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10th Class English Textual Grammar and Vocabulary - Our World Through English - SSC Material - Telangana State
10th Class English Textual Grammar and Vocabulary - Our World Through English - SSC Material - Telangana State
Use of Prepositions
At/In/On
Note the use of these prepositions in reference of 'Time'
At/In/To/Into
(A) At shows stationary position or existing state while In shows movement.
Examples i. She is at home.
ii. The train is in motion.
(B) At for small place, town etc. while In for big place, town, city, country etc.
Examples i. He lives at Alwar in Rajasthan.
ii. A temple is situated at Madurai in Chennai.
(C) At is used for Point of time, and In is used for Period of time.
Examples i. The train will arrive at six in the morning.
ii. He will meet you in the morning.
(D) In/Into In shows the existing state of things, while Into shows movement.
Examples i. He jumped into the river.
ii. There are three students in the class.
In can also be used as an adverb; Come in = Enter. Get in (into the train).
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10th Class English (Our World through English) – Textual Grammar – Vocabulary – Paper 1
On/Onto
On can be used for both existing position and movement.
Example (a) He was sitting on his bag.
(b) Snow fell on the hills.
With/By
With is used for instruments, and By is used for agents.
Examples (a) The snake was killed by him with a stick.
(b) The letter was written by Suresh with a pencil.
Since/For/From
Since is often used with Present Perfect or Past Perfect Tense. Since is used for point of time and
never for place, as; since 6 O'Clock /last night /last Monday/ since
morning/evening/ Monday/January/2005 etc.
Examples (a) It has been raining since two O'Clock.
(b) He had been ill since Monday.
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Beside/Besides
Beside and Besides have altogether different meanings.
Don't confuse beside with besides. beside = at the side of
Example
Between/Among
Between is normally used for 'two things or persons, but it can also be used more, when we have
a definite number in mind and there is a close relationship/ association within them.
Example
Among/Amongst
Both have the same meaning. Either of them can be used if followed by 'the'. If followed by a
word, beginning with a vowel 'amongst' be used. The use of amongst is usually found in literary
writings.
Examples
Figures of Speech
Using original figures of speech in our writing is a way to convey meanings in fresh, unexpected
ways. Figures can help our readers understand and stay interested in what we have to say.
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1. Alliteration: The repetition of an initial consonant sound. Example: She sells seashells by the
seashore.
8. Hyperbole: An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of
emphasis or heightened effect. Example: I have a ton of things to do when I get home.
4. Irony: The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a statement or
situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the
idea. Example: "Oh, I love spending big bucks," said my dad, a notorious penny pincher.
5. Metaphor: An implied comparison between two dissimilar things that have something in
common. Example: "All the world's a stage."
7. Paradox: A statement that appears to contradict itself. Example: "This is the beginning of the
end," said Eeyore, always the pessimist.
9. Pun: A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the
similar sense or sound of different words. Example: Jessie looked up from her breakfast and
said, "A boiled egg every morning is hard to beat."
10. Simile: A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally
dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common. Example: Roberto was white as a sheet
after he walked out of the horror movie.
Rhyming Scheme: Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme that comes at the end of
each verse or line in poetry.
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10th Class English (Our World through English) – Textual Grammar – Vocabulary – Paper 1
Sentence Correction:
1. Some boys was playing around a pound.
A. Some boys were playing around a pound.
2. He wanted to bought vegetables.
A. He wanted to buy vegetables.
3. He would ate all the money.
A. He would eat all the money.
4. He is very weak that he can't walk.
A. He is so weak that he can't walk.
5. A dog were walking home with his driver.
A. A dog was walking home with his driver.
6. He is an handsome boy.
A. He is a handsome boy.
7. A man was lead his donkey down a road.
A. A man was leading his donkey down a road.
8. The more he wants, the most he gets.
A. The more he wants, the more he gets.
The higher you go, the colder it gets.
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1) A bear came across a log when (a) a swarm of bees had nested to made (b) their honey. As he
snooped around, a single little bee flew out of the log in (c) protect the swarm. Knowing that the
bear would ate (d) all the honey, the little bee stung him sharply on a (e) nose and flew back into
the log.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
2) Some boys was (a) playing around a pond when they spotted a group of frogs hopping and
swimming about by (b) the water. The boys began to throw rocks at the frogs and even
completed against each other as to what (c) could hit a (d) most frogs. Sometimes the rocks hit
the
frogs very (e) hard that they died.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
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10th Class English (Our World through English) – Textual Grammar – Vocabulary – Paper 1
3) A dog were (a) walking home in (b) his dinner, a large slab of meat, in his mouth. On his way
home, he walking (c) by a river. Looking in the river, he saw another dog with an (d) handsome
chunk of meat in his mouth. "I want that meat, too," thought the dog, and he snapped at the dog
to grab his meat who (e) caused him to drop his dinner in the river.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
4) A man was lead (a) his donkey down a road, why (b) the donkey got free and ran to the edge
of high cliff. The man ran as fast as he could to the donkey and grabbed his tail in (c) stop the
donkey from going off the edge of a (d) cliff. But the donkey was stubborn ; the more the man
tried to stop him, the most (e) the donkey pulled the other way.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
5) A young fox saw a lion for the very first time. He were (a) so frightened by the appearance of
a (b) great beast that he ran away as fast as he could. The second time he see (c) the lion, he
hid behind a large rock or (d) peeped out to see the lion. The third time he saw the lion, he went
straight up on (e) him and said "Hello, Mr. Lion."
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
6) A lion laid (a) asleep in the forest, his great head resting on his paws. A timid little Mouse
come (b) upon him unexpectedly, and in her fright and haste to get away, ran across the lion's
nose. Awaken from his nap, the angry lion laid his huge paw in (c) the tiny creature to kill her.
"Spare me!" begged the poor Mouse. "Please let me go and some day I will surely repays (d)
you. "The lion was much amused to think that a mouse could ever help him. But he was
generous yet (e) finally let the mouse go.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
7) An ass found a lion's skin left in the forest by a hunter. He dressed herself (a) in it, and
amused himself by hiding in a thicket and rushing out suddenly at the animals who (b) passed
that way. All took to their heels the moment they saw him. The ass was so pleased to see the
animals running away for (c) him, just as if he was (d) the king lion himself, that he could not
keep from expressing his delight by a loud, harsh bray. A fox, who ran with the rest, stoped (e)
short as soon as he heard the voice.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
8) A fox was caught in a trap one fine morning, so (a) he had got too near the farmer's house. No
doubt he was hunger (b), but that was not a (c) excuse for stealing. A cock, rising early,
discovered that (d) had happened. He knew the fox could not get at him, so he went a little close
(e) to get a good look at his enemy.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
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10th Class English (Our World through English) – Textual Grammar – Vocabulary – Paper 1
9) A pack of wolves lurked near the sheep pasture. But the dogs kept them all to (a) a respectful
distance, and the sheep grazed in perfect safety. But now the wolves thought of a plan with (b)
trick the sheep."Why is their (c) always this hostility between us?" they said, "If it were not for
those dogs what (d) are always stirring up trouble, I am sure we should got (e) along beautifully.
Send them away and you will see what good friends we shall become."
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
10) The North Wind and the Sun had a quarrel about who (a) of them was the stronger. While
they was (b) disputing with much heat and bluster, a traveller passing (c) along the road wrapped
in a cloak. "Let us agree," said the Sun, "That he is the stronger who can strip that traveller of his
clock." "Very well," growled the North Wind, and in (d) once sent an (e) cold, howling blast
against the traveller.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
11) The wind and the sun argued one day over who (a) one was the stronger. Spotting a man
travelling on the road, they sported a challenge to see which one could removing (b) the coat
from the man's back a (c) quickest. The wind began. He blow (d) strong gusts of air, so strong
that the man could barely walk against them. But the man clutched his coat tight against him.
The wind blew harder and longer, and the harder the wind blew, the tighter the man held her (e)
coat against him.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
12) A wolf troubled his prey one day. He ate so fiercely and hungrily that a bone got lodged in
her (a) throat, causing him grievous pain. He howled and howled in agony and offered a rich
reward to anyone whose (b) could remove the bone. A crane passing by considered a (c) money,
and after seeing the wolf and hearing him scream in such pain, took pity upon him. She used her
long thin bill to reached (d) down his throat and remove the bone. And after removing the bone,
she asked the wolf of (e) the promised reward.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
13) A young fox see (a) a lion for the very first time. He was so frightened by the appearance to
(b) the great beast that he ran away as fast as he could. The second time he saw a (c) lion, he hid
infront of (d) a large rock and peeped out to see the lion. The third time he saw the lion, he went
straight up to him, but (e) said, "Hello, Mr. Lion."
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
14) Some boys were playing around a pond which (a) they spotted a group of frogs hopping and
swimming about over (b) the water. The boys began to threw (c) stones at the frogs and even
competed against each other as to what (d) could hit the most frogs. Sometimes the stones hit
the frogs so hard that they died. Finally one frog hoped (e) upon a lily pad. "Please stop," he
pleaded, "What may seem just fun to you is death to us."
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15) One day a lion was waken from his afternoon nap by the (a) group of mice scurrying all
about him. He lifted her (b) huge paw upon one the little creatures. The mouse pleaded for mercy
from the stately beast. The lion took compassion upon the tiny mice (c) and released him. A few
days latter (d), the lion became trapped in a hunter's net. His roars made the whole forest tremble.
The little mouse whom (e) life was spared approached the lion in the snare and used his sharp
little teeth to gnaw the strong ropes until the lion was free.
a) ................... b) ................... c) ................... d) ................... e) ...................
ANSWERS
1) a) where b) make c) to d) eat e) the
2) a) were b) in c) who d) the e) so
3) a) was b) with c) walked d) a e) which
4) a) leading b) when c) to d) the e) more
5) a) was b) the c) saw d) and e) to
6) a) lay b) came c) on d) repay e) and
7) a) himself b) which c) from d) were e) stopped
8) a) because b) hungry c) an d) what e) closer
9) a) at b) to c) there d) which e) get
10) a) which b) were c) passed d) at e) a
11) a) which b) remove c) the d) blew e) his
12) a) his b) who c) the d) reach e) about
13) a) saw b) of c) the d) behind e) and
14) a) when b) in c) throw d) who e) hopped
15) a) a b) his c) mouse d) later e) whose
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A. Man told woman that she was doing a survey on shopping habits.
6. She said, "I have seen this film"
A. She said that she had seen that film.
7. He said, "I am hungry"
A. He said that he was hungry.
8. My uncle said, "I will go to London next year".
A. My uncle said that he would go to London the following year.
9. They said, "we were watching T.V."
A. They said that they had been watching T.V.
10. Malathi said to Harathi, "I did not go to college yesterday".
A. Malathi told Harathi that she had n't gone to college the previous day.
11. Krishna said to Iswarya, "I met your father yesterday".
A. Krishna told Iswarya that he had met her father the previous day.
12. Soumya said to Sarala "You are studying well"
A. Soumya told Sarala that she was studying well.
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10th Class English (Our World through English) – Textual Grammar – Vocabulary – Paper 1
A. There was nobody in the village to carry the auther's luggage because everybody was
engaged in some important work.
4. You may not attend the class. You don't want to come again. (Combine using "if")
A. You may not attend the class if you don't want to come again.
5. The boy was about to come down the stairs. Then it crumbled down. ( "When")
A. When the boy was about to come down the stairs, it crumbled down.
6. There were freezing temperatures. They trekked for hours.( "Inspite of")
A. In spite of freezing temperatures, they trekked for hours.
7. It's an interesting city. We are going to visit it again.(" such - that")
A. It is such an interesting story that we are going to visit it again.
8. We booked a holiday. We had very little money.(Combine the sentences using "Although")
A. We booked a holiday although we had very little money.
9. The tour guide was informative. We didn't need to read our guide book.( "so - that")
A. The tour guide was so informative that we didn't need to read our guide book.
10. Jainulabdeen had no formal education and wealth. (" neither - nor")
A. Jainulabdeen had neither formal education nor wealth.
11. The continental dimensions of the country account for the variations and diversities. There
are several religious sets and beliefes. (Combine the sentences using "Besides")
A. Besides there being several religious sets and beliefs, the continental dimensions of
the country account for the variations and diversities.
12. Preachers preach many good things. Many of them don't practice when they preach.
( "However")
A. Preachers preach many good things, however many of them don't practise what they
preach.
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6. Bio-Diversity
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Phrasal Verbs
Go about ( ph.r v) : tackle
Fight over (phr. v) : argue about something
Trailed off ( phr v) : became gradually quieter and stopped
Broke down (phr v) : lost control of feelings and started crying
ANTONYMS
Exotic x indigenous
Ominous x auspicious
Barren x fertile
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seers (n) : people who claims that they can see what is going to happen in the future
Piety (n) : showing a deep respect for
ANTONYMS
Ancestor x descendant
Orthodox x heterodox
Optimism x pessimism
Generosity x stinginess
Sacred x unholy, profane, secular
Rigid x flexible
Synthesis x analysis
8. Human Rights:
Be flanked by (v) : to have something on one or both sides
Sturdy (adj) : strong and healthy
Hazel (adj) : reddish/greenish brown
Imperiously (adv) : haughtily
Shuffled (v) : to walk by dragging (one's feet) slowly along
Bidding (n) : ordering
At one's beck and call : (idiom) be ready to do what someone asks
Stride (v) : to walk with long steps
Abjectly (adv) : completely without pride
Impute (v) : claim that someone has done something unjustly
SYNONYMS
Coarse : crude, impure, rough, unpurified
Elegant : polished, refined, graceful
Zeal : ardour, cordially, devotion, eagerness
Wail : bemoan, deplore, lament, mourn, cry, weep
ANTONYMS
Tender x hard, strong Zeal x apathy
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These days many companies try to drive a hard bargain with their customers.
28. get rid of : make free of something or somebody that is annoying
Some people are terribly boring. Every one tries to get rid of such persons.
29. give way : stop resisting ; agree to something one doesn't want to ;
She refused to give way on any of the points.
30. at length : for a long time and in detail ;
We have been discussing this topic at length.
31. on purpose : deliberately ; intentionally ;
He opened the topic on purpose.
32. took by surprise : shocked
He decision to join Army took his family by surprise.
33. at a loss : not knowing what to do
All the students were at a loss as the examination dates were announced at such a short
notice.
Bionomial Expressions
These pairs of words joined by a conjunction 'and' are called 'binomials'. In these expressions,
the word order never changes. For example, we say 'near and dear' and not 'dear and near'.
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• a child
• an elephant
• a television
• My shirt is dirty.
• This car is expensive.
• One person is in the reception.
3. We use ONE (or more) instead of A/AN when the number is important.
A is used when the next word begins with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k etc).
• a book
• a table
• a clock
• a university (because the beginning of university sounds like YOU-niversity)
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10th Class English (Our World through English) – Textual Grammar – Vocabulary – Paper 1
AN is used when the next word begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).
• an apple
• an elephant
• an umbrella
• an hour (because the H is silent
• There is a lamp in my bedroom. (we mention the lamp for the first time)
• The lamp is next to the desk.
3. Musical instruments (the violin, the guitar, the drums, the flute, the piccolo).
• the sun
• the moon
• the internet.
5. Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and deserts (always in capitals).
• the west
• the south-east
• the north-west.
No Article
We use no article with:
1. When we refer to general ideas, plurals or uncountable nouns we do not use THE.
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10th Class English (Our World through English) – Textual Grammar – Vocabulary – Paper 1
• Cape Town
• Montana
• Vietnam
(Exceptions – The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The Philippines).
4. Lakes, single islands, continents or mountains.
• Lake Victoria
• Jamaica
• Asia
• Mt Fuji
5. Planets
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
6. Sports or games
• soccer
• tennis
• skiing
• monopoly
7. Meals
• breakfast
• lunch
• dinner
• supper
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