Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators

6.1 Series and parallel resonant circuits

series and parallel RLC resonators, quality factor Q
6.2 Transmission line resonators
/2 and /4 resonators
6.5 Dielectric resonator
concept
6.6 Excitation of resonators
coefficient of coupling, gap-coupled microstrip resonator,
determine Qu from 2-port measurement

6-1 微波電路講義
 6.1 Series and parallel resonant circuits
• series RLC resonator
I R L Zin ()

+ 3dB BW Zin ()

C 2R
V
R
-
Z in 1  0

V 1 1
Z in ()   R  jL   R  jL(1  2 )
I jC  LC
Q大
 2
  2 2
ω>ωo
 R  jL(1  )  R  jL
o o
Q小
 2
2
P P  2 j(Wm  We ) 1 ω=ωo
 2in  loss 2
, o  ω<ωo
I /2 I /2 LC
1 2 1 2 1 1 1
Ploss  I R, Wm  I L,We  Vc C  I
2 2

2 4 4 4 2C
6-2 微波電路講義
 average energy stored W  We
quality factor Q( )    m
energy loss/second Ploss
2Wm 2 I 2 L / 4 o L 1
Q(o )  o  o 2   , R  (loss  )  Q 
Ploss I R/2 R o RC

6-3 微波電路講義
 • parallel RLC resonator Z in (  )
I R
+ R 2
V R L C
3dB BW
-

Z in 1  0

1 1 1 1  2 1 1 Zin ()
Z in ( )  (   jC )  [ 
1
(1  2 )] , o 
R j L R j L o LC
2 Pin Ploss  2 j (Wm  We ) ω<ωo
 2
 2
Q大
I I 2
2
1 V 1 1 2 1 1 Q小
 , Wm  I L L  V 
2 2
Ploss , W CV ω>ωo
2 R 4 4  L
2 e
4
2
2We 2C V / 4 R =ωo
Q(o )  o  o   RC  , R  (loss  )  Q 
Ploss 2
V / 2R
o
o L
6-4 微波電路講義
 Discussion
1. At resonance, Wm=We, Pin=Ploss
2. Near resonant frequency
2 RQ L 1
series resonator:Zin  R  j 2L  R  j , Q(o )  o 
o R o RC
R R R
parallel resonator: Zin   , Q(o )  o RC 
1  j 2RC 1  j 2Q  o L
o
3. Half-power fractional bandwidth
2 2
1 1 VV * 1 2 Z 1 V 1 I * 1 I
Pin ,av  Re[VI ]= Re[ * ]  V Re[ in * ]  Rin
*
2
 Re[ I ]= Gin 2
2 2 Z in 2 Zin Z in 2 Z in 2 Yin 2 Yin
2
1 V 1 2 RQ
series resonator:@ 3dB , R  X , Pin ,av (3dB )  R  P (  )  R  X 
o
2 in , av o
2 2R 2
2
1 I 1 2GQ
parallel resonator:@ 3dB , G  B, Pin ,av (3dB )  G  Pin ,av (o )  G  B 
2 2G
2
2 o

o 1
 Q(o )   6-5 微波電路講義
2 BW
 (derivation of series resonator case)
1 1 o2
Z in ( )  R  jL   R  jL(  )  R  jL(  )
jC LC 
2  o2 o 
( o  ) 2  o2 2o  2
 R  jL  R  jL  R  jL
  
o
 R  j 2 L

(derivation of parallel resonator case)

o 
1 1 1 1 1
Z in ( )  [   jC ]  [   j (o  )C ]1
R jL R j ( o  ) L
1 1 1  1 
  (1  )  2
o   o (1   / o ) o o o o
1 1  1 1 j
Z in ( )  [    j  C  j C ]  [   jC ]1
R jo L jo L R o L
2 o 2

1 R
[  j 2C ]1 
R 1  j 2RC
6-6 微波電路講義
4. Locus of r= ± x on the Smith chart
(derivation)
1   1   r  j i 1   r2  i2 2i
z  r  jx     j
1   1   r  ji (1   r ) 2  i2 (1   r ) 2   i2
r   x  1   2r  i2  2i   2r  i2  2i  1  2
  2r  (i  1)2  ( 2) 2
Locus of g = ± b on the Smith chart
(derivation)
1   1   r  j i 1   r2  i2 2i
y  g  jb     j
1   1   r  ji (1   r ) 2  i2 (1   r )2  i2
g  b  1   2r  i2  2i   r2  i2 2i  1  2
  2r  (i 1)2  ( 2)2

6-7 微波電路講義
 j
5. Lossless resonator  lossy resonator: o  o (1  )
(derivation) 2Q
lossless series resonator Z in  j 2L  j 2(  o ) L
o o (1
j o L
) Q
2Q
j L R
 Zin  j 2[  o (1  )]L  j 2L  o  R  j 2L
2Q Q
lossless parallel resonator Z in  [ j 2C ]1  [ j 2(  o )C ]1
j
o o (1 )
2Q
j 1 oC 1 Q o RC 1
 Zin  j 2[  o (1  )] C  [ j 2C  ]  [ j 2C  ]1
2Q Q R
6. Unloaded Q, Qu, loaded Q, QL, external Q, Qe
1 1 1
  ,
QL Qe QU
resonator  o L
RL for series RLC circuit
Qu (Qo)  R

Qe   L

 RL for parallel RLC circuit


 o L
6-8 微波電路講義
 6.2 Transmission line resonators
• Short-circuited /2 line R L C
n/2

Zo, , 
Zin  R  2 jL

Zin  Z o (l  j ) Zo  1
o R  Z o l , L  ,C  2
2o o L
(derivation)
Z L  Z o tanh l tanh l  j tan l
Z in  Z o  Z o tanh(  j)l  Z o
Z o  Z L tanh l Z L 0
1  j tan l tanh l
  o o   v p       l <<1
l    o   , tan  l  tan( ) , tanh l  l
vp 2 vp 2 f o 2o / 2 o o o
 Z 
l  j o o
o   L 2o  l 
Z in  Z o  Z o (l  j )  R  j 2 L, QU (o )  o    o  o
 o R Z o l 2l 2l 2
1  j l
o
6-9
微波電路講義
 • Open-circuited /2 line
n/2
R L C
Zo, , 
R
Zo Z in 
Z in  1  2 j RC

l  j Z  1
o R  o ,C  ,L  2
l 2o Z o o C
(derivation)

1 j l
Z L  Z o tanh l Zo 1  j tan l tanh l o
Z in  Z o   Zo  Zo
Z o  Z L tanh l tanh(  j)l tanh l  j tan l 
Z L  l  j
o
Zo Z o / l R Z   
   , QU (o )  o RC  o o   o
  1  j 2RC l 2o Z o 2l 2
l  j 1 j
o l o
6-10 微波電路講義
 • Short-circuited /4 line
(2n+1)/4
R L C

Zo, , 
R
Zo Z in 
Z in  1  2 j RC

l  j Z  1
2o R  o ,C  ,L  2
l 4o Z o o C
(derivation)
Z L  Z o tanh l tanh l  j tan  l  j cot  l  j cot  l tanh l  1
Z in  Z o  Z o tanh(  j)l  Z o   Zo
Z o  Z L tanh l Z L 0
1  j tan  l tanh l  j cot  l  j cot  l  tanh l
  o o   v p       
l    o   , cot  l   tan( )
vp 4 vp 4 f o 4o / 2 2 2o 2o 2o

j l  1
2o Zo R Z   
Z in  Z o   , QU (o )  o RC  o o   o
  1  j 2RC l 4o Z o 4l 2
j  l l  j
2o 2o

6-11 微波電路講義
Discussion
1. Transmission line resonator QU ( wo )  o
2
2. Ex. 6.1 /2 coaxial line resonator, b=4mm, a=1mm, f=5GHz,
Teflon r=2.08, tan=0.0004, calculate QUair and QUTeflon
o 2f o  r 
104.7 air
QU  , o   ,   c  d
2 c 
104.7 2.08 Teflon
 Rs
  0.022 Np / m air  o
 2 ln b ( 1  1 ) Rs   1.84  102 
c   , 2
a a b
   5.813  107 S / m copper

0.022 2.08  0.032 Np / m Teflon
ko  r
Teflon  d  tan   0.03 Np / m
2
 104.7
 2  0.022  2380 air

 QU (5GHz )  
 104.7 2.08  1218 Teflon

 2  (0.022  0.03) 微波電路講義
6-12
3. Ex. 6.2 /2 open-circuited microstrip resonator, Zo=50,
h=1.59mm, Teflon substrate r=2.08, tan=0.0004, f=5GHz,
calculate resonator length and QU.
Z o  50  W  5.08mm,  eff  1.8
o c
l   2.24cm
2 2 f  eff
2 f o  eff
o   151rad / m,
c
Rs
c   0.0724 Np / m,
Z oW
ko r ( eff  1)
d  tan   0.024 Np / m
2  eff ( r  1)
o o
 QU (5GHz )    783
2 2( c   d )

6-13 微波電路講義
4. For comparison,
Ex. 6.3 rectangular waveguide cavity resonator, r=2.25(polyethylene),
tan=0.0004, f=5GHz.
TE101 mode d=2.2 cm, Qc=8403, Qd=2500, QU=1927@5GHz
TE102 mode d=4.4 cm, Qc=11898, Qd=2500, QU=2065@10GHz

Ex. 6.4 Teflon-filled cylindrical cavity, r=2.08, tan=0.0004,f=5GHz.

a=2.74cm, d=2a=5.48cm, TE011 mode Qc=29390, Qd=2500,QU=2300
@5GHz
air-filled cylindrical cavity, TE011 mode a=3.96cm, d=2a=7.91cm,
Qc=42400@10GHz

5. In general for QU
Qspherical > Qcylindrical > Qrectangular > Qcoaxial > Qmicrostrip

6. Application of resonator: frequency selective component (o, QU)

eg., frequency meter, oscillator, filter, matching circuits 微波電路講義
6-14
6.5 Dielectric resonators

L Hz(=0)

2L 1
10   r  100 , TE01 mod e δ   1 , Qd 
λg tan
Ex.6.5  r  95, tan  0.001, a  0.413 cm
 f  3.4GHz , Qd  1000

6-15 微波電路講義
 6.6 Excitation of resonators
• Critical coupling Zin(o) =Zo

R L C
QU
Zo

Z in

A series RLC resonator is given to match with the feedline, i.e., R  Z o at resonance.
QU o L 1 L 1
 QU  Qe , QL  (QU (o )   , Qe (o )  o  )
2 R o RC Zo o ZoC
QU Z
coefficient of coupling g  (  o  1 for critical coupling)
Qe R

6-16 微波電路講義
 • Gap-coupled /2 open-circuited microstrip resonator
C /2
/2
Zo Zo, 

Z in
Z in 1 1 Zo tan l  bc
zin   (  ) j  0, bc  Z o C
1
Zo 1
Z o jC j tan l  bc tan l 1
1

 solve the resonant frequency 1

zin   resonance or open?

tan l o

 1l tan ol  0
  2l
2π
vp vp l
l 
vp
bc ( Zo C )

6-17 微波電路講義
 Discussion
1. QU
QL 
 Zo 1 g
 series resonator
Q R   1 under coupling QL  QU
g U  
g  1 critical coupling QL  QU / 2
Qe  R parallel resonator
   1 over coupling Q  Q
 Zo  L U

R L C

1 Zo
r QU
g
Z in

g>1 g=1 g<1 for series resonator

6-18 微波電路講義
2. Types of excitation for microwave resonators (p.291, Fig.6.13)
E coupling  C, H coupling  L
3. Gap-coupled /2 open-circuited microstrip resonator
 j (  1 )
 lossless
Z   b 2

zin ()  in  
1 c

Zo   j (  1 ) R j 2 Lω
   lossy

 U c
2Q b 2
 b
1 c
2
Z 0 Z 0

/2 open-circuited microstrip resonator (parallel resonator)

 gap-coupling  series resonator
dzin dzin
(derivation) zin ()  zin (1 )  (  1 )  (  1 )
d 1 d 1

tan l  bc dzin dz d l 1  bc2 l j l j

zin   j ,  in  j 2  
bc tan l d  1 d l d  1 bc v p bc2 v p 1bc2
1 1

 o 1 vp v p j
l     zin ()  (  1 ) : lossless
2 2 2 f1 1 1bc2
j j j j (  1 ) 
lossy:1  1 (1  ), zin ()  [    (1  )]  
1bc2 1bc2
1
2Q 2Q 2QU bc2
6-19 微波電路講義
4. Series resonator @w1  
  1  b c  :small C, large gap
 2QU

Z o Z o 2QU bc2  
Z in (1 )  R  , g     1  b 
 
c
2QU bc2 R 2QU

  1  bc  

: large C, small gap
 2QU

1
5. Ex. 6.6 /2 open-circuited microstrip resonator, Zo=50, l=2.175cm,
eff =1.9, =0.01dB/cm, calculate C for critical coupling and f1.
g c
uncoupled line: l  n   f o  5GHz
2 2 f eff
 2   g 1
b
QU  o    628, bc   0.05  C  c  0.032 pF
2  g 2 2l  2QU 1Z o
tan l  bc  0  f1  4.918GHz  f o  5GHz
QU
QL   314  QU  628 微波電路講義
2 6-20
6.Determin QU from 2-port measurement
S 21
R L C 3dB
Zo Zo f 3dB

Z
Zo Zo

 R 2Z o  fo
R R  R  2Z R  2Z o 
@ fo :  Z    ,S     .....prob 4.11
o
  2Z o 
R R R
 R  2Z R  2Z o 
 o

o L  L  L Q 2Z o
QU = , Qe = o = o  g  U 
R RL 2Z o Qe R
2Z o g S 21 ( f o )
S 21 ( f o )   g
R  2Z o 1  g 1  S 21 ( f o )
1 1 1 1 f
   (1  g ), measure QL  o  QU  QL (1  g )
QL Qe QU QU f 3sB
6-21 微波電路講義
 Solved problems: Prob. 6.22 A parallel resonator, calculate Co for critical
coupling and fr.
R=1000Ω,L=1.26nH,
Zo Co R L C C=0.804pF, Zo=50Ω

Yin
1 2Q   R 1
Yin ( )   j u  103  j50.5  10 3 , QU   25.3, o = =31.4  109
R Ro o o L LC
 1 1 a 1
 yin  50  Yin  0.05  j 2.53    j  0.05   a  4.36
o 1  ja 1  a 2 1  a2 1  a2
1 1
zin   1  zin  1  j  1  ja
jCo Z o Co Z o
zin
a 4.36  
    2.53   0.086
1  a2 20 o o
 f r  f o  0.086 f o  4.57GHz
1
 4.36  Co  0.16 pF
rCo Z o yin
ADS examples: Ch6_prj 6-22 微波電路講義