CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

A nozzle is a device which is used to give the direction to the gases

coming out of the combustion chamber. Nozzle is a tube which has a
capacity to convert the thermo-chemical energy generated in the combustion
chamber into kinetic energy.

The nozzle converts the low velocity, high pressure, high temperature
gas in the combustion chamber into high velocity gas of lower pressure and
low temperature. A convergent divergent nozzle is used if the nozzle
pressure ratio is high.

High performance engines in supersonic aircrafts generally

incorporate some form of a convergent-divergent nozzle. Our analysis is
carried using software’s like Ansys Workbench for designing of the nozzle
and Fluent 15.0 for analyzing the flows in the nozzle.

In the present days there is a huge development in Aerospace

Engineering for in various prospects. Extensive research is being carried out
in the fields like civil and defense prospects.

The virtualization is one of the major developments in the field of

research, which has revolutionized Aerospace engineering, along with all
other branches. The computational techniques are being used widely for
getting better results, which are close to experimental techniques.

1
 The flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle is one of the
benchmark problems used for modelling the compressible flow through
computational fluid dynamics.

In this paper CFD analysis of a convergent divergent rocket nozzle is

done by varying the number of divisions in Mesh and obtaining results for
various parameters like pressure, temperature, properties, wall fluxes, Mesh,
velocity and adaption.

Nozzle is used to convert the chemical-thermal energy generated in

the combustion chamber into kinetic energy. The nozzle converts the low
velocity, high-pressure, high temperature gas in the combustion chamber
into high velocity gas of lower pressure and temperature.

Swedish engineer of French descent who, in trying to develop a more

efficient steam engine, designed a turbine that was turned by jets of steam.
The critical component the one in which heat energy of the hot high-pressure
steam from the boiler was converted into kinetic energy was the nozzle from
which the jet blew onto the wheel?

De Laval found that the most efficient conversion occurred when the
nozzle first narrowed, increasing the speed of the jet to the speed of sound,
and then expanded again.

Above the speed of sound (but not below it) this expansion caused a
further increase in the speed of the jet and led to a very efficient conversion
of heat energy to motion.

2
 CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Computational Fluid Dynamics, Abdulnaser Sayma.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) This chapter focuses on

computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The array of examples illustrates how
computational fluid dynamics has evolved through decades of rigorous
development of numerical techniques. CFD computation involves the
generation of a set of numbers or digits that provides a realistic
approximation of a real-life fluid system. The main benefit of learning CFD
is to gain experience and a thorough understanding of the flow physics, and
the fundamentals of the numerical techniques and models. Additionally,
practical guidelines for good operating practice are needed to increase
competency in the use of this powerful tool. This chapter addresses all of the
aforementioned issues to better equip the reader with the necessary
background material for a good understanding of the internal workings
inside a CFD code, and its successful operation. More recently, CFD is
revolutionizing the teaching and learning of fluid mechanics and thermal
science in higher education institutions through visualization of complex
fluid flows. Development of some CFD-based educational software
packages such as Flow Lab by ANSYS have allowed students to visually
reinforce the concepts of fluid flow and heat transfer through a “Virtual
Fluids Laboratory.” This software also allows teachers to create their own

3
examples or customize predefined existing ones. Using carefully constructed
examples, students are introduced to the effective use of CFD for solving
fluid-flow problems and can instinctively develop an intuitive feel for the
flow physics.

[2] Design and Analysis of Rocket Engine Nozzle by using CFD and
Optimization of Nozzle parameters, International Journal of
Engineering Research

P. Prathiban, M. Robert Sagayadoss, T. Ambikapathi, Vol.3.Issue.5.

2015 (Sept.-Oct.).

This paper is dealing with the design of Thrust Vectoring Nozzle

using CFD analysis for 2D nozzle design on which flow takes place at
Subsonic speed and it is analyzed to the variation in various deflection angle
and Flow Parameters. Flow Parameters such as Pressure, velocity and mass
flow rate are noted and Thrust generation will be calculated with the help of
this Flow parameters. Same procedure is repeated for different deflection
angle of nozzle. Main objective of this paper is to optimize the effectiveness
of Deflection angle in the TVC Nozzle. Hence calculated numerical values
are used to plot the graph between Deflection anglesvs. Thrust. Another
Graph which graphically represents the proportionality between the
difference in Thrust and Deflection angle of Nozzle. Hence effectiveness of
Deflection angle is optimized to increase the application of Thrust Vectoring
in Subsonic Aircrafts.

4
[3] Analysis of Dual Bell Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid
Dynamics

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and

Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 Balaji Krushna.P, P.
SrinivasaRao, B. Balakrishna.

The vent or opening is called nozzle. The objectives are to measure

the flow rates and pressure distributions within the converging and diverging
nozzle under different exit and inlet pressure ratios. Analytic results will be
used to contrast the measurements for the pressure and normal shock
locations. In this paper computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of
various performance parameters like static pressure, the Mach number,
intensity of turbulence, the area ratio are studied in detail for a rocket nozzle
from Inlet to exit by using Ansys Fluent software. From the public literature
survey, the geometry co-ordinates are taken. The throat diameter and exit
and diameter are same for all nozzles. After the simulation the results
revealed that the divergence angle varies the Mach number and other
performance parameters also varies. For smaller nozzle angle the discharge
coefficient increases with increasing pressure ratio until the choked
condition is reached for varying the divergence angle.

5
[4] Dual-Bell Nozzles for Rocket Engines of Launch Vehicle Upper
Stages and Orbital Transfer Vehicles

AIAA Paper 97-3089, 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion

Conference & Exhibit,USA, Luglio, Dumonov, G., Ponomaryov, N.B. and
Voinov, A.L.,(1997)``.

In order to evaluate the impact of dual bell nozzles on the payload

mass delivered into geostationary transfer orbit, detailed studies were
conducted. Here, the main stage of the standard Ariane 5 ECA configuration
was adapted using a redesigned Vulcain 2 rocket engine with dual bell
nozzle extension. For this reason, a multitude of potential dual bell nozzle
contours were designed.

As the most upstream starting point of the dual bell nozzle extension
the position of the turbine exhaust gas injection was chosen. Restrictions for
nozzle expansion ratio and nozzle length were given by the launch pad
geometry ELA 3 of Centre Spatial Guyana is (CSG) launch site in French
Guiana. The two main variation parameters in this study were the starting
point and the inflection angle of the dual bell nozzle extension. For each
geometry, characteristic parameters e.g. spe-cific impulse in sea-level and in
altitude mode were evaluated. Considering this parameter an analytical and a
numerical method were applied to predict the impact of the dual bell nozzle
on the payload mass gain.

The analytical approach derives the velocity increment, ∆v for a

standard Ariane 5 ECA ascent, based on the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.
The obtained ∆v was compared with the ∆v of the modified Ariane 5 ECA

6
including the designed dual bell nozzles. Assuming a constant velocity
increment for all configurations, the payload mass gain was determined. A
simple correlation for the estimation of payload mass gain was found.

The numerical approach was conducted applying DLRs trajectory

simulation code TOSCA-TS.To include the additional structure mass due to
the new nozzle extension in the calculations, the mass of all configurations
was estimated. Both procedures yield good agreement for the calculated
payload mass increase. The payload gain was evaluated to approximately
450 kg into geostationary transfer orbit.

[5] Analysis of Flow in Convergent-divergent rocket engine nozzle using

Computational Fluid Dynamics

International Conference of Scientific Paper Afases 2015 Brasov, 28-30

May 2015, Bogdan-Alexandru Beluga, Tung Duc Nguyen.

CFD is a branch of Fluid Mechanics which rely on numerical methods and

algorithms to solve and analyze problem that involves fluid flow. CFD
analysis has been conducted to analyze flow pattern of supersonic rocket
nozzle at various degree of divergent angle, Mach numbers etc. This paper
aims to study the behavior of flow in convergent divergent nozzle by
analyzing various parameters like pressure, temperature and velocity using
computational fluid dynamics software(C.F.D).These results were further
plotted comparing them with analytical values.

7
[6] Advanced Nozzle Concepts for Future Rocket Engine Applications

4th International Conference on Launcher Technology, Liege, Belgium,

Hageman, G., Immich, H. and Preuss, A,(3-6 December 2002,).

An innovative technical solution that overcomes the limitation

induced by flow separation phenomena and allows increasing the vacuum-
specific impulse of a main stage rocket engine is presented. After reviewing
the open technical literature on flow separation and advance nozzles design,
the newly proposed concept is extensively presented. Three-dimensional
computational fluid dynamics analyses and experimental results (cold gas
subscale models) demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple device, adaptable
to any bell-shaped nozzle and which provides a solution to the flow
separation issue, while increasing vacuum-specific impulse performances for
booster and main stage engines. Moreover, this new concept gives rise to a
wider engine-throttling range, even at low altitude, without incurring flow
separation and associated side loads. Experimental data show a potential for
favorable behavior even during transient phases, allowing significant
reduction on transient side-loads activity. Finally, three-dimensional
computational fluid dynamics computations have been extended to the hot
tiring case (chemically reactive hydrogen/oxygen propellants), both in
steady-state and transient conditions. The results show the suitability of the
proposed concept for application To real rocket engines.

8
[7] CFD Analysis of a Rocket Nozzle with Two Inlets at Mach

Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol 5, No 2,

2010, (pp 308-321) K.M.Pandey and S.K.Yadav,

In this work CFD investigation of weight and temperature for a rocket

spout with four channels at Mach 2.1 is examined with the assistance of
familiar programming. at the point when the fuel and air enter in the ignition
chamber as indicated by the x and y plot, it is smoldering because of high
speed and temperature and afterward temperature increments quickly in
burning chamber and joined a portion of the spout and after that temperature
diminishes in the way out some portion of the spout. It is deduced in this
paper Four gulf rocket spout is having preferred execution over single
channel and two deltas as seen from the past exploration work done.

[8] Computational Analysis of Shockwave in Convergent Divergent

Nozzle,

International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications

(IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2012, pp.1597-
1605. P, Padma Nathan, Dr. S. Vaidya Nathan.

In this paper the main focus was given to convergent nozzle where both the
experimental and numerical calculations were carried out with the support of
standardized literature. In the recent years the field of air breathing and non-
air breathing engine developments significantly increase its performance. To
enhance the performance of both the type of engines the nozzle is the one of

9
the component which will play a vital role, especially selecting the type of
nozzle depends upon the vehicle speed requirement and aerodynamic
behavior at most important in the field of propulsion.

The convergent nozzle flow experimental analysis done using scaled

apparatus and the similar setup was arranged artificially in the ANSYS
software for doing the flow analysis across the convergent nozzle. The
consistent calculation analysis are done based on the public literature survey
to validate the experimental and numerical simulation results of convergent
nozzle. Using these two experimental and numerical simulation approaches
the best fit results will bring up to meet the design requirements. However,
the comparison also made to meet the reliability of the work on design
criteria of convergent nozzle which can entrench in the field of propulsion
applications.

[9] Flow Analysis of Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid

Dynamics (Cfd)

International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications

(IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012,
pp.1226-1235. Natta, Pardhasaradhi. Kumar, V. Ranjith; Rao, Dr. Y.V.
Hanumantha.

Having its specific flow characteristics, a convergent divergent nozzle

finds its applications in various field such as aerospace technology, chemical
and power plant also. Thus, it is required to know flow phenomenon

10
associated with convergent divergent nozzles to utilize their capabilities to
their fullest. In this paper 2-d axial symmetric flow analysis for compressible
flow through a convergent -divergent nozzle is carried out with the help of
Computational Fluid Dynamics tools (Gambit 2.4.0.0 and Fluent 14.5 for
modelling and analysis respectively). The problem is solved by standard K-
epsilon turbulent model. The contours and vectors are drawn for pressure,
velocity, temperature and Mach number to ascertain out the design condition
for convergent - divergent nozzles. Key words: convergent divergent nozzle,
fluent, Gambit.

[10] CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of

Divergence with Fluent Software

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol.

1, No. 2, August 2010, ISSN: 2010-0221. Pandey, K.M.; Singh, A.P.

Tunnels have very severe air quality constraints that typically require
good ventilation system. The process of removing air from any space by
mechanical means is known as evacuation. Evacuation of exhaust and smoke
in case of fire emergencies is very necessary to bring in fresh air as it leads
to pressure and temperature build up which causes discomfort to the
passengers travelling especially in long tunnels. Generally, in longitudinal
ventilation, a jet blower fan enclosed in a cylindrical casing is used for
ventilation. These jet fans accelerate the air by imparting it an impulse in the
desired direction. The main aim is to optimize the design and replace the jet
blower fan cylindrical enclosure by a CD Nozzle. The suction fan along with

11
rotor is exactly placed at the throat of the nozzle. The modeling is done
using CATIA V5 software and CFD flow and modal analysis is carried out
using ANSYS V 15.0. Various parameters like pressure, temperature,
density, humidity and mass flow rate of air are measured and compared with
the conventional model by experimentation and the results are validated.

12
 CHAPTER – 3

NOZZLE

A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-

di nozzle) is a tube that is pinched in the middle, making a carefully
balanced, asymmetric hourglass shape. It is used to accelerate a hot,
pressurized gas passing through it to a higher supersonic speed in the axial
(thrust) direction, by converting the heat energy of the flow into kinetic
energy. Because of this, the nozzle is widely used in some types of steam
turbines and rocket engine nozzles. It also sees use in supersonic jet engines.

Similar flow properties have been applied to jet streams within astrophysics.

History

Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics)the nozzle

was developed by Swedish inventor Gustaf de Laval in 1888 for use on a
steam turbine.

This principle was first used in a rocket engine by Robert Goddard.

Most modern rocket engines that employ hot gas combustion use de Laval
nozzles.

Operation
Its operation relies on the different properties of gases flowing at
subsonic and supersonic speeds. The speed of a subsonic flow of gas will
increase if the pipe carrying it narrows because the mass flow rate is

13
constant. The gas flow through a de Laval nozzle is isentropic (gas entropy
is nearly constant). In a subsonic flow the gas is incompressible, and sound
will propagate through it. At the "throat", where the cross-sectional area is at
its minimum, the gas velocity locally becomes sonic (Mach number = 1.0), a
condition called choked flow. As the nozzle cross-sectional area increases,
the gas begins to expand, and the gas flow increases to supersonic velocities,
where a sound wave will not propagate backwards through the gas as viewed
in the frame of reference of the nozzle (Mach number > 1.0).

Conditions for operation

A de Laval nozzle will only choke at the throat if the pressure and
mass flow through the nozzle is sufficient to reach sonic speeds, otherwise
no supersonic flow is achieved, and it will act as a Venturi tube; this requires
the entry pressure to the nozzle to be significantly above ambient at all times
(equivalently, the stagnation pressure of the jet must be above ambient).

In addition, the pressure of the gas at the exit of the expansion portion
of the exhaust of a nozzle must not be too low. Because pressure cannot
travel upstream through the supersonic flow, the exit pressure can be
significantly below the ambient pressure into which it exhausts, but if it is
too far below ambient, then the flow will cease to be supersonic, or the flow
will separate within the expansion portion of the nozzle, forming an unstable
jet that may "flop" around within the nozzle, producing a lateral thrust and
possibly damaging it.

14
 In practice, ambient pressure must be no higher than roughly 2–3
times the pressure in the supersonic gas at the exit for supersonic flow to
leave the nozzle.

Analysis of gas flow in de Laval nozzles

The analysis of gas flow through de Laval nozzles involves a number
of concepts and assumptions:
 For simplicity, the gas is assumed to be an ideal gas.
 The gas flow is isentropic (i.e., at constant entropy). As a result, the
flow is reversible (frictionless and no dissipative losses), and adiabatic
(i.e., there is no heat gained or lost).
 The gas flow is constant (i.e., steady) during the period of the
propellant burn.
 The gas flow is along a straight line from gas inlet to exhaust gas exit
(i.e., along the nozzle's axis of symmetry)
 The gas flow behavior is compressible since the flow is at very high
velocities (Mach number > 0.3).

Exhaust gas velocity

As the gas enters a nozzle, it is moving at subsonic velocities. As the

throat contracts, the gas is forced to accelerate until at the nozzle throat,
where the cross-sectional area is the smallest, the axial velocity becomes
sonic. From the throat the cross-sectional area then increases, the gas
expands and the axial velocity becomes progressively more supersonic.

The linear velocity of the exiting exhaust gases can be calculated

using the following equation.

15
Some typical values of the exhaust gas velocity ve for rocket engines
burning various propellants are:

1,700 to 2,900 m/s (3,800 to 6,500 mph) for liquid monopropellants,

2,900 to 4,500 m/s (6,500 to 10,100 mph) for liquid bipropellants,

2,100 to 3,200 m/s (4,700 to 7,200 mph) for solid propellants.

As a note of interest, ve is sometimes referred to as the ideal exhaust gas

velocity because it based on the assumption that the exhaust gas behaves as
an ideal gas.

16
 As an example calculation using the above equation, assume that the
propellant combustion gases are: at an absolute pressure entering the nozzle
p = 7.0 MPa and exit the rocket exhaust at an absolute pressure pe = 0.1
MPa; at an absolute temperature of T = 3500 K; with an isentropic
expansion factor γ = 1.22 and a molar mass M = 22 kg/kmol. Using those
values in the above equation yields an exhaust velocity ve = 2802 m/s, or
2.80 km/s, which is consistent with above typical values.

The technical literature can be very confusing because many authors

fail to explain whether they are using the universal gas law constant R,
which applies to any ideal gas, or whether they are using the gas law
constant Rs, which only applies to a specific individual gas. The relationship
between the two constants is Rs = R/M.

Nozzle function
A convergent-divergent nozzle is designed for attaining speeds that
are greater than speed of sound.The design of this nozzle is obtained from
the area-velocity relation (dA / dV) = - (A/V)(1-M^2) where M is theMach
number (which means the ratio of local speed of flow to the local speed of
sound) A is area and V is velocity.

17
Working of nozzle

A convergent-divergent nozzle is designed for attaining speeds that

are greater than speed of sound. The design of this nozzle is obtained from
the area-velocity relation (dA/dV) = - (A/V)(1-M^2) where M is the Mach
number (which means the ratio of local speed of flow to the local speed of

sound) A is area and V is velocity.

From the above fig we can observe that

a. The decrease in Area results in the increase of pressure and decrease in

velocity as seen in the above figure at the entry of the nozzle.

b. The increase in area results in increasing the velocity at the exit of the
nozzle by decreasing the pressure. Also we can find out that

i. M<1 results in subsonic speeds.

ii. M=1 results in sonic speeds.

iii. M>1 results in supersonic speeds.

One important point is that to attain supersonic speeds there is a need to

maintain favorable pressure ratios across the nozzle.

18
 CHAPTER-4
SOFTWARE USED

4.1 CREO PARAMETRIC

4.2 Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics is both interesting & challenging field for study and
research. In real world almost everywhere fluid is present. So, we need fluid
dynamics to describe or model these fluid flows. In brief any fluid flow can
be solved/Described by three basic physical law, or by three equations.
1. Continuity equation- Mass is conserved.
2. Momentum equation (Widely known as Navier-Stokes equation)-
Newton’s Second Law.
3. Energy equation- Energy is conserved.

Three ways of solving problems

Any problem/phenomena can be analyzed by three ways
Analytical/Theoretical approach- using laws/theories and associated
equations, such as using Newton’s law of viscosity to solve a fluid flow
problem, these solutions are exact. Experimental approach- do experiments
and try to understand the phenomena and relation between various variables,
such as wind tunnel experiments which helps to design and optimize
external shape of airplanes, ships, automobiles etc. Numerical approach-

19
Solve a fluid flow problem using numerical techniques. These solutions are
approximate, not exact.

4.3 What is CFD?

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a set of numerical methods

applied to obtain approximate solutions of problems of fluid dynamics and
heat transfer. So, CFD is not a science by itself, it is a way to apply the
methods of one discipline (Numerical analysis) to another (fluid flow/mass
transfer and heat transfer).
4.4 Why CFD?
CFD solutions are not exact, then why not use Analytical approach???
Experimental approach is more reliable, such as wind tunnel experiments,
why not use experimental approach instead of CFD??? CFD is used because
there are many engineering problems that can’t be solved by analytical or
Experimental approach, or it is difficult to use analytical or experimental
approach.
4.5 Difficulties in other approaches
Theoretical approach: This approach gives exact solution which is a great
advantage. But analytical solutions are only possible for a limited number of
problems, usually formulated in an artificial, idealized way. Experimental
approach: These approaches are reliable, and depict real world situations.
For example, inaerospace industries Wind Tunnel experiments are very
reliable. But sometimes these are very expensive, and sometimes these also

20
have some technical difficulties (Sometimes it takes several years before an
experiment is set up and all technical problems areResolved).

4.6 Application of CFD

CFD is a very powerful technique and spans a wide a wide range of

industrial and non-industrial applications. Some examples are –
Aerodynamics of aircrafts and vehicles:
Drag & Lift
Power plant:
Combustion in internal combustion engines & Gas turbines.
Hydrodynamics of ships
Biomedical engineering: Blood flow through arteries and veins
Environmental engineering:
Distribution of pollutants
In a nutshell, CFD is applied in almost every disciplines of
Engineering. From the 1960s onwards Aerospace industries has integrated
CFD techniques in the design, R&D, and manufacturing of Aircrafts and Jet
engines. ANSYS FLUENT ANSYS, Inc. is an engineering simulation
software (computer-aided engineering, or CAE) developer headquartered
south of Pittsburgh in the South point business park in Cecil Township,
Pennsylvania, United States. One of its most significant products is Ansys
CFD, a proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program (Source-
Wikipedia).

21
 ANSYS FLUENT is one of the most popular commercial CFD
software packages. We will use ANSYS FLUENT in this course to solve
Engineering problems. ANSYS FLUENT CFD Solver is based on the Finite
Volume method Domain is discretized into a finite number of control
volumes. General conservation (transport) for mass, momentum, energy,
species, etc. are solved on this set of control volumes

4.7 FLUENT
To solve Engineering problems using ANSYS FLUENT the necessary steps
are
(1)Pre-analysis
(2)Geometry
(3)Mesh
(4)PhysicalSetup
(5)Numerical Solution
(6)Verification &Validation

4.8 ANSYS WORKBENCH

ANSYS WORKBENCH is a Graphical User Interface(GUI) that

allows the user to use all the required tools/software from a single place.
You can access pre-processor, solver and postprocessor tools from ANSYS
WORKBENCH. You will control your Workflow between various tools
through Workbench.

22
 CHAPTER-5

METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Steps for your Simulation

Geometry:
You have to make the geometry. You can use ANSYS design modeler
software, which you can use from ANSYS WORKBENCH. You can also
use any other CAD Software you like, such as AutoCAD,Solid works,
CATIA, AutoCAD Inventor etc.

Fig 5.1 Dimensions of nozzle

Properties of pressure nozzle

Fig 5.2 Meshing In ANSYS Workbench

23
 After the modelling is completed the meshing is to be done. The
module used to perform meshing is Fluid Flow (Fluent). The meshing
method used here is Automatic Method and the mesh type is selected as All
Quad. The overrunning equations used in mesh are as follows: It is assumed
that there is a unique, single valued relationship between the generalized co-
ordinates and the physical co-ordinates which can be expressed as

This also implies that,

The functional coordinates are determined by the mesh generation

process.Given these functional relationships, the governing equations are
transformed into corresponding equations containing partial derivatives with
respect to the parametric space.For example

The inverse transformation can be written as follows:

The Poisson Equation that is solved is of the form as in the following

equations:

24
 Where P and Q are predefined functions that are used to control grid
clustering. Here in this project Meshing plays a main role, since we are
obtaining results by varying the Number of divisions in mesh .The number
ofdivisions are varied at the vertical surfaces (inlet and exit) and the inclined
surfaces (walls).

Fig 5.3 Dimension of nozzle design in ansys design modeler

25
Fig 5.4 Edge sizes number of size 30 inlet outlet

Fig 5.5 Edge sizes two number of size 20wall

26
 Fig 5.6 Mesh

These steps are pre-possessing. In this course, you don’t have to deal
with Geometry & Mesh now. These will be provided, so that you can start
from the next steps.

General setup

Where P and Q are predefined functions that are used to control grid
clustering. Here in this project meshing plays a main role, since we are
obtaining results by varying the Number of divisions in mesh .The number
ofdivisions are varied at the vertical surfaces (inlet and exit) and the inclined
surfaces (walls).

The mesh obtained initially will be unstructured mesh (fig.1) and this
cannot be used to obtain accurate results. Since the edges are prismatic the
mesh can be converted into structured meshing by using Mapped Face
Meshing. The analysis is done for five types of meshes which are obtained

27
by varying the number of divisions in mesh. The variation of the number of
divisions is done on the inlet, exit and on the walls of the nozzle. The
following is the nomenclature that is followed to mention the Number of
divisions.

N1-Number of divisions on the Inlet and exit of the nozzle

N2-Number of divisions on the inclined walls of the nozzle.

The following table provides the information about the type of mesh
associated with a particular type of number of mesh divisions over a surface.

Mesh-1 Mesh-2 Mesh-3 Mesh-4 Mesh-5

N1=10 N1=30 N1=50 N1=70 N1=90
N2=10 N2=20 N2=30 N2=40 N2=50
Mesh-1

N1=10,N2=10

Fig 5.7 Mesh- 2

28
N1=30, N2=20

Fig 5.8 Mesh-3

N1=50,N2= 30

Fig 5.9 Mesh-4

N1=70,N2= 40

29
 Fig 5.10 Mesh-5

N1=90,N2= 50

Fig 5.11 Boundary Conditions

1. Mass flow inlet

2. Outlet

3. Walls

30
 Simulation of Convergent Divergent Rocket Nozzle using CFD
Analysis Specification of the boundary zones has to be done in
WORKBENCH only, as there is no possibility to specify the boundary zones
in FLUENT. Therefore proper care has to be taken while defining the
boundary conditions in WORKBENCH. With all the zones defined properly
the mesh is exported to the solver. The solver used in this problem is
ANSYS FLUENT. The exported mesh file is read in Fluent for solving the
problem.

5.2 SOLVING

31
 FLUENT analysis is carried out on nozzle at different meshing
conditions. Analysis Procedure The same procedure is followed for all the 5
types of mesh and the results are validated.

Fig 5.12 Solving Select material fluid change the density

to ideal gas

Select material fluid change the density to ideal gas. The

select viscosity to Sutherland. Boundary condition.

32
Fig 5.13 Select pressure inlet

Fig 5.14 Select pressure outlet

33
 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS&DISCUSSION

Pressure
N1=10,N2=10

Velocity
N1=10,N2=10

34
Pressure
N1=30,N2=20

Velocity
N=30.N=20

35
Pressure
N=50,N= 30

Velocity

36
N=50,N= 30

Pressure
N=70,N= 40

37
Velocity
N=70,N= 40

Pressure
N=90,N= 50

38
Velocity
N=90,N= 50

39
The results obtained for the pressure at each type of mesh are as
follows.
Mesh Min value(pa) Min value(pa)
1 -8.629 2.88
2 -8.712 2.919
3 -8.772 2.935
4 -8.872 2.943
5 8.928 2.950

The maximum value of the pressure increases from Mesh 1 to Mesh 5

gradually. The maximum value at mesh1 is 2.88 and the value is increased at
mesh 5 as 2.950
The results obtained for the velocity at each type of mesh are as
follows.
Mesh Min value(m/s) Min value(m/s)
1 1.156 6.063
2 1.523 6.094
3 1.529 6.115
4 1.532 6.128
5 1.533 6.131

The maximum value of the velocity increases from Mesh 1 to Mesh 5

gradually. The maximum value at mesh1 is 6.063 and the value is increased
at mesh 5 as 6.131

40
Plots
Pressure plot

Fig 6.1 Pressure plot

41
Fig 6.2 Velocity- mach number

42
 CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

A nozzle model was developed to determine the pressure, velocity in

it. Various steps of the model were validated with good accordance with the

experimental data and numerical results found in the literature. The contours

of the above mentioned parameters are found after analyzing the model

successfully in the solver. Also the minimum and maximum values of all the

parameters at all the five types of mesh are tabulated.

43
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45