation
Handles PS-PS HO for
non-voice if needed IMS Service Continuity Procedure
To eUTRAN
PS HO response to MME
Coordinates SRVCC
(CS resources)
Handover CMD and PS HO response
Handover
execution
Handover to UTRAN
VoIP in PS mode
NodeB = UTRAN
l What is :
l Intra-Frequency
– Changing between cells on same frequency -> different cell ID
l Inter-Frequency
– Changing between cells on differenct frequency
l Intra-Band
– Changing between cells inside the same band
l Inter-Band
– Changing between cells in different bands
l Inter-RAT
– Changing between cells using different RAT (LTE-WCDMA, LTE-GSM,
etc.)
eNodeB
UTRAN cell(s)? EUTRAN cell
CDMA2K cell(s)? NW sends
UE Redirection command? SysInfo of
Target?
Will the UE initiate the Handover command?
change? -> re-selection
Will the network initiate Mandatory
the change? -> for UE
redirection or handover supporting
CSFB
l Handover?
l Cell reselection?
l Cell change order?
l Redirection?
l Network assisted cell change, NACC?
l Circuit switched fallback, CS fallback?
2. What about
User Equipment (UE)
LTE/eHRPD-capable terminal mobility, when UE
is in CONNECTED state?
GSM_Connected
CELL_DCH Handover E-UTRA Handover
RRC_CONNECTED
GPRS Packet
transfer mode
CELL_FACH
CCO with
optional CCO,
CELL_PCH NACC Reselection
URA_PCH Reselection
Connection Connection
Connection establishment/release establishment/release
establishment/release
UE EUTRAN
RRCConnectionRelease
eNodeB
NodeB(s) EUTRAN cell
UTRAN cell(s)
RRC connection release message
UE will search for UE with RedirectedCarrierInfo to
suitable cell on
UARFCN and initiate
UTRAN Mandatory
for UE
CS connection supporting
CSFB
NodeB eNodeB
Sys
UTRAN cell Info EUTRAN cell
eNodeB
BTS(s) EUTRAN cell
GSM cell(s)
RRC connection release message
UE will search for UE with RedirectedCarrierInfo to
suitable cell on ARFCN
and initiate CS
GSM Mandatory
for UE
connection supporting
CSFB
BTS(s) eNodeB
Sys
GSM cell(s) Info EUTRAN cell
UE EUTRAN
RRCConnectionReconfiguration
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete
MobilityFromEUTRACommand
Measurement reporting
Handover decision
Handover request
Admission Control
Handover request Ack
RRC connection reconfiguration
Detach from old, Deliver packets
sync to new cell to target eNB
SN Status Transfer
Data forwarding
Buffer packets
from source eNB
RRC connection reconfiguration complete
Path switch Req / Ack
UE context release
Flush buffer
Release resources
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 249
Handover to UMTS: Packet switched
handover
eNodeB
NodeB(s) EUTRAN cell
UTRAN cell(s)
UE MobilityFromEUTRACommand message
UE will select target cell
on UARFCN and with purpose indicator = handover
continue PS connection to UTRAN
EUTRAN contains targetRATmessagecontainer,
= Inter-RAT info about target cell
geran
GSM TS 04.18, or 3GPP TS 44.018 HANDOVER COMMAND
UE EUTRAN
MobilityFromEUTRACommand
measGapConfig
Each gap starts at SFN & subframe gp0 (0…39), gp1 (0…79)
meeting these conditions : Two gap pattern 0 and 1, gap length is 6 ms,
using two different Transmission Gap
SFN mod T = FLOOR(gapOffset/10) Repetition Period of 40 or 80 ms
with T = MGRP/10
Subframe = gapOffset mod 10
When to retune the receiver to measure e.g. CDMA2000 or HRPD…
eNodeB
BTS(s) EUTRAN cell
GPRS cell(s)
MobilityFromEUTRACommand message
UE with purpose indicator = Cell Change Order
UE will search for
suitable cell on ARFCN
to GPRS
Mandatory
and re-initiate PS for UE
connection supporting
CSFB
BTS eNodeB
Sys
GPRS cell Info EUTRAN cell
MobilityFromEUTRACommand message
UE with purpose indicator = Cell Change Order
UE will search for
suitable cell on ARFCN
to GPRS
Mandatory
and initiate PS for UE
connection supporting
CSFB
BTS eNodeB
GPRS cell EUTRAN cell
l Tunneling
l Receiving 1xEVDO overhead messages with dual Rx ATs
l Measurement Gaps
l Optimized Handovers
l Less than 300ms interruption
l Uses tunneled signaling interface
l Two step process
– Pre registration / Session maintenance
– Handover preparation/handover execution
l Types of handovers
– Idle mode handover (cell re-selection)
– Active mode handover
1xCS
CSFB 1xRTT CS A1 1xRTT
UE Access MSC
A1
eNodeB
1xRTT cell(s) EUTRAN cell
UE decision to
perform MO call in
1xCS
Optional measurement
reports
RRCConnectionRelease
with redirection to 1xRTT
Suspend Notification
Suspend Acknowledge
UE context release
1xRTT
Time flow
UE EUTRAN
2) Info about
1xRTT ->
tunnelled via ULHandoverPreparationTransfer
S102
UE EUTRAN
3) Includes
1xRTT channel
assignment MobilityFromEUTRACommand
2) Trigger 2 UE EUTRAN
Time flow
messages with ULHandoverPreparationTransfer
info about
1xRTT + HRPD UE EUTRAN
ULHandoverPreparationTransfer
UE EUTRAN
3) Redirection
to 1xRTT and
handover to MobilityFromEUTRACommand
HRPD
UE attached
Pre-registration HO preparation HO execution
to E-UTRAN
Node B
SGW PGW
Impact due to
Internet
l Multipath propagation
l Speed
l …
Node B
R&S®CMW500
emulates LTE
network
CMW-PQA
l Important aspect for end user perspective: Error free video reception
Transmission
link
(IP, cellular,
broadcast, etc.)
Encoder TX RX Decoder Video processor
Receiver
Uncompressed video Output on
Redundant Restoring the video Scaling and
SDI screen
information (static information; i.e. the conversion to output
SMPTE249/292/424 image parts) and picture sequence format
irrelevant data including redundant
(details) is omitted data
5 Excellent
A group of trained experts judge the video quality in a
4 Good
scale ranging from bad to excellent. The assessments are
3 Fair
averaged and result in to a Mean Opinion Score (MOS).
2 Poor
1 Bad
l Advantages:
l Subjective assessment provides the best results, as the
ultimate measure for video quality is the human eye
l Disadvantages:
l Time consuming and expensive
l Automation not possible
l Advantage:
l Assessment automation is possible for various applications
l Disadvantages:
l Correlation with the actual perceived video quality is not always ensured
l Many different metrics for specific purposes exist
Unit: dB
Value range: 0 - ∞ dB; the higher, the better
Measurement
Structure l Complex mathematical calculation but
Comparison fairly good correlation with subjective
+ Contrast
Measurement
methods.
÷
(2 x y C1 )(2 xy C2 )
SSIM ( x, y )
( x2 y2 C1 )( x2 y2 C2 )
Unit: -
Value range: 0 - 1; the higher, the better
Reference:
Z. Wang, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh and E. P. Simoncelli, "Image quality assessment: From
error visibility to structural similarity," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 4,
pp. 600-612, Apr. 2004.
Reference:
Z. Wang, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh and E. P. Simoncelli, "Image quality assessment: From
(MSSIM = Mean SSIM) error visibility to structural similarity," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 4,
pp. 600-612, Apr. 2004.
0,8
Not visible
SSIM
Not visible
0,6
Visible 1
Visible 2
0,4
0,2
6 Frames
Visible Error
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Frame
PC
Contest
TC Control
RF
Video
via MHL
or HDMI