III.

Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

III. AUSTR
RALIA

SUMMA
ARY

With
W geologic and indu
ustry conditiions resemb
bling those of the US
SA and Can
nada,
Australia has the po
otential to be
e one of the
e next counttries with co
ommercially viable shale
e gas
and shale oil produc
ction. As in the US, small independ
dents have lled the wayy, assembling the
al data and
geologica d exploring the high potential sh
hale basinss of Austra
alia, Figure III-1.
Internatio
onal majors are now enttering these plays by forrming JV partnerships w
with these sm
maller
independ
dents, bring capital investment to the table. But, with tthe remoten
ness of man
ny of
Australia’s shale gas
s and shale oil
o basins, de
evelopment will likely prroceed at a m
moderate pa
ace.

Figure III-1. Australia’s Assessed Prospective

P S hale Gas and Shale Oil Bassins

Source: ARI, 2013

June, 2013 III-1

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

This
T report assesses
a th
he shale ga
as and shale oil poten
ntial in six major Austrralian
sedimenttary basins having sufficient geolog
gic data forr a quantitattive assessm
ment. Addittional
potential is likely to exist
e in otherr basins not yet assesse
ed.

T six assessed shale gas and oil basins of A

The Australia holld an estima
ated 2,046 T
Tcf of
risked sh
hale gas in
n-place, with
h 437 Tcf as the riskked, techniccally recove
erable shale
e gas
resource
e, Tables III--1A, III-1B, and
a III-1C. These six b
basins also h
hold an estim
mated 403 b
billion
barrels of
o risked sha
ale oil in-pla
ace, with 17
7.5 billion ba
arrels as rissked, techniccally recove
erable
shale oil resource, Ta
ables III-2A and III-2B.

O the six assessed basins, the Coo

Of main onshore gas-producing
oper Basin, Australia’s m
basin, with its existin
ng gas proc
cessing facilities and tra
ansportation
n infrastructu
ure, could be the
first com
mmercial sou
urce of shale
e hydrocarb
bons. The ba
asin’s Perm ales have a non-
mian-age sha
marine (lacustrine) depositionals
d s and the shale gas app ears to have
e elevated C
CO2 content,, both
factors adding
a risk to
o these sha
ale gas and shale oil pla
ays. Santoss, Beach En
nergy and S
Senex
Energy are
a testing the
t shale re
eservoirs in the Cooperr Basin, with initial resu
ults from ve
ertical
on test wells providing encourageme
productio ent for furthe
er delineation.

The
T other pro
ospective Au
ustralian sha ddressed in this report include the ssmall,
ale basins ad
scarcely explored Maryboroug
M h Basin in Queensland, that conta
n coastal Q ains prospe
ective
ous-age marrine shales thought to be over-pre
Cretaceo essured and
d gas satura
ated. The Perth
Basin in Western Australia,
A undergoing initial testing
g by AWE and Norwe
est Energy,, has
prospective marine shale targetts of Triassic and Perm
mian age. T
The large C
Canning Bassin in
as deep, Ord
Western Australia ha dovician-age
e marine sha
ales that are
e roughly co
orrelative witth the
Bakken Shale in the Williston Basin. In Northern
N Terrritory, the P
Pre-Cambria
an shales in
n the
o Basin and the
Beetaloo t Middle Cambrian
C sh
hale in the G
Georgina Bassin have rep
ported oil and
d gas
shows in
n shale exploration wells. If prove
ed commerccial, these ttwo shale gas and sha
ale oil
basins would
w become some of th
he oldest pro
oducing hyd rocarbon so
ource rocks in the world.

June, 2013 III-2

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Table
T III-1A. Austraalian Shale Gas Reeservoir Propertiees and Resourcess (Page 1 of 3)

G
Gas Resources
s

Cooper
Basin/Gross Area 2
(46,900 mi )
Basic Data

Roseneath-Epsilonn-
Shale Formaation Rosen
neath-Epsilon-Murtereee (Nappamerri) R
Roseneath-Epsilon-Mu
urteree (Patchawarra)
Murteree (Tenappera)
Geologic Age
A Permian Perm
mian Permian
Depositional Envvironment Lacustrine Lacusstrine Lacustrine
2
Prospective Area (m
mi ) 6225 555 3,525 1,010 1,1550 170 200
Physical Extent

Orgaanically Rich 2550 500 500 125 100 100 225

Thickness (ft)
Net 1550 300 300 75 600 60 135
Interrval 5,000 - 7,000 6,000 - 10,000 7,000 - 13,000 7,000 - 9,200 8,000 - 10,000
1 8,000 - 13,0000 5,000 - 6,500
Depth (ft)
Averrage 6,000 8,000 10,000 8,000 9,0000 10,500 5,500
Mo d. Mod. Mod.
Reservoir Pressure Normal Norm
mal Normal Normal
Reservoir 
Properties

Overp ress. Overpress. Overpress.

Average TOC (wt. %)) 2.66% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6%
Thermal Maturity (%
% Ro) 0.855% 1.15% 2.00% 0.85% 1.155% 1.30% 0.85%
Clay Content Lo w Low Low Low Low w Low Low
Gas Phase Assocc. Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas A
Assoc. Gas Wet Gas
G Dry Gas Assoc. Gas
Resource

2
GIP Concentration (Bcf/mi ) 13.1 87.6 100.1 7.3 15..6 18.6 10.1
Risked GIP (Tcf) 6.1 36.5 264.7 4.4 10..8 1.9 1.2
Risked Recoverable (Tcf) 0.7 9.1 79.4 0.4 2.77 0.5 0.1  

JJune, 2013 III-3

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Tablee III-1B. Australian

n Shale Gas Reservoir Properties and
a Resources (Coon’t) (Page 2 of 3))

G
Gas Resources
s

M
Maryborough Perth Canniing
Basin/Gro
oss Area 2 2 2
(4,290 mi ) (20,000 mi ) (181,0000 mi )
Basic Data
Basic Data

Good
dwood/Cherwell
Shale Fo
ormation Caarynginia Kockatea Goldw
wyer
Mudstone
Geolog gic Age C
Cretaceous U. Permian L. Triassic M. Ordo vician
Depositional Environment Marine Marine Marine Marinne
2
Prospective Areaa (mi ) 1,540 2,200 8600 1,030 14,900 19,6200 22,860
Physical Extent
Physical Extent

O
Organically Rich 1,250 950 3000 300 1,000 1,3000 1,300
Thickness (ft)
N
Net 250 250 1600 160 250 250 250
In
nterval 5,000 - 16,500 3,3000 - 16,500 3,300 - 15,100 9,200 - 16,500 33,300 - 7,200 7,200 - 100,500 10,500 - 16,500
Depth (ft)
A
Average 9,500 10,000 9,200 11,000 5,200 8,8000 13,500
Reservoir Pressu
ure Mo d. Overpress. Normal Normal Normal Normal Normaal Normal
Reservoir 
Properties

Average TOC (wtt. %) 2.0% 4.0% %

5.6% 5.6% 3.0% 3.0% 3.0%
Thermal Maturityy (% Ro) 1.50% 1.40% 0.85%
% 1.15% 0.85% %
1.15% 1.40%
Clay Content Low Low Loww Low Low Low Low
Gas Phase Dry Gas D Gas
Dry Assoc. Gas Wet Gas A
Assoc. Gas Wet Gaas Dry Gas
Resource

2
on (Bcf/mi )
GIP Concentratio 110.7 94.0 14.00 58.9 18.7 67.1 109.2
Risked GIP (Tcf) 63.9 124.1 7.2 36.4 83.5 395.00 748.7
Risked Recoveraable (Tcf) 19.2 24.8 0.6 7.3 6.7 79.0 149.7

JJune, 2013 III-4

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Tablee III-1C. Australian

n Shale Gas Reservoir Properties and
a Resources (Coon’t) (Page 3 of 3))

G
Gas Resources
s
Georgina Beetalo
oo
Basin//Gross Area 2 2
(125,000 mi ) (14,000 mi
m )
Basic Data

Shalee Formation L. Arthur

A Shale (Dulcie Tro
ough) L. Arthur Shaale (Toko Trough) M. Velkerrri Shale L. Kyalla Shale

Geologic Age M. Cambrian M. Cambrian

C Precambbrian Precambrrian
nal Environment
Deposition Marine M
Marine Marinne Marine
2
Prospective Area
A (mi ) 2,260 1,9500 3,220 2,010 790 2,650 2,1300 2,480 4,010 2,400 1,310
Physical Extent

Organically Rich 115 115 65 65 65 450 4500 450 520 520 520
Thickness (ft))
Net 85 85 50 50 50 100 1000 100 130 130 130
Interval 7,2200 - 10,500 2,300 - 3,,300 3,300 - 4,000 4,0000 - 5,000 5,000 - 6,500 3,300 - 5,000 5,000 - 7,000
7 7,000 - 8,700 3
3,300 - 5,000 5,000 - 6,0000 6,000 - 8,000
Depth (ft)
Average 8,800 3,0000 3,600 4,500 5,700 4,200 6,0000 7,500 4,200 5,500 6,500
Mod. Mod . Mod. Mod. Mod. Mod.
Reservoir Preessure Normal Normaal Normal N
Normal Normal
Reservoir 
Properties

Overpress. Overpreess. Overpress. O

Overpress. Overpresss. Overpress.
Average TOC (wt. %) 3.0% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 4.0% 4.0%% 4.0% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%
Thermal Matu
urity (% Ro) 1.15% %
1.50% 0.85% 1
1.15% 1.50% 0.85% 1.15%% 1.60% 0.85% 1.15% 1.60%
Clay Content Low Low Low Low Low Low Loww Low Low Low Low
Gas Phase Wet Gas Dry Gaas Assoc. Gas W Gas
Wet Dry Gas Assoc. Gas Wet Gas
G Dry Gas A
Assoc. Gas Wet Gass Dry Gas
Resource

2
GIP Concentrration (Bcf/mi ) 22.8 29.1 4.5 17.5 26.7 7.2 30.77 42.0 11.7 37.1 49.6
Risked GIP (T
Tcf) 19.3 21.3 5.5 13.2 7.9 9.6 32.77 52.0 23.5 44.5 32.5
Risked Recovverable (Tcf) 3.9 4.3 0.4 2.6 1.6 1.0 8.2 13.0 2.3 11.1 8.1

JJune, 2013 III-5

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Tablee III-2A. Australiaan Shale Oil Reserrvoir Properties an

nd Resources (Coon’t) (Page 1 of 2)

O
Oil Resources

Coo
oper Perth Caanning
Basin/Gross Area 2 2 2
(46,9000 mi ) (20,000 mi ) (181,0000 mi )
Basic Data

Roseneath-Epsiloon- Roseneath-Epssilon-Murteree Rosen

neath-Epsilon-Murtereee
Shaale Formation Kockatea Goldwyer
Murteree (Nappameerri) (Patchaawarra) (Tenappera)
Geeologic Age Permian Perm
mian Permian L. Triassic M. Orrdovician
Depositional Environment Lacustrine Lacusstrine Lacustrine Marine M
Marine
2
Prospectivee Area (mi ) 625 5555 1,010 1,150 200 860 1
1,030 14,900 19,620
Physical Extent

Organically Rich 250 5000 125 100 225 300 300 1,000 1,300
Thickness (ft)
(
Net 150 3000 75 60 135 160 160 250 250
Interval 5,000 - 7,000 6,000 - 10,000 7,000 - 9,200 8,000 - 10,000 5,000 - 6,500 3,300 - 15,100 9,2000 - 16,500 3,300 - 7,2000 7,200 - 10,500
Depth (ft)
Average 6,000 8,0000 8,000 9,000 5,500 9,200 11,000 5,200 8,800
Mod. Mo d.
Reservoir Pressure
P Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Reservoir 
Properties

Overpress. Overp ress.

Average TO OC (wt. %) 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 5.6% 5
5.6% 3.0% 3.0%
Thermal Maaturity (% Ro) 0.85% 1.155% 0.85% 1.15% 0.85% 0.85% 1.15% 0.85% 1.15%
Clay Conten nt Low Loww Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Oil Phase Oil Conde nsate Oil Condensate Oil Oil Conndensate Oil Condensate
Resource

2
ntration (MMbbl/mi )
OIP Concen 22.5 14..5 11.1 3.0 21.9 18.9 6.1 41.1 10.2
Risked OIP (B bbl) 10.5 6.00 6.7 2.1 2.6 9.8 3.8 183.7 60.0
Risked Reco
overable (B bbl) 0.63 0.336 0.34 0.10 0.13 0.39 0.15 7.35 2.40

JJune, 2013 III-6

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Tablee III-2B. Australiaan Shale Oil Reserrvoir Properties an

nd Resources (Coon’t) (Page 2 of 2)

O
Oil Resources
Georgina Beetaloo
Baasin/Gross Area 2 2
(125,000 mi ) (14,000 mi )
L. Arthur Shaale
Sh
hale Formation L. Arthur Shalle (Toko Trough) M. Velkerri Shale
S L. Kyalla Shale
(Dulcie Troug
gh)
Geologic Age
G M. Cambriann M. Cambrian Precambriaan Precambrian
Deposiitional Environmentt Marine Marine Marine Marine
2
Prospectivve Area (mi ) 2,260 3,220 2,010 2,650 2,130 4,0010 2,400
Organically Rich
R 115 65 65 450 450 520 520
Thicknesss (ft)
Net 85 50 50 100 100 130 130
Interval 7,200 - 10,5000 3,300 - 4,000 4,000 - 5,000 3,300 - 5,000 5,0000 - 7,000 3,300 - 5,000 5,000 - 6,0000
Depth (ft)
Average 8,800 3,600 4,500 4,200 6,000 4,2200 5,500
Mod. Mod. Mood. Mod.
Reservoir Pressure Normal Normal Normal
Overpress. Ovverpress. Overppress. Overpresss.
Average TOC
T (wt. %) 3.0% 5.5% 5.5% 4.0% 4.0% 2.55% 2.5%
Thermal Maturity
M (% Ro) 1.15% 0.85% 1.15% 0.85% 1.15% 0.885% 1.15%
Clay Content Low Low Low Low Low Loow Low
Oil Phase Condensatee Oil Condensate Oil Coondensate O
Oil Condensaate
2
OIP Conceentration (MMbbl/m
mi ) 3.5 14.7 5.2 16.7 5.3 277.1 8.9
Risked OIP (B bbl) 2.9 17.7 3.9 22.1 5.7 544.4 10.7
Risked Reecoverable (B bbl) 0.12 0.71 0.16 1.11 0.28 2..72 0.54

JJune, 2013 III-7

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

1. COOPER
C BASIN

1.1 In
ntroduction
n
Straddling
S the South Au
ustralia and Queenslan
nd border, the Cooper Basin has been
ades.1 Within the
shore oil and gas supply region fo r the past sseveral deca
Australia’s main ons
basin, th
he Nappam h contains thick, overrpressured and organic-rich shale
merri Trough es at
prospective depth. The
T Cooper Basin alrea
ady has servvice industryy capacity for well drilling
g and
hydraulic
c fracturing that could be
e used to dev
velop the prrospective sh
hale reservo
oirs in this ba
asin.

However,
H wh
hile overall the
t Cooper Basin appe
ears favorab
ble for shale
e developme
ent, a
key risk remains in that the sha
ales were deposited
d in a lacustrine
e (not marin
ne) environm
ment.
ne shales often
Lacustrin o have higher
h clay contents w
with uncertaiinty on how
w the shaless will
respond to hydraulic stimulatio
on treatmentts, in comp
parison with lower clayy content m
marine
shales. In
n addition, high
h CO2 volu
umes have been
b noted in the deepe
er troughs in
n this basin.

1.2 Geologic
G Se
etting
The
T Cooper Basin is a Gondwana intracrato
onic basin ccontaining n
non-marine Late
Carbonife
erous to Middle
M Trias
ssic strata, which incl ude prospe
ective Perm
mian-age sh
hales.
Following
g an episode of regiona
al uplift and erosion durring the late
e Triassic, th
he Cooper B
Basin
continued
d to gently subside.
s The Paleozoic
c sequence w
was unconfo
ormably overlain by up tto 1.3
km of Ju
urassic to Tertiary delta
aic deposits of the Erom
manga Basiin which contain the ba
asin’s
conventio one reservoiirs.2
onal sandsto

Extending
E ov
ver a total area
a out 130,000 km2, the C
of abo Cooper Basin contains three
major de
eep troughs e gas and shale oil p
s with shale potential - - Nappame
erri, Patchaw
warra
(including
g the Arrabu
ury Trough) and Tenapp
pera, Figure
e III-2. Thesse troughs a
are separate
ed by
faulted structural
s hig
ghs from which Permia
an shale-bea
aring strata have large
ely been ero
oded,
Figure IIII-3.3,4

The
T prospecttive areas wiithin the Coo
oper Basin’ss troughs are
e large, therm
mally mature
e and
overpressured. Deptth to the Perrmian horizo
on ranges fro
om 5,000 feet at the sou
uthern end o
of the
basin to 13,000 fee
et in the ce
enter. Nearrly the entirre areal exttent of the Nappamerrii and
Patchawarra troughs
s, as well as
s the Tenapp
pera Trough
h in the soutth, appear d
depth-prospe
ective
e developme
for shale ent. Furthe
ermore, relatively little ffaulting occurs within these trough
hs as
structural deformatio
on is confined
d largely to uplifted
u es, Figure III-3.
ridge

June, 2013 III-8

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-2: Majo

or Structural Elements
E of th e Southern Coooper Basin.

June, 2013 III-9

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-33. Seismic Secction Across thhe Merrimeliaa Ridge

The
T stratigraphy of the Cooper
C Basin is shown in Figure III-4. Conve
entional and tight
sandston
ne oil and gas
g reservo
oirs are foun
nd in the P
Patchawarra and Toolacchee formattions,
interbedd
ded with coa
al deposits. These form
mations were
e sourced byy two compllexes - - the
e Late
Carbonife
erous to La
ate Permian
n Gidgealpa Group and
d the Late Permian to
o Middle Triiassic
Nappame
erri Group, both of which were deposited in n
non-marine ssettings. O
Of the two so
ource
rocks, the Gidgealpa
a Group is more
m prospec
ctive. Most of the gas g
generated byy the Nappa
amerri
kely came frrom its multiple, thin and
Group lik d discontinu ous coal se
eams, since the shales iin the
Nappame
erri Group are
a low in TO
OC.

The
T most pro
ospective sh e Gidgealpa Group, with oil and ga
hales in the as shows d
during
drilling and higher TOCs, are the Early Perm
mian Rosen
neath and M ales.5 Figure
Murteree sha e III-5
shows a stratigraph
hic cross-se
ection of the Roseneatth, Epsilon, and Murte
eree (collecctively
termed REM)
R sequen
nce in the Nappamerri Trough.
T

1.3 Reservoir
R Properties
P (Prospectiive Area)
The
T Murteree
e Shale is a widespread, shaley form
mation typica
ally 150 feett thick acrosss the
Cooper Basin,
B becom
ming as thick as 250 fee
et in the Nap
ppamerri Tro
ough. The M
Murteree con
nsists
of dark organic-rich
o shale,
s siltsto
one and fine
e-grained san
ndstone, becoming sandier to the ssouth.
TOC of the Murteree
e Shale averages 2.5% based
b on da
ata from seve
en wells.

The
T Rosenea
ath Shale, less
l widesp e due to errosion on uplifts,
pread than tthe Murteree
averages
s 120 feet thick, reaching 330 feett thick in the
e Nappame
erri Trough. The interve
ening
Epsilon Fm consists
s primarily of
o low-perm
meability (0.1
1 to 10 mD
D) quartzose
e sandstone
e with
ceous shale and coal. The Epsilon
carbonac n, averaging
g about 175 feet thick in
n drill cores,, was
d in a fluvial-deltaic enviironment.6
deposited

June, 2013 III-10

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Fiigure III-4. Straatigraphy of th

he Cooper Baasin Permian-A
Age Shales

 
Source: Soouth Australia DMER, 2010

June, 2013 III-11

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-5. Stratigraphic

S Cross-Sectionn in the Coopeer Basin

Source: Menpes, 2012

The
T organic--rich gross thickness of M sequence in the Nap
o the REM ppamerri Trrough
s about 500 feet, with a net pay of 300
averages 3 feet in th
he gas prosp
pective area and a net p
pay of
150 feet in the oil prrospective area.7 The gross organicc-rich REM sequence iss much thinn
ner in
the Patch
hawarra Tro
ough, averag et in the gas prospective
ging 100 fee e area and 1
125 feet in th
he oil
prospective area, witth a modera
ate net to gro
oss ratio. T
The gross orrganic-rich R
REM sequen
nce in
the Tena
appera Troug
gh averages
s 225 feet.

The urce rocks are primarily Type III kero

T REM sou ogens. They have gene
erated mediu
um to
light grav
vity oil, rich in paraffin. Initial min
neralogical data indicatte that these shales co
onsist
mainly of
o quartz an
nd feldspar (50%) and carbonate (30%; main
nly iron-rich
h siderite). Clay
s relatively low (20%; prredominately
content is y illite).8 In sspite of the lacustrine de
epositional o
origin,
this lithology appears
s brittle and could respo
ond well to hyydraulic fraccturing.

June, 2013 III-12

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Temperature
T gradients in the Coop
per Basin a
are quite hiigh, averagiing 2.55°F/1
100ft.
Bottomho
ole temperatture at depth
hs of 9,000 feet
f average
e about 300ºº F. The Na
appamerri Trrough
is even hotter,
h with a temperature gradient of up to 3.4
42°F/100 ft, d
due to its ra
adioactive grranite
basemen
nt. The Patc
chawarra Trrough, which
h has a sed imentary-me
etamorphic basement, h
has a
lower butt still elevate
ed 2.02° F/10
00 ft temperrature gradie
ent.

The
T thermal maturity of
o the Perm
mian REM ssection in tthe deeper portions o
of the
Nappame
erri and Pa
atchawarra trroughs is ga
as prone (Ro >1.3%). Ro values be
etween 0.7%
% and
1.0% are
e observed at
a the shallo
ower, southe
ern ends of each trough
h and also in the Tenap
ppera
Trough, suggesting that the RE
EM section is oil prone
e in these areas. A m
modest size
e wet
densate pro
gas/cond ospective arrea exists between
b the
e oil prone and dry gas areas in
n the
Nappame
erri and Patc
chawarra tro
oughs.

Regional
R hyd
drostatic pre he norm in most of the
essure gradients are th e Cooper B
Basin.
Howeverr, the Nappa
amerri Troug
gh becomes
s overpressu pths of 9,000
ured at dep 0 to 12,000 feet,
with pres
ssure gradie
ents of up to 0.7 psi/ft re
ecorded in th portions of the trough.9 High
he deepest p
levels of carbon diox
xide are also
o common in
n the Cooperr Basin. Ga
as produced from the Ep
psilon
on (the centrral portion of
Formatio o the REM sequence)
s ccontains ele
evated CO2, typically ran
nging
erage 15%).10
from 8% to 24% (ave

1.4 Resource
R Assessmen
A nt
The
T prospecttive areas fo
or shale gas developme
ent in the Co
ooper Basin area are de
efined
by the in
ntersection of um depth of 6,500 feet (top of the gas window
o a minimu w, as define
ed by
thermal maturity
m mod
deling), vitrin
nite reflectan
nce greater than 1.0%, and a minim
mum thickne
ess of
the REM
M section off 50 feet. The
T ctive areas ffor shale oil are define
prospec ed by Ro va
alues
between 0.7% and 1.0% and a minimum
m ckness of th e REM section of 50 fee
thic et, Figure III--6.

Completable
C vals in the dry and we
shale interv et gas prosp
pective area
as containing
g the
Rosenea
ath, Epsilon, and Murte
eree (REM)) formationss have estimated shale gas reso
ource
2
concentrrations of 88 to 100 Bcf/mi
B in th
he Nappame
erri Trough, benefitting
g from favo
orable
thickness
s, moderate TOC and ov
verpressurin
ng, but reducced by 15% for CO2 con
ntent. In con
ntrast,
the shale gas reso
ource conce
entrations in
n the dry a
and wet gass prospectivve areas o
of the
Patchawarra Trough are much le
ess, from 16 mi2. The reso
6 to 19 Bcf/m ource conce
entration in the oil
prospective area of the Tenappa
ara Trough is barrels/mi2.
s 22 million b

June, 2013 III-13

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-6. Southern Cooper Basin

n Prospective Shale Gas annd Shale Oil Areas

The
T total sha
ale gas and
d shale oil prospective area for th
he Permian REM section is
estimated m 2, covering major portio
d at 7,235 mi ons of the N
Nappamerri, Patchawarra
a and Tenap
ppera
troughs in the Coope
er Basin. Net of 15% CO
C 2 content, the estimatted risked sh
hale gas in-place
is 325 Tcf,
T with a risked, tech
hnically reco
overable sh
hale gas ressource of 9
93 Tcf, inclu
uding
associate
ed gas in the
e shale oil prospective
p area,
a Table IIII-A. The risked shale o
oil in-place iin the
Cooper Basin
B is 29 billion barre
els, with a ris
sked, techniically recove
erable resou
urce of 1.6 b
billion
bbls, Tab
ble III-2A.

June, 2013 III-14

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

1.5 Recent
R Activity
The
T Cooper Basin is Australia’s larg
gest onshore
e oil and ga
as production region. B
Beach
Energy, Senex, DrillSearch Ene active shale gas and oil exploration
ergy and Santos have a n and
on programs underway.
evaluatio

Beach
B has drilled two ve
ertical test wells
w in the d
deep, centra
al portion off the Nappa
amerri
Trough. These we out 2 MMcffd gas afterr hydraulic stimulation. The
ells each tested at abo
er-1, thought to be Austtralia’s first commercially
Encounte c y viable sha
ale well, wass drilled to a total
depth of 11,850 feet and penetra
ated 1,290 feet
f of the R
REM sequence, reporting
g continuouss gas
ed an additio
shows. Beach drille onal three vertical test w
wells in the first half of 2012, with three
more pla e rest of the year. The te
anned for the est wells wil l be studied to identify the best loca
ations
for placin
ng two horizo o be drilled in late 2012..
ontal wells to

Senex
S has drrilled five ve
ertical test wells
w in the T
Tenappera T
Trough to the
e south and
d east
of the Nappamerri
N Trough with
h reports off liquid hydrrocarbon prroduction. The compa
any is
planning a 12 well drrilling progra
am for 2012//13. DrillSea
arch Energyy, in a JV witth the BG Group,
has unde
ertaken deta
ailed shale co
ore studies along
a 5 mi2 of 3D sseismic.
with a cquiring 425

June, 2013 III-15

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

2. MARYBORO
M OUGH BAS
SIN

2.1 In
ntroduction
n
This
T small ba
asin in coas
stal Queenslland, locate d about 250
0 km north of Brisbane
e, has
two pote
ential gas sh
hale targets within the Cretaceous
C Maryboroug
gh Formatio
on. The bassin is
nexplored with only five conventiona
highly un al oil and gass exploration
n wells drille
ed to date. T
Three
large antticlines occu
ur within the onshore po
ortion of the basin, all off which have
e been drille
ed but
without conventional
c s.11
discoveries

2.2 Geologic
G Se
etting
T Maryborough Basin is a half-gra
The aben bound
ded on the w
west by the Electra Fau
ult. It
300-mi2, Fig
a onshore area of 4,3
covers an gure III-7. Major folding and fau
ulting, along with
significan
nt erosion, occurred during the Cretaceous-P
C e establishin
Palaeogene ng the strucctural
setting of
o the basin.. Two main
n deposition
nal sequencces were exxamined in tthe Maryborrough
Basin, Fiigure III-8.12 The Duckin
nwilla Group
p, which con
ntains Late T
Triassic to m
mid-Jurassic non-
marine sediments, is
s not conside
ered prospe
ective for sha
ale oil or gas. Overlying
g the Duckin
nwilla
is the Grahams Cre
eek Formation which contains
c Late
e Jurassic to Cretaceo
ous (Neocom
mian)
strata, including the marine-depo
m osited Maryb
borough Forrmation.

2.3 Reservoir
R Properties
P (Prospectiive Area)
The
T Maryborrough Forma
ation (Neoco n) appears to be the primary shale
omian-Aptian e gas
unit in the Maryborou 0 feet thick, it is the onlyy definitely m
ugh Basin. Up to 8,500 marine unit iin the
basin. The unit consists
c primarily of mudstones, siltstone a
and sandsttone with m
minor
erate, limestone and co
conglome oal. Within the Marybo
orough Form
mation, the m
most prospe
ective
sub-units
s are the Go
oodwood Mu
udstone, the
e Woodgate
e Siltstone, a
and the Che
erwell Mudsstone,
Figure IIII-9. These sub-units
s ha
ave been de
escribed as a monotono
ous series off mudstoness with
minor sh
hales and silltstones. The mudstone
es are light tto dark greyy, slightly ca
alcitic, pyriticc and
silty. Ca
alcite veins are commo
on in the lo n.13
ower section The Goodwood M
Mudstone (S
Shale)
interval is
i approxima
ately 2,000 feet thick (gross)
( with a depth off 5,000 feett on anticlines to
15,000 fe
eet in the trroughs. TO s 2.0% and the shale iss within the dry gas ma
OC averages aturity
window (Ro > 1.5%)). The und
derlying Che
erwell Mudsttone (Shale) interval co
onsists main
nly of
black shale about 500 feet thic
ck (gross) an
nd ranges ffrom 8,000 ffeet deep o
on anticliness to a
d 17,000 fee
projected et deep in the
t troughs.. TOC ave
erages 2.0%
% and the shale is therrmally
mature (R
Ro >1.5%). The net organic-rich pay
y in the two shale intervvals is estima
ated at 250 ffeet.

June, 2013 III-16

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-7. Maryborough Basin Prospeective Shale G

Gas Area

June, 2013 III-17

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-8.
I Stratigrap
phy of the Ma ryborough Baasin

 
gh Basin and tthe Cretaceouus Maryborouggh Formation.
Figure III-9. Cross-Section of the Maryboroug

June, 2013 III-18

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

2.4 Resource
R Assessmen
A nt
ARI
A evaluated only the northern
n portion of the M
Maryborough
h Basin whe
ere geologicc data
exist. We 40-mi2 area could be p
W estimate that a 1,54 prospective for shale gas developm
ment.
Additiona he poorly constrained so
al areas in th outhern half of the basin may be pro
ospective but lack
sufficientt data for a rigorous
r reso
ource assess
sment.

The
T basal shales of the Maryboroug
M h Formation
n (Cherwell a ood shales) have
and Goodwo
entration of 111 Bcf/mi2 . The risked
an estimated gas in--place conce d gas in-place for the shales
in the Maryborough Basin is es
stimated at 64
6 Tcf, with a risked, te
echnically re
ecoverable sshale
gas resource of 19 Tcf,
T Table III-1B. With its
s high therm
mal maturity, the Marybo
orough Form
mation
is dry-gas prone and thus not pro
ospective for shale oil.

2.5 Recent
R Activity
Blue
B Energy Ltd., in a JV
J with Bea
ach Energy, is awaiting
g award of tthree explorration
permits in
i the northern portion of the Mary
yborough Ba ompanies are assessing the
asin. The co
potential of shale ga
as in this basin target with
w a view to
oward deterrmining a po
ossible shale
e test
well drilling location.14
1

June, 2013 III-19

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

3. PERTH
P BAS
SIN (WEST
TERN AUST
TRALIA)

3.1 In
ntroduction
n
The
T Perth Ba
asin, an activ
ve petroleum
m producing
g region, extends on- an
nd offshore in the
southwes
st of Westerrn Australia. The basin contains
c two nic-rich shale formationss, the
o main organ
Permian Carynginia and the Tria
assic Kockatea.

3.2 Geologic
G Se
etting
The
T Perth Ba
asin is a nortth-northwestt trending ha
alf-graben w
with relativelyy simple stru
ucture
that appe
ear favorable for shale oil and gas
s developme
ent. About h
half of the b
basin is onsshore,
covering an area of approximate m 2. The on
ely 20,000 mi nshore portio
on of the ba
asin containss two
eep sedimen
large, de ntary sub-ba
asins, the Da
andaragan a
and Bunburry troughs, sseparated b
by the
Harvey Ridge
R structu gure III-10.15
ural high, Fig

The
T Dandara
agan Trough, a large syn
ncline in norrthern Perth Basin, conta
ains the dee
epest,
thickest and
a most prrospective shale gas forrmations. S
Some 300 m
miles long an
nd up to 30 miles
wide, the
e Dandarag
gan Trough holds as much
m as 9 miles of S
Silurian to e
early Cretacceous
sedimenttary rocks. Much of the
e Dandaraga
an Trough iss too deep fo
or shale devvelopment, b
but its
northern area and th
he adjoining Beagle Rid
dge appear tto be within the prospecctive shale d
depth
window. The area is
s not structurally comple
ex but does h
have some ssignificant fa
aulting, Figure III-
11.16

Approximatel
A y 100 petroleum explorration wells h
have been d
drilled in the
e onshore po
ortion
of the Pe
erth Basin, resulting
r in the discovery of six con
nventional n
natural gas ffields, all loccated
within the an Trough. Proved rese
e Dandaraga erves to date
e total aboutt 600 Bcf witth small amo
ounts
of associiated oil in conventional
c reservoirs (Upper Perm
mian Dongarra Sandstone
e and Beeke
eeper
Formatio
on). Natura
al gas reco
overed from the deepe
er Permo-Trriassic rese
ervoirs (Dongara,
Mondarra
a, Yardarino
o, Woodada and Whiche
er Range) te
ends to be d
dry, reflectin
ng higher the
ermal
maturity and higher proportions of gas-pron
ne organic m
matter. CO2 is generallyy low, apart from
isolated readings
r of 4.1%
4 in the Woodada-1
W well and 3.9
9% in the Mo
ondarra-1 w
well.

June, 2013 III-20

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Figure III-10. Perth

P Basin Prosp
pective Shale Gass and Shale Oil Areeas

S
Source: ARI, 2013. Source: ARI, 20013.

JJune, 2013 III-

I 21
III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Fig
gure III-11. Thee Woodada-1 Deep
D Well Tessted the Carynnginia Shale

 
Tight
T sandsto
one reservo
oirs in the Perth
P Basin include the
e Eneabba and Yarrag
gadee
formation
ns. These re
eservoirs we
ere sourced by the Triasssic and Permian source
e rock shaless and
coals, wh
hich modelin
ng indicates are within th
he oil window
w in the far north of the
e Perth Basin
n and
enter the
e gas window
w toward the
e southeast.

The
T sedimen
ntary sequen
nce in the Perth
P Basin comprises tthree successions: a) L
Lower
Permian largely argilllaceous glaciomarine to
o deltaic roccks (including
g the prospe
ective Caryn
nginia
Shale); b)
b Upper Pe
ermian nonm
marine and shoreline ssiliciclastics to shelf carrbonates; an
nd c)
Triassic to Lower Cretaceous
s nonmarine
e to shallo
ow marine siliciclasticss (including
g the
prospective Kockatea
a Shale) dep ntly regressivve phase, Fiigure III-12.17
posited in a predominan

Other
O marine
e shales in the
t Perth Ba
asin that we ed but rejectted as prospects
ere evaluate
include the Triassic Woodada
W and Jurassic Cadda form
mations (too lean), the JJurassic Parmelia
(Yarragadee) Forma
ation (lacusttrine origin, located onl y in the offfshore), and
d the Cretacceous
South Pe
erth Formatio
on (immaturre, offshore only).
o

June, 2013 III-22

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III--12. Stratigrap

phy of the Pertth Basin Showwing the Prosppective Lowerr Triassic Kocckatea and Perrmian
Caryynginia Shaless

June, 2013 III-23

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

3.3 Reservoir
R Properties
P (Prospectiive Area)
The
T Lower Trriassic Kock
katea Shale is considere
ed the prima
ary oil source
e-rock as we
ell as
the main hydrocarbo
on seal in the
e basin. It co
onsists of da
ark shale, m
micaceous silltstone and m
minor
sandston
ne and limes
stone. The Kockatea Shale
S al thickens tto the south within the Perth
interva
Basin, re
eaching a maximum
m thic
ckness of 3,500
3 he Woolmullla-1 well, Figure III-13. The
ft in th
as recorded TOC valuess up to 8%.188
most organic-rich portion of this unit (Hovea Member) ha

Figure IIII-13. Structuraal Cross-Section of the Pertth Basin Showwing 2,300 ft tthick Kockateaa and 820 ft Thick
Carynginia Shales at Prrospective 5,0000 – 9,200 ft D
Depth

Core
C samples
s of the Hov
vea Memberr of the Kockkatea Shale
e, obtained ffrom the Hovvea-3
petroleum
m exploratio
on well, prov uality.19 The
vide data on reservoir qu e base of thiis unit conta
ains a
distinct organic-rich
o zone of foss
siliferous da
ark grey mud
dstone, sand
dy siltstone and shelly sstorm
beds. These
T sediments were deposited
d att a relativelyy low paleo--latitude in a shallow m
marine
environm
ment during the earliest stage of a marine transsgression. TOC of the
e Kockatea S
Shale
sampled from this we
ell ranged frrom 2.31% to 7.65% (avverage 5.6%
%), consisting
g of inertinite
e-rich
(Type III)) kerogen.20

June, 2013 III-24

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

The
T clay con
ntent of the
e Hovea Me
ember of the
e Kockatea Shale in th
he Hovea-3
3 well
ranged from
f 24% to
o 42% (averrage 33%). Separatelyy, AWE core TOC, 160 ft thick
ed a high-T
Hovea Member
M of th
he Kockatea
a Shale in th
he conventio
onal Redbacck-2 explorattion well in 2
2010,
but reporrted discouragingly high
h clay conten
nt. The Kocckatea is the
ermally matu
ure for gas in the
Dongara Trough, but less maturre and possiibly oil-prone
e on the Do
ongara Sadd
dle and the fflanks
of the Be
eagle Ridge
e. CO2 and N2 contents tested low
w (0.5% and pectively) from a
d 0.4%, resp
4,750 ft deep
d Kockattea Shale zo
one in the Do well.21
ongara-24 w

The
T Permian
n Carynginia
a Shale, a shallow
s -ma
arine deposiit present o
over much o
of the
northern Perth Basin
n. The Cary
ynginia Shalle conforma
ably underlie
es the Kocka
atea Shale. AWE
Limited recently
r repo
orted encourraging organ
nic-shale cha
aracteristicss for this 800
0 to 1,100 ft thick
unit. A deeper-wate
d er shale member occurs
s near the b
base of the Carynginia Shale, inclu
uding
thin interrbeds of silts
stone, sandstone, and lim
mestone.

Overlying
O the
e Carynginia water, shelf limestone u
a Shale is a shallow-w unit that con
ntains
conventio
onal gas res
servoirs. Co duced from tthe Carynginia Limestone at
onventional gas is prod
Woodada
a field, sealed by the overlying
o Koc
ckatea Shalle. CO2 and
d N2 tested fairly low (a
about
2.5%) fro
om a 8,000 ft
f Caryngia Fm
F zone in the Elegans--1 well.

While
W TOC va
alues of up to
t 11.4% ha
ave been reccorded, the T
TOC in the C
Carynginia S
Shale
averages
s 4%. The kerogen
k is Type
T III, dom
minated by i nertinite derrived from la
and plants. Gas-
prone, th
he Carynginia Shale is in the dry gas
g window over most of the Perth
h Basin. So
ource
rocks are
e less mature on the Dongara
D Sad
ddle and the
e flanks of th
he Beagle R
Ridge, wherre the
shale is partly
p replac
ced by shallo
ow-water, lim
mestone facie
es.

Geothermal
G gradients in
n the Perth
h Basin can
n be elevatted, ranging
g from 2.0°°C to
5.5°C/100 m, but the
t thermal gradient in
n the Dand
daragan Tro
ough is lesss extreme (2°to
2.5°C/100 m). Vitrin
nite reflectan
nce data show poor rel ationship with depth, w
with extreme data
scatter probably caus
sed by sube
ertinite and bitumen
b supp
pression.

3.4 Resource
R Assessmen
A nt
The
T prospecttive areas of the Beagle
e Ridge and
d Dandaraga
an Trough a
are located in the
northern portion of th
he Perth Bas
sin, where th nia and Kockkatea Shale source rockks are
he Caryngin
thick, dee
ep and therm
mally mature
e, Figure III-1
10.

June, 2013 III-25

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

An d 1,030-mi2 area is pro

A estimated ospective forr wet shale gas and co
ondensate in the
Kockatea
a Shale, de
efined using minimum and
a um depth crriteria (3,300-16,500 ft)) and
maximu
vitrinite reflectance
r (R % to 1.3%). A smaller 860-mi2 are
( o of 1.0% ea, up-dip frrom the wet gas
prospective area, de
efined by Ro values betw
ween 0.7% a
and 1.0% an
nd a minimum
m depth of 3
3,300
ars prospective for shale oil in the Ko
ft, appea ockatea Sha
ales. The de
eeper Caryng
ginia Shale h
has a
200 mi2. Additional porttions of the
dry gas prospective area of 2,2 e southern half of the Perth
Basin ma
ay be prospe
ective but ins
sufficient da
ata were ava ilable for a q
quantitative a
assessmentt.

The
T Permian
n Carynginia
a Shale has
s a resource
e concentra Bcf/mi2 with
ation of 94 B hin its
2,200-mi2 dry gas prospective area.
a It holds a risked gas in-placce of 124 Tccf, with a rissked,
technicallly recoverab
ble shale gas resource of
o 25 Tcf, Ta
able III-1B.

T Triassic Kockatea Sh
The hale has a resource con of 59 Bcf/mi2 within its 1,030-
ncentration o
mi2 wet gas
g prospec
ctive area. Including
I as
ssociated ga
as, the Kockkatea Shale has a risked
d gas
in-place of 36 Tcf, with
w a risked, technically
y recoverable
e shale gas resource off 7 Tcf, Tab
ble III-
1B. Sh
hale oil reso
ource conce
entrations in
n the Kocka
atea Shale are estimatted at 19 m
million
mi2 in the oil prospective
barrels/m arrels/mi2 in the conden
e area and 6 million ba nsate prospe
ective
area. Riisked shale oil in-place in the two prospective
p a
areas is 14 billion barre
els, with a rissked,
technicallly recoverab
ble shale oil//condensate
e resource off 0.5 billion b
barrels, Table III-2A.

3.5 Recent
R Activity
In
n April 2010, AWE Limitted cut five cores
c e Carynginia Shale in itss Woodada Deep
in the
exploratio
on well in northern
n Perrth Basin. The
T compan
ny found the
e upper and
d lower zones to
have high clay conte
ent. Howeve
er, the middle
e zone was considered more prospe
ective, with lower
clay (value not repo
orted), 1 to 4%
4 TOC an
nd estimated
d 3 to 6% p
porosity at a depth betw
ween
7,780 an
nd 7,960 ft. Zones in th
he Upper and Middle Ca
arynginia we
ere successffully hydraullically
fractured
d in August 2012,
2 with gas
g being produced durring well flow
w-back and clean-up. AWE
estimated
d a total 13 to 20 Tcf of gas in-place
e on its perm
mit for the m
middle zone o
of the Caryn
nginia
Shale.22

June, 2013 III-26

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Australian
A ind
dependent, Norwest Energy which produces oiil and gas frrom conventtional
fields in the Perth Basin,
B aluating the shale poten
is eva EP413 permit area, about 20
ntial on its E
miles norrth of the Wo
oodada Dee
ep well. Norw
west is partn
nered with AW
AWE and hass also farme
ed-out
an intere
est in EP413 to an Indian
n firm, Bhara
at PetroReso
ources. The
e companiess have comm
mitted
up to A$
$15 million for
f shale ex
xploration an
nd drilling. T
The consortiium drilled tthe Arrowsm
mith-2
well in Ju
une 2011 an
nd fractured five
f stages in shale and
d tight sand intervals. Inittial results d
during
flowback
k reported ga
as flows from
m all zones including
i the
e Upper and
d Middle Carrynginia and
d both
oil and ga
as flows from
m the Kocka
atea Shale.

June, 2013 III-27

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

4 CANNING
C BASIN
B (WE
ESTERN AU
USTRALIA
A)

4.1 In
ntroduction
n
The
T large, lig
ghtly explorred Canning
g Basin in n
northwestern
n Australia contains se
everal
organic-rrich shales, including the Laurel and Lowerr Anderson shales and
d the signifficant
Goldwyer Shale, Figure III-14.

ning Basin Pro

Figure III-14. Cann ospective Shaale Gas and Shhale Oil Areass

 
Source: ARI, 2013.

June, 2013 III-28

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

4.2 Geologic
G Se
etting
The
T 234,000-mi2 Cannin 81,000 mi2 onshore) is Western A
ng Basin (18 Australia’s la
argest
sedimenttary basin. A broad in he Canning contains up to 11 miles of
ntracratonic rift basin, th
Ordovicia
an- to Creta
aceous-age sedimentary
s y rocks. The
e basin is sseparated fro
om the Ama
adeus
Basin to the east by a Precambrrian arch. A series of no
orthwest-trending, fault-bounded tro
oughs
within the
e basin, such as the Fitz
zroy Trough,, may hold d
deep shale re ential.23
esource pote

Conventional
C exploration in the Cann
ning Basin h
has focused on the Lenn
nard Shelf, w
where
petroleum
m occurs in the Hoya an
nd Anderson
n formationss. Only abo
out 60 wells have interse
ected
the princ
cipal source rocks in the
e basin, and most of the
e wells have been locate
ed on the up
plifted
terraces between th
he deeper troughs. Sou
urce rock d
data in the basin is lim
mited, but th
he oil
discoveriies on the Le
ennard Shelf are source
ed from Carb
boniferous a
and Devonia
an formation
ns. In
eas south of the Fitzroy Trough,
basin are T ons24.
the oil shows arre sourced ffrom Ordoviccian formatio

Figure III-15 shows the stratigraphy

s of the Cann
ning Basin. The primarry shale targ
get in
the basin is the orrganic-rich Ordovician Goldwyer F
Formation. The Carboniferous L
Laurel
on could nott be rigorou
Formatio usly assesse
ed due to iinsufficient d
data control. Other m
marine
shales in
n the Canning Basin, suc
ch as the Ca
alytrix Forma
ation, appear to be too le
ean.

4.3 Reservoir
R Properties
P (Prospectiive Area)
The
T Middle Ordovician
O Goldwyer
G Formation wa
as deposited mainly in open marine to
intertidal conditions. Highly fossiliferous, the formatio
on varies frrom mudsto
one-dominate
ed in
basinal areas
a to lime
estone-domiinated in pla
atform and tterrace area
as. The Goldwyer Form
mation
averages
s about 1,30
00 feet thick
k, reaching a maximum thickness o
of 2,414 feet in the Willara-1
well in the Willara sub-basin.25

The
T er Shale is dominated by mudston
Goldwye ne and carb
bonate, with
h ratios of tthese
compone
ents varying widely acro
oss the basin
n. The colo r of the shalle ranges fro
om grey-gre
een to
black, ind
dicating anoxic reducing
g conditions.

The
T Goldwye
er Shale co
ontains horiz
zons with h ntrations of the marine alga
high concen
Gloeocap
psomorpha prisca, cons
sidered to have
h excelle
ent source-rrock potential, similar to
o the
Amadeus nd Williston basins.26
s, Baltic, an wyer Shale is oil prone
The Goldw e on the up
plifted
platforms
s and terrace
es as shown
n by shallower exploratio
on wells, butt likely mature and gas p
prone
in the adjjacent deep troughs.

June, 2013 III-29

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-15. Canning

g Basin Stratiigraphic Colum
mn

June, 2013 III-30

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

The
T depth of the Goldwy
yer Shale in the Canning
g Basin variies from gre
eater than 16
6,500
feet in the southern Kidson
K sub-basin to less
s than 3,000 plifted blocks of the Barbwire
0 ft on the up
gurra Terrac
and Jurg ces, Figure III-16. In the
e northern, very deep Fitzroy Trou
ugh and Gre
egory
wyer is at depths greaterr than 16,50 0 ft.
sub-basin, the Goldw

TOC
T in the Goldwyer
G Shale genera
ally ranges ffrom 1% to 5% (mean 3%), with ssome
values in o 10%, Figure III-17.27
n excess of The upp er memberr of the Go
oldwyer Sha
ale is
particularly rich, with
h TOC up to 6.40%. Rock-Eval pyro
olysis indica
ates this source rock is w
within
the oil window
w overr much of th
he southern
n Canning B he mid-basin platform. The
Basin and th
Kidson Sub-basin,
S where
w the Goldwyer
G dee
epens to 5,0
000 m, is in
n the dry ga
as window ((Ro >
1.3%). In
n general, th
he Goldwyerr Shale is in the oil wind
dow at depth
hs less than 7,200 feet, iin the
wet gas and conden
nsate window
w between 7,200
7 and 10
0,500 feet a
and in the drry gas windo
ow at
depths over 10,500 feet.
f 28

4.4 Resource
R Assessmen
A nt
ARI
A identified
d a prospecttive area in the Kidson sub-basin in
n the southe
ern portion o
of the
Canning Basin. He
ere, the Gold
dwyer Shale
e is thick, d
deep (7,200--16,500 feet), and therrmally
mi2 area ma
mature. An estimatted 22,860-m ay be prosp
pective for d
dry gas devvelopment w
with a
2
second 19,620-mi
1 area
a et gas and ccondensate. A smaller 14,900-mi2 area
prospective for we
appears prospective
e for shale oil.
o The bou
undaries an d depth con
ntours for th
he undrilled deep
trough arreas were ex
xtrapolated from
f informa
ation at adjo ining uplifts..

In
n the dry and wet gas
g prospec
ctive areass, the Gold
dwyer Shale
e has reso
ource
09 Bcf/mi2 and 67 Bcff/mi2, respe
concentrrations of 10 ectively. Inccluding asso
ociated gass, the
Goldwyer Shale in th
he Canning Basin has a risked sha le gas in-pla
ace of 1,227
7 Tcf, with rissked,
technicallly recoverab
ble shale ga
as of 235 Tc
cf. The prosspective area
as for oil and condensate for
the Gold
dwyer Shale
e have reso
ource conce n barrels/mi2 and 10 m
entrations off 41 million million
mi2, respectively.
barrels/m Inclu
uding both the oil an
nd condensate prospecctive areas, the
Goldwyer Shale, ha
as risked shale oil/cond
densate in-p
place of 244
4 billion barrels, with rissked,
technicallly recoverab
ble shale oil//condensate
e resources o
of 9.8 billion barrels.

June, 2013 III-31

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Figure III-16. North-South

h Cross Section off the Canning Bassin

 
S
Source: Haines, 20044

JJune, 2013 III-

I 32
III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure
F III-17. TOC
T Values in the Ordoviciaan Goldwyer FFormation

 
Source: Ghoori and Haines, 2007
2

4.5 Recent
R Activity
Buru
B Energy, an Australian E&P co
ompany, hold
ds significan on permits in the
nt exploratio
Canning Basin. Bu
uru reported e, organic-rrich shale frrom cores in the Yulleroo-1
d gas-mature
onal explora
conventio ation well drrilled in 1967 n 2010, Mitssubishi agreed to
7 on permit EP-391. In
fund an A$152.4
A million explorattion and dev
velopment p
program to e
earn a 50% interest in B
Buru’s
permits. The two co
ompanies ha
ave plans to
o evaluate tthe Goldwye
er Shale in the Kidson sub-
basin.

New
N Standarrd Energy (N al operator in the Cann
NSE), the other principa ning Basin, holds
on licenses covering 17,300 mi2 in the north
exploratio hern edge o
of the Kidso
on sub-basiin. In
Septemb
ber 2011, NS
SE formed a joint ventu
ure with Con
nocoPhillips to accelera
ate exploration of
the Goldw
wyer Shale. ConocoPhillips has ann
nounced tha
at it will fund an exploration program
m over
four yearrs for up to $US119 milllion. Three wells will be
e drilled verrtically and n
not fractured
d, but
will have a detailed program
p of mud e logs over the shale secction.
m logging, full coring and wireline
The first well in the program,
p the on August 8, 2012 and is proposed to be
e Nicolay #1,, was spud o
drilled to a target dep 0 feet.29
pth of 11,300

June, 2013 III-33

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

5. GEORGINA
G A BASIN

5.1 In
ntroduction
n
2
The
T Georgin
na Basin is a large, 125,000-mi
1 mainly une
explored ba
asin in Norrthern
Queensland border.30 T
Australia straddling the Northerrn Territory/Q e test wells have
Twenty-nine
been drilled, all in the southerrn third of the
t basin in
n the vicinitty of the ba
asin’s two m
major
depositio
onal centers,, the Toko an
nd Dulcie Sy
ynclines, Fig
gure III-18.

Figu
ure III-18. Geo
orgina Basin LLocation Map

 
Source: ARI, 2013.

June, 2013 III-34

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

5.2 Geologic
G Se
etting
The
T Georgia
an Basin is
s filled with
h sedimentss deposited
d in a resttricted anae
erobic
environm
ment which supports
s the
e accumulatiion and presservation off organic ma
atter. Two m
major
depocenters consisting of down
nfaulted bloc
cks and half-
f-grabens on
n the southe
ern margin o
of the
ontain up to 7,200 feet of Cambria
basin co n, Figure IIII-19.31 The basin
an to Devo nian section
shallows northwards
s with the de
epth to top of
o the Camb
brian Arthur Creek Shalle becoming
g less
than 3,00
00 feet along
g its northea
astern border.

Figure III-19.. Southern Georgina Basin Stratigraphic Column

 
Source: Ambrose annd Putnam, 20077, modified afterr Ambrose et al 22001

June, 2013 III-35

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

The
T lower se
ection of the
e Cambrian sediments in the soutthern synclin
nes contains the
Arthur Creek
C “hot” black
b shale, so called because
b of its high gam
mma ray re
esponse see
en on
electric lo
ogs. The thic
ckness of th
he “hot” shale, derived frrom seismicc interpretatio
on and well data,
thickens from west to
t east, Figu
ure III-20. Th
he shale secction is interrbedded with higher porosity
clastic an
nd carbonate
e intervals, somewhat
s co
omparable to
o the Bakke
en Shale in th
he U.S.

5.3 Reservoir
R Properties
P (Prospectiive Area)
The
T Arthur Creek Shalle is a Mid
ddle Cambrrian sequen
nce comprissed of dolo
omitic
sands/silts, shales, dolomites
d an
nd a basal black
b anoxic “hot shale”.32,33 Modern
n electric log
gs run
over the vertical section of the
e “hot shale
e” show log porosities up to 22% for the silt//sand
stringers, averaging 10% over the whole section. T
The larger A
Arthur Cree
ek Shale intterval
contains a high pro
oportion of carbonates
c and has low
w clay conttent. Logs a
also show w
water
saturations of less th
han 25% and
d intervals with
w natural frractures and
d small faultss.

Geoscience
G Australia
A stu
udied thirtee
en samples of core from
m four wellss in the Geo
orgina
Basin, mainly from th
he Lower Arrthur Creek Shale.
S The TOC of thesse samples ranged from
m 2%
to 16%, with an ave o 5.5%.34 The
erage TOC of T organic matter is co
omposed off oil and we
et gas
ype I and II kerogen.
prone Ty k

5.4 Resource
R Assessmen
A nt
The
T prospecttive oil and gas
g shale arreas for the Lower Arthu
ur “Hot Shale” were con
nfined
o 30 feet on the southerrn side of th
by a minimum shale thickness of he Dulcie and Toko syncclines
and by a vitrinite (Ro) value of 0.7%
0 de of these two depositional centerr. The
on the northern sid
south-eastern bound
dary of the Toko
T Synclin
ne prospectiive area is u
uncertain be
ecause of la
ack of
data, Figure III-22.

Oil
O and gas resources were
w estima
ated for two
o prospectivve areas: an
n eastern re
egion
covering the Dulcie Syncline an
nd surrounding area, an
nd a westerrn region co
overing the Toko
nding area. Total riske
Syncline and surroun ed wet and d
dry shale ga
as in-place ((in both syncclines
uding associated gas) is estimated at
and inclu a 67 Tcf, witth a risked, ttechnically recoverable sshale
gas resource of 13 Tcf,
T Table III--1C. Total risked shale oil and cond
densate in-p
place is estim
mated
at 25 billion barrels, with a risked, technicallly recoverab
ble shale oil and conden
nsate resourrce of
n barrels, Ta
1.0 billion able III-2B.

June, 2013 III-36

III. Australia EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas andd Shale Oil Resourcee Assessment

Figure III-20.. East-West Crosss-Section of the Southern

S Georginaa Basin

S
Source: Ambrose andd Putnam, 2007

JJune, 2013 III-

I 37
III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-221. Log Response of Lowerr Arthur “Hot S

Shale”

Source: ARI 2012

June, 2013 III-38

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figurre III-22. Georg

gina Basin Pro
ospective Shaale Gas and S
Shale Oil Areass

Source: ARI, 2013.

5.5 Recent
R Acttivity
PetroFrontier
P r Corporation
n, a Canadia
an company , holds seve
eral exploratiion permits iin the
southern portion of th
he Georgina
a Basin. A fa Statoil Austrralia was esttablished in 2012
arm-in with S
with both
h companie
es committin
ng to spend
ding $25 m n exploration program. Two
million on an
horizonta
al exploration
n wells testin
ng the Lowe
er Arthur Cre
eek “hot shale” section w
were drilled iin the
first half of 2012. The
e Baldwin-2Hst1 and the MacIntyre
e-2H were drrilled in the g
gas-prone D
Dulcie
Trough. A third well, the Owen-3
3 well is currrently (Augu
ust 2012) drrilling its horrizontal leg in the
oil-prone
e area of the
e Arthur Cre
eek “hot shale” on the flank of the
e Toko Trou
ugh. The ve
ertical
section of
o the Owen-3 was drille
ed to a meas
sured depth
h of 3,870 fe
eet and overr 100 feet off core
was cut from
f the “ho
ot shale” and
d deeper Tho
orntonia Carrbonate secttion. The co
ore seeped o
oil on
retrieval and had ex
xtensive flore
escence thro
oughout. W
Wireline logging indicated
d over 80 fe
eet of
g formation. 35
hydrocarrbon bearing 3

June, 2013 III-39

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

6. BEETALOO
B O BASIN (N
NORTHERN
N TERRITO
ORY)

6.1 In
ntroduction
n
The
T Beetaloo Basin is a 14,000--mi2 rift bassin located in the No
orthern Terrritory,
approxim
mately 400 miles
m southeast of Darwin, Figure II I-23. The ba
asin outline is defined b
by the
Walton High
H to the north, the Helen
H Spring he south, and the Batte
gs High in th en Trough in the
east. Its western ma
argin is proje
ected to exte
end to the Da Arch.36
aly Waters A

Figure III-23. Beeetaloo Basin LLocation Map

 
Source: ARI, 2013

June, 2013 III-40

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Well
W tests an
nd cores from twelve exploratory wells, of la
ate 1980s a
and early 1990s
vintage, have identified oil and ng organic-rrich shales in the Pre-Cambrian R
d gas bearin Roper
Group, Figure
F III-24. The Roperr Group is up
u to 9,000 feet thick in
n the centerr of the Bee
etaloo
Basin. Oil
O and gas shows
s have been obserrved in the K
Kyalla and M
Middle Velke
erri shales, a
along
with sho
ows in adjoining conven
ntional sand
dstone form
mations. The
ese two sha
ale formations, if
prospective, would be urce-rock forrmations in tthe world, on par
b some of the oldest prroducing sou
with sourrce rocks fou
und in Oman
n and Siberia
a.

Figure III-24. Beetalo

oo Basin Stratiigraphic Column

 
Source: Silverrman et al, 20055

June, 2013 III-41

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

6.2 Geologic
G Se
etting
The
T structura
al characteristics of the Beetaloo Ba
asin have been determined from gravity
gnetic data, along with recent reprrocessing an
and mag 2D seismic lines.
nd reinterprretation of 2
Latest in
nterpretations he basin as a rift basin337, formed during the la
s classify th ate Pre-Cam
mbrian
and unco
onformably overlying the western portion
p of th e McArthur Basin. Nortth-south tren
nding
faults, ob
bserved in th
he McArthurr Basin, are thought
t to e
extend into th
he Beetaloo
o Basin Figure III-
25. A 110 mile long regional gra
avity high bo
ounding the west side o
of the basin, the Daly W
Waters
Arch, is a thrust belt with over 3,000 feet of relief.
r

Figure III-25. East-West Cross-Section

C of the Beetalooo Basin

 
Source: Ambrose and Silverman, 200638

The
T Velkerri and the Kya
alla shales have
h dry gass, wet gas/ccondensate and oil wind
dows,
based prrimarily on fo
ormation depth. The drry gas prosp a is 2,480 mi2 for the Ve
pective area elkerri
nd 1,310 mi2 for the Ky
Shale an yalla Shale. The wet g
gas/condensate prospecctive area co
overs
2,130 mi2 for the Ve
elkerri Shale and 2,400 mi2 Kyalla S
Shale. The shale oil pro
ospective arrea is
2,650 mi2 for the Velkerri Shale and m 2 for the Kyyalla Shale, F
a 4,010 mi Figures III-26 and III-27.

June, 2013 III-42

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-26. Beetaloo Basin Prospeective Velkerrii Shale Gas annd Shale Oil A
Areas

 
Source: ARI, 2013.

June, 2013 III-43

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-277. Beetaloo Baasin Prospectiive Lower Kyaalla Shale Gass and Shale Oiil Areas

Source: ARI, 2013.

June, 2013 III-44

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

6.3 Reservoir
R Properties
P (Prospectiive Area)
The
T Velkerri Formation
F is
s composed of black org
ganic-rich sh
hales layered
d with gray-g
green
organic-lean shales and
a interbed
dded with thiin siltstone a
and sandstone units. Th
he Middle Ve
elkerri
Shale, a marine sha
ale deposite
ed in shallow to moderrate depth e
environmentts, is consid
dered
ed in the bassin.39 The d
prospective based on exploration wells drille depth of the prospective area
e Velkerri Sh
of Middle hale ranges from 3,300 ft
f on the Wa
alton High to
o 8,700 ft in the basin ce
enter.
anic-rich net pay of the Middle
The orga M Velke erages 100 feet across the basin.
erri Shale ave

The
T Middle Velkerri has a maximum total orrganic carbon (TOC) ccontent of 12%,
averaging 4%. The organic
o mattter is compo
osed of oil p rone Type I and II kerogens. The U
Upper
and Low
wer Velkerri shales,
s with TOC conte ave not been included in the
ents of less tthan 2%, ha
resource
e assessmen
nt.

The
T Kyalla Formation
F ha
as an upperr and a low
wer shale se
ection, separrated by the
e thin
Kyalla Sa
andstone. The combined section is 600 to 2,50
00 ft thick, w
with the Uppe
er Kyalla thin
nning
considera
ably from we
est to east. Only the Lo
ower Kyalla S
Shale has b
been included in the reso
ource
assessm
ment. Shale depth in the
e prospective
e area rang es from 3,30
00 feet in th
he north and
d east
to the 8,0
000 ft in the er. The Kyalla Shale is mature with
e basin cente h Ro values of 0.7% to 1.6%
dependin
ng on depth
h. While so
ome organic--rich section
ns of the Lo
ower Kyalla shale reach
h 9%
TOC in th
he basin cen
nter, the TOC
C of the sha
ale averagess 2.5%.

The
T prospecttive areas in
n the Velkerrri and Kyalla d using data from
a shales werre estimated
well logs, thermal ma
aturity mode
els and seism
mic data, Fig
gure III-28. The Middle Velkerri Shale is
d to be in the oil window
projected w (with Ro between 0.7%
% and 1.0%
%) from a depth of 3,300
0 ft to
5,000 ft. At depth
hs greater than 5,000
0 ft the M erri Shale enters the wet
Middle Velke
gas/cond
densate win
ndow with Ro between 1.0% and 1.3
3%. As the formation d
deepens to b
below
7,000 fee erri Shale enters the dry gas window
et, the Velke w with Ro > 1.3%.

The
T Lower Kyalla
K Shale
e is in the oil window from 3,300
0-5,000 feet, enters the
e wet
gas/cond
densate wind
dow below 5,000
5 feet, and
a reachess the dry ga
as window b
below 6,000 feet.
The area
as are constrained by the
t extent of
o the seism
mic data from
m which dep
pths to form
mation
were derrived. Pay th
hickness an
nd reservoir properties w
were estima
ated from we
ell log data,, with
emphasis
s on the mos
st recently drilled
d Shena
andoah-1A w
well.

June, 2013 III-45

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assesssment

Figure III-228. Thermal Maaturity Model for Jamison ##1 Well

Source: Silverrman and Ahlbraandt, 2011

6.4 Resource
R Assessmen
A nt
The
T risked drry, wet and associated
a shale
s e Middle Ve
gas in--place for the elkerri Shale is 94
ecoverable shale gas rresource of 22 Tcf, Table III-1C.
Tcf, with a risked, technically re The
hale oil/cond
risked sh densate in-p
place for the
e Middle Ve e is 28 billion barrels, w
elkerri Shale with a
risked, te
echnically recoverable sh
hale oil/cond ource of 1.4 billion barre
densate reso els, Table III--2B.

The
T Lower Kyalla
K Shale is calculated to have rissked dry, w
wet and asso
ociated shale
e gas
in-place of
o 100 Tcf, with
w a risked
d, technically
y recoverable
e shale gas resource off 22 Tcf, Tab
ble III-
1C. Th
he risked sh d condensatte in-place and the risked, techniccally recove
hale oil and erable
resource
e from the Lo 6 billion ba rrels and 3.3
ower Kyalla Shale are 65 3 billion barrrels respecttively,
Table III--2B.

June, 2013 III-46

III. Australiaa EIA/ARI W
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6.5 Recent
R Activity
Falcon Oil and Gas Ltd
d has four exploration
e permits covvering most of the Bee
etaloo
Basin. In
n 2009, the company de
eepened the
e Shenando ell located in the
oah-1, a verrtical test we
center off the basin. Drilled
D in 2007 by PetroHunter Enerrgy, the orig
ginal well had
d a total dep
pth of
5,084 ft and
a intersec
cted the Upp
per Kyalla Shale.
S Falco n deepened
d the well to 8,900 ft thrrough
the Lowe
er Kyalla Shale, the Morroak Sandstone and the
e Velkerri Sh
hale with gass shows notted in
mation.40 The well was fractured
each form f an
nd tested in November 2
2011, with rreported gass and
condensa
ate flows fro
om the Kyalla
a and Velkerri shales.

ed a Joint Venture with Hess in Julyy 2011, cove

Falcon entere ajority of the area
ering the ma
ermits. Hess has committted up to $5
in the exploration pe 57.5 million to acquire 2
2,200 miles o
of 2D
seismic. Two seismic
c crews are currently de
eployed in th
he basin with
h plans to fin
nish surveyin
ng by
the end of
o 2012. Hes
ss has until June
J 2013 to commit to drilling five exploratory wells and e
earn a
62.5% in on’s explorattion permitss.41 Falcon iss seeking an
nterest in thrree of Falco nother partn
ner to
explore their fourth permit
p area which
w covers
s 700,000 accres.

REFERE
ENCES

1 PIRSA, 20011. “Cooper Bassin Fact Sheet.” Petroleum and Geothermal Divvision, Departmeent of Primary Inddustries and
Resourcees of South Australia, Governmeent of South Australia.
2 South Ausstralia Department of Mineral andd Energy Resources, 2010. “Peetroleum & Geothhermal in South Australia.” 17 pp.
3 Menpes, 2012.
2 “Emerging Continuous Gass Plays in the Coooper Basin, Soouth Australia.” S
Sandy Menpes, G
Government of SSouth
Australia,, Department forr Manufacturing, Innovation, Tradde, Resources aand Energy (DM
MITRE). APPEA 22012 Conferencce and
Exhibitionn
4 Apak, S.N., Stuart, W.J., Lemon,
L N.M. andd Wood, G., 1997. “Structural E
Evolution of the P
Permian–Triassicc Cooper Basin,
Australia:: Relation to Hyddrocarbon Trap Styles.”
S Americaan Association oof Petroleum Geologists, Bulletinn, vol. 81, p. 5333-555.
5 Lindsay, J., 2000. “South Australia Sourcee Rock Potential and Algal-Matteer Abundance, CCooper Basin, S
South Australia.” South
Australia Department of Primary
P Industriees and Resourcees, Report Bookk 2000/00032, 1772 p.
6 Smith, M., 1983. “Nature of o Source Materrials for Hydrocarbon in Cooper Basin, Australia.” American Asssociation of Petrroleum
Geologistts, Bulletin, vol. 67,
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