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Crabtree, 1972 - An Introduction To Flintworking 2
Crabtree, 1972 - An Introduction To Flintworking 2
BY
Don E. Clabtree
Guy Muto
Christine Lovgren
Earl H. Swanson
and illqstrations by
Mary Keeler
.t
GLOSSARY
I
Terrn Definition
I
t1
Aberrant Deviation frorn norrnal. Odd, peeuliar.
Not exhibiting characteristics peeuliar
)
to a particular technology or technique.
l
i3
Term Definition
Anterior
ÏoO. End opposite the posterior.
Exarnple: the platforrnlurface of
a core is the anterior portion.
Anvil Technique Objective piece is projected against
a stationary object of sufficienl
hardness with sufficient force to
accornplish fracture. See Block on
Biock (p. 35.).
Applied Force \{hen the type of force used to fabricate
an artifact is unknown, or questionable,
the terrn I'applied forceil is substituted
for pressuïe or percussion force until
the actual technique is verified" Used
until the analyst has verified whether
the object was made by p"rcussion,
indirect percus sion, direct pressrlre,
or a natural force.
Arris See Ridge, Crest.
Artifact
Anvil technique
34
35
Terrn
Definition
Attribute of Techniques having diagnostie
Technology show modes of manufacture, values which
traits, and patterns of human characteristic;
Examples: fluting, behavior.
"r"iff,r"*", rr"s¡-lres.
Axis of See I'Angle of Force. rl
Applied Force
Bending Usually d
Flakes The flake e retouch.
the prane curves on Bi-directional tabular core Bi-conical percussion core
on the arrifacts which
laterat rnargin t:y""9 "*t".¿tru"tJå:::t"
tne ofposire edge
and pass the median line. ,ii.y
cornmonly diagonal. "r"
Beveled An edge which has been rnanufactured
Edge to produce the desired .Ag"
exposure for the removal of "rgle or
flake or flake series. Alss a desíred
sharpening or strengthening. ryÌa)¡ be for
Bi- d;ire ctional Nuclei which bear scars resulting
Cores flakes or blades having been frorn
from two direcrions. J*t."fr"¿
-
io. 3t
Bi-dire ctional Scars on cores or lithic tools
Flake and the result of rernoving blades which are
Blade Scars by applying the force -fro.rr twoor flakes
directåons.
Biface Artifact bearinq flake scars on both faees.
(p. 37 ).
Billet obverse TEVETS €
A club-lfüe rod of materíal, other Bi-directional cylindrical core
stone, used to detach flake" than
f"ã.r,
material. Usually of wood or antler.lithíe
See Braton.
Bi-directional cores
38
39
Bi-polar technique
Split Cobble
Technique of resting core on anvil for percussion blow.
Bulbs of force are not present at both ends. The cone of force
is shattered or severed.
40
4t
Terrn Definition
Bå-polar
43
Soft Hsmmer
B
D
FI
(d
f{
+J
Ê
o
DORSAL
SUR FACE VENTRAT
SURFACE
Dorsal
Ventral
a. platform soft hamme rb lade
b. Lip f . Fissures or hackles o
o . Contact tsú
c. Eraillure area
h . Previous blade scar
d. Diffuse bulb of force i . Dorsal ridge or arris s
F{
.Ft
Ê{
È
He¡d Honne¡ t{
(¡)
rd
d
Ê{
(Ú
r-{
CÚ
Ø
¡{
o
O
Dorsal
Ventral
44
45
'Ú
o
R
o
ln
<n
F.
o
o
è
o\
o
I
o
ÊJ
o-
cr
F
Þ
Ê-
o
Ø
Þ
._¡
3
Stop notch and platform preparation
('pp. ++ & 53).
Bulb of See Bulb of Applied Force,
Pe rcus s åon
48
Sequence of burin manufacture
19
Terrn Definition
Burin Blade A specialized flake rernoved frorn a Terrn Definition
burin coïe, generally rectangular in
transverse section. The dorsal side Cast Replicas of artifacts prepared in acrylic
of the blade generaiiy shows a single fiber, epoxy, plaster of paris or other
blade scar with lateral margins at suitable rnediurn. Their types should
right angles. The first burin blade always be specified, e. g.: acrylíc fiber
rernoved frorn the core rnay show casts by Eichenberger.
numerous variants, depending on the
type of rnaterial used and because it Chalcedony A cryptocrystalline variety of qwartz,
bears scars of the workerrs preparation predorninantly silica and having the rLear
to establish a ridge to guide ihe first luster of paraffin wax. May be trans-
blade. Syr. : burin spall. parent or translucent and of various tints.
Çhalcedony with different colors arranged
Burin Break Scar left on flake or blade resulting in strips or layers is called agate. If the
frorn the rernoval of a burín spall. strips or layers ate horizontal, it is onyx.
The right angle edge or break, severed Chrysoprase is green chalcedony. Carnelian
transversely frorn force applied to the is flesh-red and sard is either greyish-red
1i
margin. or brown.
li
Burin Core A core rnade frorn thin, tabular flakes, Chert A fine-grained siliceous rock. Impure
blades, or lithic irnplernents frorn which variety of chalcedony resernbling flint.
orle oT more burin spa1ls have been Cenera[-y light colored.
rernoved. May serve as a tool or a
source of burin blades, or both. Chevron See Double Díagonal Flakine (n. aZ¡.
Flaking
Burin Scar The negative bulb of force scar found on
a core or core tool. produced by either Chip See Flake.
percussion or pressuïe. The rnold of
the cone part resulting frorn flake detach_ Chopper Heavy core tool presurned to be used for
ment. Syn.: burin facet. chopping. May be unif3ce or biface.
Burin Spall Specialized flake or blade removed frorn Cleavage Planes along which the mineral rnay be
burin coïe. Because of the nature of the a Plane easily split. Tendency of the rnaterial
coTe, the burin blade rnust be thick in to split along either the crystallography,
relation to its length and is usually triang_ natural structural planes, bedding planes,
ular or rectangular in section. Such a andf or planes of non-hornogensity. The
blade has irnportant functional varue because hurnan-induced fracture rnay follow or be
its forrn supplies strength without bulk. rnade to fqllow a cleavage plane. f'lakes
Ma-de-both by the pressure and percussion step fractured at intersection of cleavage
te chnique s. plane. E. g . : quartz crystal, petrified
wood.
PROPHRTY OF
50 THE ARCHECLOTIT/It SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
It{sTiTUi[ tF l\¡lcli[0L0Gv & ANTI'lR0P0L0GY
51 u¡{TvERSITY oF souTH cABoLINA
COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAR(]LINA 29208
Terrn Definition
Cleaver A tool approximately U-shaped wíth one
transverse cutting edge. Bifacial cleavers
resernble truncated hand axes with straight
or oblique edge at the tip.
Tranchet Blow F1ake cleavers are rnade by allowing the
C leave r rrtranchetrr (percus sion) blow to intersect
the prirnary flake surface to produce a
sharp cutting edge.
C ollate ral Expanding flakes rernoved frorn the lateral
Flaking edges of the artifact at right angles to the
Iongitudinal a:<is. The technique is varied
and does not require using ridges, or crests,
to guide the flakes. Can be produced by
percussion, indirect percussion, or pres_
sure, depending on the desired size of the
flakes. (p.8?).
C ornrningle To rnix or rningle rnaterial frorn two or
ûÌore sou.rces.
Cornpression Ripple rings radiating frorn the poinü of
Rings force. Can be both positive and negative _
positive on the flake and blade; and negative on
the core. Can be cornpared to ripples forrned
in a pool of still water after the dropping of
a pebble. Cornpression rings are generally
rnoÏe prorninent with percussion than with
pressure. A wave rnotion that can be used
as an indícation of the direction of force.
55
Terrn Definition CÚ
v)
fr
o
Ê
C onehoidal A diagnostic fracture on a plane surface
F:acture which resernbles and has the character-
istics and forrn of half a bivalve she11.
It is the result of definite striking pat- r<
(d
terns. The striking area would be at the Ê{
{J
rrhingerr part of the bivalve shell and the o
conchoidal fracture below on the part that
was plane-
ó
€h
Shear of rnidsectåon due to cleaving frorn
C)
Cone Shear x
opposing forces, frorn inertåa or: frorn F-t
r<
o
(d
support. This happens rr.ore often wiÈh h
]J
È
rounded cobbles. There is often rninor o)
cd
o
crushing at cone truneation. The scar ,F{
tr
is distinctive, being quíte flat wåth bi- o
section of the cone, elosely spaced ao
a
radiating inundations and little or no 0)
Z)
bulb defini"tion.
54 55
\
Terrn Definition Terrn Definition
with scarr oï scars, reflecting the
detachrnent of one oï rnore flakes Crested Blade See Larn4 a Ctêt..
as the Mexican polyhedral core. such
AII
fiaked tool industries aïe ïepïesented Crude A word often used - and widely rnisused -
by either flakes or cores. to describe character of workrnanship of
(pp. 39, 40, 43, 46, 47 e 5Ð. aboriginal artifacts. The refinernerrt, or
lack of refinernent of the work rnust be
Core TooI Ambiguous term, usually reserved evaluated and related to the rnaterial
techniques based on nodular reduction,for before the word t'crudet' is a.pplied.
such as cobble choppers, or Ernbryonic, inferior, or bad work found
hand axes. Large flakes seïve
Acheu,learr on good rnaterial could weII be called
also as
the core for later axes, and in the crude, but at the sarne tirne, allowance
absence
of the original cortex this distinction should be rnade for the learner or beginner.
futiie. Carried to íts logicat extrerneis But the finding of less controlled flaking on
tools from which flakes ão. ,.rrroved all poor rnaterial rnay indicate that the worker
core tools. are was, indeed, a skilled fabricator to have
accornplished any degree of flaking. Here,
Core Typu A core which ha it is aknost unnecessary to allow for the
t'l; learner or beginner for it is doubtful they
and. te chnor ogic ;ì ilfi:
indicative of a culture). n. g.,
:Lr",r_r::- could do work on bad or inferior rnaterial.
arne rican polyhedral core,
Meso_ Also to be considered is the intent and
bidirectional core.
b.-iconical ultirnate design of the worker - fqr instance,
he rnay have been designing a preforrn, drilI,
C ortex Natural surface, or rind, on flint:Iíke or digging tool and, therefore, not wanted,
materials. or bothered with, the rnore refined flaking
character. Sorne analyst ûlay consider the
C rater j.ng
Multiple intersecting ilmoon_like,r preforrn work as rrcrudet' whereas the worker
on the surface of vitreous cones was intentionally flaking in this rnanner to
rocks resulting allow for further thinning.
from either intentional or natural
turnbling, or bruis ing. pounding,
Crutch A wooden staff of varying dirnensims with
Crazing Minute surface cracks _ generally a chest rest cross-piece at the upper end
hatched - causing the surlace to e ross_ and a pressure tip inserted at the working end.
be weak_
ened. Cornmon to over_heated silie The shoulder crutch is a srnall version of
materials. eous the chest crutch. Size and çonstruction de-
pends on individual preference and the type
Crest .Word of work to be accomplished. Usually used as
used to denote both the raised
on the rnarginal parts of a flake portion pressure tool1, butcan be used in a cornbina-
scar and the ridge or blade tion of pressure and percussion.
flake scars. Edge allel
fracture. The opp plane of C ryptocrystalline A fine-grained crystalline rock but having
distinct particles which are unrecognizable
without the aid of rnagnification. The size
of the rnicrocrystals deterrnine the texture.
56
57
Term Definition
Curved Flaking See Bending Flakes. Terrn Definition
Darnpen To weaken, abate, diminish. Large pieces Diffuse Bulb A bulb of force which lacks the definition of
being worked a1e. frequently darnpened the cone part. The bulb is disserninated, in-
support on the thigh of the flintworker. by dicating a broad contact with the pressure or
percussion tool. Cornrnon to billet technique.
Debitage Residual lithic rnateríal resulting frorn Generally lacks an eraillure scaï and ripple
tool manufacture. Useful to determine rnarks are rnuch subdued. See Truncation.
techniques and for showing technological (p. 44]'.
traits. Represents intentional and uninten_
tlonal breakage of artifacts either through Direct A rnethod of holding the rnaterial to be flaked
rnanufacture or function. Debitage flakà Freehand in the unsupported hand and directing the
usually represent the various stages of Percus sion percussion or pressure irnplernent with the
progress of the raw material frorn the or Pressure other hand to detach flakes or blades.
original forrn to the finished stage.
Direct Rest A rnethod whereby the objective piece is
Debris 'W'aste
rnaterial _ such as quarrying or supported on an anvil during the flaking
mining waste - having little or no definitive process.
characte ristics. See Detritus, Debitage.
Di.scoidal Core Bi-convex core having flakes or blades
Denticulation Prominences resembling teeth sirnilar to rernoved frorn the perirneter and usually
those on a saw. Tooth_like serrating on on both faces. (p. 39).
margins of artifacts. (p. 37).
'Waste of Dorsal Outer surface. Keeled part of blade or
Detritus disintegrated rocks, such as ac- flake. For instance, the dorsal side of
cumulated waste at a natural exposure. a blade is the face of the core prior to
Having little or no diagnostic value. See detachrnent.
Debitage, Debris.
Double Parallel diagonal flakes reûr.oved frorn
Diagonal Sirnilar to parallel flaking, except the pres- Diagonal both lateral rnargins and terrninated
Parallel sure is directed at an oblique angle from FIakíng along the rnedian line but directed toward
Flaking right to left. This is the tãchnique of right- the base of the artifact. An herringbone,
handed persons, but a Ieft_handed worke or Christrnas tree pattern results. A
would direct the pressuïe at an angle
r
from rnost difficult teehnique because one rnust
left to right. The preforrn is held in the either be arnbidexterous or rnust corn-
palrn of the left hand with a right_handed pletely reverse both the platforrn prepa-
worker and in the right hand *h"r, the knapper ration and the direction of force.
is left-handed. 'When a right_handed peïson (p.82).
holds the preform in the fingers or the left
hand and the pïessure is directed away frorn Downward Method of coordination of rnuscular rnotoï
the knapper, the results will resernble those and Outward habits which allor¡'s the worker to push
of a left-handed person. The same as dir_ Pr:e s sure down and out sirnultaneously in order to
ection of detaching the flakes. start detachrnent of a flake or blade frorn
(n. az¡. a core at the proxirnal end and, at tlne
58
59
Terrn Definition
I
sarne tirne, follow through to the point of
release at the distal end. Ratio of downward
and outward pressure is adjusted by the
worker to control the character of the flake.
See Angle of Force. This terrn applies pri- 1
rnarily to detachrnent of blades by pressuïe.
See In and Away.
'rl
epli.cation of flake and flake scar ,Ft E
f{
attråbutes of technology, after which those F
q)
6z
63
Te rm Definition
Terrn Definition
Feathering A technique which produces a flake which
terrninates in an edge with a rninirnal Flaker A pressure irnplernent used to rernove flakes
margin. produces biades or flakes wiih during the process of forrning or sharpening.
edges and distal ends which are Sarne as colrLpressor. The word rrflakerrt
very sharp. relates to pressure flaking whereas the
l"."rh:red edge leaves siight ridges
objective piece, a characteristic of on the irnplernent used for percussion work is
precision
collateral flaking. (e. O:¡. referred to as a rrpercussor'r or harnrner.
Fire Checks Distinctive rninute cracks in stone, Flaking Process of rernoving srnall pieces of rnaterial
usually
rectangular in shape. Appears in chalcedonic frorn objective piece by pressure, percussion,
Tocks which have been either heated indire'ct percussion oT the cornbination of
or cooled
too rapidly. May be associated with planned pressure and percus sion.
therrnal treatrnent or rnerely be the result
accidental of I'lake Typ. Groups of flakes which bear technological
heat contact. Exãessive heat will
cause rocks to becorne granular and scaly attributes showing rhythrns and prototypes
and will usually change the color to of their rnode of rernoval frorn a core.
a por_ See Thinning Flake.
celain white. See Crazing, Thermal
Treatrnent.
FIat Flaking Technique which reryloves flakes resulting
Fis sure s Lines of radii usually originating at the in a plane surface.
rnargins of the flakes on ventral face
and
directed toward the point of force. Fissures Flexibil.ity The arnount of bending without breaking
are not cracks, but aïe crests and troughs. exhibited by sorne lithic rnaterials. Not
The appeaïance of fissuïes on the e lastic ity.
bulb of
for_ce usually indicates that a percussion
technique was used. Fis"rrr"" are
also Flint A siliceous rnaterial ideally suited for fla.ked
known as hackles. Syr. , Gro_oved irnplernent rnanufacture. Responds well to
shatler the application of force, either percussion
line
s
or pressure. Usually a fine-grained rock
FIake of the darker shades. Occurs as nodes oT
nodules in lirnestones and chalks, and as
rounded or irregular rnasses.
64
65
Terrn Definition
Flintlike Used to refer to any lithic rnaterial which
reacts like fiint when subjected to force.
Material having the properties of iso-
tropisrn and s ornewhat cryptocrystalline
and hornogeneous.
7l
70
Terrn
Definition
and of crystals of the isornetric
an isotropic elastic medíum, system. In
the velocities of
propagation of elastic waves .aïe
of direction. independent
72
74 75
¡
Terrn Definition
Mas s A quantity of rnatter forrning a body.
Mechanics of The principles of rnotion and force applied
Fracture to isotropic rnaterial to accornplish a
planned and preconeeived fracture"
Negative Bulb A rnirror surface of the cone part always on Obs cure Side Terrn used to denote the underside, or
of Force the objective piece and not on the flake or urrexposed face of an attíflact. Used to
blade. See Bulbar Scar. help explain the hotding rnethod during
pressure flaking. For exarnple, during
Non-undulated Flakes and flake scars showing the absence the pressure flaking process, the attífact
of cornpression rings on the plane of fracture" is generally held flat in the hand and flakes
Related to rnaterial and special techniques. pressed off the face resting on the palrn.
7g
7B
Terrn Definition
This face is not visible to the worker and,
therefore, it is called the "obscure side. il
Outrepas se/ Over and beyond the opposite rnargin. (See
Tixier 1963, Typologie De LrEpipaleo_
lithique Du Maghreb. )
Ovates Long oval irnplernents. Can be blanks or
preforrns" Elliptical. Bifacial or unifacial.
Overhang See Lip. (p. 44 e 75)"
FRÛPE:NTY OF
enô
80 D 1r e c t p ETCUS S 1 on fr ak in{H E A R CH EOL OG ^
TTY OF SO UTH CAROL
8Z Perverse fracture
83
Terrn Definition
Terrn Definition
angles, or less to the longitudinal axis.
Angle of platforrn on flake or blade cor- Generally they are a natural occurrence
responding with parental platforrn angle rather than intentional results of rnan-rnade
of core. flake s.
Platforrn The table or surface area receiving the Precision A precision rnethod of thinning by which the
force necessary to detach a flake or blade Thinning worker controls the direction and terrnination
Can be either natural or prepared. The of the flakes at the rnedian line of the artifact
truncation of the cone part. by applying either the parallel or collateral
flaking technique. Flakes are intentionally
Platforrn The grinding, polishing, faceting, beveling terrninated in a hinge or step fracture at the
Preparation of that part of the platforrn to receive the rnedian line to allow flakes detached frorn the
applied force. Usually done to strengthen opposite rnargin to rneet and intersect these
the platforrn in order to carry off a larger hinge fracture s.
flake" See also Turned Edge, Grinding,
Polishing, Facet, Beveled Edge" Preforrn Preforrning denotes the first shaping" Preforrn
is an unfinished, unused forrn of the proposed
Point of Platforrn part or cone truncation. Area artifact. It is larger than, and without the
C ontact of the forceful rneeting of percussor or refinernent of, the cornpleted tool. It is thick,
coryr.pressor and the objective piece" with deep bulbar scars, has irregular edges,
and no rrreans of hafting. Generally rnade by
Polishing To rnake srnooth by rubbing with fine direct percussion. Not to be confused with a
abrasive rnaterial. Strengthens the plat- 'rblank.rl
forrn" Can also be the result of function.
See Grinding. (p. 671" Prehistoric The science of knowledge of forrning stone
Lithic into useful cutting, chopping, and other
Polyhedral Core bearing rnultiple biade scars. Technology functional irnplernents, cornprised of two
Core Generally cylindrical (p" 55). factors - the rnethods and the technique" See
Method and Technique.
Positive Bulb of Rounded ( onion- shaped) protubeïance
Force found on the ventral side of a flake or Pre s sure Process of forrning and sharpening stone by
blade at the proxirnal end. Bulb is part Flaking rernoving surplus rnaterial - in the forrn of
of the cone of force. flakes - frorn the artifact by a pressing force
rather than by percussion. There are various
P oste rior Bottorn. Base. Opposite of anterior. individual techniques of pressure flaking.
Pot Lid A plano-convex flake leaving a concave scar. Prirnary Rernoval of irregularities on the artifact by
Pot lids are the result of differential expansion Retouch the pressuïe technique to rnake the piece
and contraction of isotropic rnaterial but are ready for the second retouch.
rninus the coûlpression rings of force lines
usually associated with these conditions"
84
85
Terrn Definition
Prirnitive Pertaining to the beginning or origin or to
early tirnes. Original, first, p::irnary,
primordial.
Prisrnatic Long narrow specialized flake with para_
Blade 11e1 sides. Genèrally triangulate or trap-
ezoidaL in section and bearing two or three
prisrn-like facets on the dorsal side. Assoc_ 2. Less reguJ.ar Parallel
iated with blades refiloved frorn a polyhedral 1. Very regular parallel
c ore.
Sinuous Snake-like, alternating or wavy. Margins Strangled Intentional flaking directly opposite on
of artifacts are rnade sinuous by rernoving Flake or both rnargins to rnake a constriction or
Blade narrowing.
flakes alternatèly frorn the lateral edges.
Slate Metarnorphosed fine-grained sedirnents with Strengthened A platforrn which has been strengthened
Platforrn by prbviding a greater area to receive the
well-defined cleavage. Artifacts are usually applied force, or rnade stronger by
forrned by grinding rather than by flaking. polishing an isolated platforrn. See
Platf orrn Prepar ation.
Snapping 1) A rnethod of producing a transr¡erse
fracture to sever flakes or blades. Pres- Protuberance. High point. Apex. See
sure or percussion force is applied frorn Surnrnit
C re st.
the ventral toward the dorsal side.
Z) May also be accornplished by finger Tabular Core Core type resernbling a tablet, generally
pre s sure.
bi-directional. 1p. 39).
S olifluction The process of slow rnovernent of water- A basal projection. See Barb.
Tang
saturated ground rrì.asses frorn higher to
Iower leveIs. Movernents of earth rnay Taxonorny Science of systernatics. Arrangernent and
cause I'naturefactsrr to be forrned" classification according to relationship.
Spall See Flake.
Techniques which have diagnostic value
Technological
Attribute s showing rnodes of rnanufacture, character-
Split C one At present, the technique is enigrnatic but istic traits, and patterns of hurnan behavior.
Technique has been observed on artifacts found in
e. g. , grinding or percussion flaking. See
c-obb1e irnplernent industries which have had
large exterior flakes rernoved frorn the cobblers Attribute of Technology.
surface. These flakes have no visible bulb of
force, the result of the worker using the anvil Technique The word I'technique'r applied to stone tool
technique and splitting the cone of force. This rnanufacture denotes the rnethod, execution,
technique has been noted by Charles Borden perforrnance or rnanipulation of a definite
on the Fraser River artifacts and by others.
practice of forrning lithic rnaterial but re-
(p. ¿t & 9t). flecting distinct flaking character and pat-
terns and displaying technological attributes.
The rnaking, fabrication or preparation of -
9Z 93
Terrn Definition Terrn Definition
Exarnple: bladernaking, per se, is not a Trajectory of Curve or straightness at which force is
technique. But blades rnade by sirnulated Force applied to the objective piece.
conditions represented byvarietie.s of plät-
forrn preparation, degrees and kinds of Trajectory Curve or flatness of flake and flake scar.
force, angles of force, rests or anvils, of Fracture
rhythrns and rnuscular rnotor habits, and
diversified fabrication irnplernents will Tranchet Blow Technique of striking to sharpen or resharpen
represent a technique. cleavers and handaxes. BIow is struck oblíquely
to the rnarginal edge to rernove a flake crosswise
Te chnology The study of techniques" Science of studying and at right angles to the rnain axis of the tool,
and interpreting the cornbined or distinct. leaving a sharp transverse edge.
attributes of individual techniques. knplies (p.go).
a systernatic control of rninute and distin-
guishable detail. Transverse C r os swise.
Tenacity Resistance to fracture. Exarnple: jade" T ransve rse ParaIIeI flaking directed horízontally to the
Flaking long a;<is of the artifact and rneeting at the
Therrnal Method of altering siliceous rnaterials by rnedian line. (p. 87).
Treatrnent exposure to controlled heat. This treatrnent
rnakes the stone rnore vitreous. Transverse Old 'ü/orld points rnade frorn a section of blade
Pr oje ctile s with the lateral rnargin serving as the tip of
Thickne ss Measurernent of the denseness between the the projectile or arrowhead. 'When ernployed,
dorsal and ventral sides" they cause profuse hernorrhaging.
Thinning Flakes rernoved frorn a preforrn either by Transverse The area bounded by and between the lateral
Flakes pressure or percussion to thin the piece for Section rnargins.
artifact rnanufacture. Thinning flakes are
also rernoved to thin a biface or a uniface" Trough Depression or hollow between crests. Low
Usually shows special platforrn preparation. point between flake or blade scars. Channel
(p. e6). scar left by flake or blade rernoval leaving
a concavity frorn the proxirnal to the distal
Tipping The technique of rnaking a tip or point on the end of the plane of fracture. Single trough
distal end of an artifact. Several rnethods is known as a flute.
rnay be used to accornplish this"
T runcation Cutting short or cutting off; i. e., truncated
Top of Core Proxirnal or platforrn part of the core. cone, truncated blade, transverse truncation"
Tradition Established custorn. Historic style. Turned Edge Marginal edge that has been beveled by
shearing or rernoval of rnultiple flakes by
pressuïe or peïcussion. See Beveled Edge.
94 95
-
Terrn Definition
" '5 uÈ ¡
PEìotrEt{TY
ttt'-"
s0uTll '
CAR0LINA
fÏ{t
97 IN ^ÑrHnopot-osY'
II.ROLINA
96 INA 29.¿08
scLtiM'B
__T
Terrn Definition
Vertex The top, turning point, zenitln, or highest
point.
ADDENDA
9B
Occosionol Popers of the ldoho Stqte University Museum
No. The Archqeologicol Survey Sydcn of rhe Mu¡eum. By Eorl H. Swonson, Jr. 195g. p.
o.
No. 2
ï'Jf:i!lläi,=:l!'s,in'+LffÊi'¡"?i'":iJ:"'.t"'"i';,1't3;"'"
Bryon. 1959. O. P.
R'äi,l 3;.j'f,ili
No. 3 Federsl lndion Lond Policy ond the FoÉ Holf lndlonr. By SollyJeon Loidlow. 1960. O. p.
No. 4 Geology of the Lovo Hot Springr Arco, ldoho. By Dovid Mortin Schworze. l9ó0. gl.oo.
No. 5 The old cordilleron Gulrure in rhe Pocific Norrhve¡I. By B. Robert Butler. l9ó1. o. p.
No. l0 The Fir¡t Conference of We¡tern Archoeolooi¡t¡ o¡ Proble¡ng of Point Typology. By Eorl H.
Swonson, Jr., ond B. Robert Butler. 1962. NC.
No. ll An Archoeologicol survey of NoÉhern Puget sound. ByAlon Lyle Bryon. ¡9ó3. $2.00.
No. 12 suwev svsrern ofthe univerrity Museum. By Eorr H.
!;,."ïr:::j?:Ëåä:fitåârchoeorosicor
No. 13 Birch Creek Poperr No. l. An Archaeologicol Reconnoi¡¡once in the Birch Creek Vollev of
Eo¡tern ldoho. By Eorl H. Swonson, Jr., ónd Alon Lyle Bryon. 1964. $1.00.
No. 14 Birch Creek Popers No. 2. Notursl ond Gulturol Strotigroohy in the Birch Creek Vollev of
Eostern ldoho. By Eorl H. Swonson, Jr., B. Robert Butler, ónd Robson Sonnichsen. Íió4.
$2.00.
No. 15 Contribution¡ to the Prehi¡tory of Voncouver l¡lond. By Kotherine H. Copes. l9ó4. $2.00.
No. 17 Birct Creek Poperr No. 3. The Archoeology of the Shoup Rock¡hetter¡ in Eo¡t Centrol ldoho.
8y Eorl H. Swonson, Jr,, ond Poul G. Sneed. l9óó. $2.00.
No. 20 Archoeologicol Tests in the Lower Grond Coulee, Woshington. By Douglos Osborne. l9ó7.
$3.00.
No. 2l The Noture of the Centrol Andeon Preceromic. ByThomos F. Lynch. 1967, g2.OO,
No. 22 Utoztekon Prehistoty. Edited by- Eorl H. Swonson, Jr. 1969.94.00 except to Greot Bosin An-
thropologicol members, then 92.00.
No. 23 Stylistic Locoles orrd Ethnogrophic Groups: petroglyphs of the lower Snoke River. By Poul
Edword Nesbitt. l9ó8. $1.00.
No. 24 The Yiew From wenos: A Study ln Ploteou Prehirtory. By cloude N. worren, l9ó8. 92.00.
No. 25 Archoo¡logicol Excovotions in Willow Creek Conyon, Southeostern ldoho, 1966. By Williom
Roger Powers. l9ó9. $2.00.
No. 2ó Excovotions ot Quishqui Puncu in the Cotlejon De Huoylos, Peru. By Thomos F. Lyrþh. 1970
$3.00.
No. 27 Birch Creek Popers No. 4. Strotigrophy snd Stone Tools from Meodow Conyon¡ Eo¡tefn
ldoho. By Anthony Jomes Ronere. 1971. $3.50.
No. 28 An lntroduction to Flintworking. By Don E. Crobtree. 1972. $4.00