2.

Air Utility

Air is used in our plants for drying process and for pneumatic transfer. In the
drying process, hot air is used to remove water until desired quantity in the crumb
rubber. To know the amount of air used for drying process, we must state the inlet and
outlet water composition in the rubber stream and the temperature of air entering and
leaving the dryer. The air that we will use for this utility is taken from surrounding
atmospheric air. This atmospheric air will then be compressed, because instrument air
is generally required at 7-8 bar pressure. But because the surrounding air contains
impurities, the air needs to be filtered first before entering the air compressor to
minimize the impurities that will cause damage such as corrosion to the compressor.

Air used to remove water content from 100% until 0% in our product. It is
assumed that there are no heat loss on dryer. To calculate the amount of air needed in
the dryer, we used this formula of moisture balance

𝐺 𝐻2 + 𝐿𝑠1 𝑋1 = 𝐺 𝐻1 + 𝐿𝑠2 𝑋2

Where,

G = air flow rate (kg/hour)

H2 = humidity of drying air at 200°C = 0,01204 kJ/kg

Ls = flow rate of solid (kg/hour)

X1 = water content in solid inlet

H1 = humidity of drying air at outlet temperature

X2 = water content in solid outlet

So the equation became

𝐺 (0,01204) + 67,9 (1) = 𝐺 𝐻1 + 57,8 (0)

0,01204𝐺 + 67,9 = 𝐺 𝐻1
0,01204𝐺 + 67,9 67,9
𝐻1 = = 0,01204 +
𝐺 𝐺
To obtain value of G, we use heat balance equation (Geankoplis, 1997)
𝐺 𝐻𝐺2 + 𝐿𝑠1 𝐻𝑆1 = 𝐺 𝐻𝐺1 + 𝐿𝑠2 𝐻𝑆2

 Calculating air enthalpy

HG2 is enthalpy of air entering dryer, and can be calculated from this equation

𝐻𝐺2 = 𝐶𝑠 (𝑇𝐺2 − 𝑇𝑜 ) + 𝐻2 𝜆𝑜

CS is the humid heat, from Geankoplis we know that CS = 1,005 + 1,88 H2. We
use the temperature reference of 25°C so the value of latent heat (λ0) is 2442,5
kJ/kg (Reklatis, 1983)

𝐻𝐺2 = [1,005 + 1,88(0,01204)](200 − 25) + (0,01204)(2442,5)

𝐻𝐺2 = 209,24 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

HG1 is enthalpy of air leaving dryer, and can be calculated from this equation

𝐻𝐺1 = 𝐶𝑠 (𝑇𝐺1 − 𝑇𝑜 ) + 𝐻1 𝜆𝑜

CS is the humid heat, from Geankoplis we know that CS = 1,005 + 1,88 H1. We
use the temperature reference of 25°C so the value of latent heat (λ0) is 2442,5
kJ/kg (Reklatis, 1983)

𝐻𝐺1 = [1,005 + 1,88(𝐻1 )](90 − 25) + 𝐻1 (2442,5)

𝐻𝐺1 = 65,325 + 2564,7𝐻1
67,9
𝐻𝐺1 = 65,325 + 2564,7 (0,01204 + )
𝐺
174143,13
𝐻𝐺1 = 65,325 + 30,879 +
𝐺
174143,13
𝐻𝐺1 = 96,204 +
𝐺
 Calculating solid enthalpy
The enthalpy of solid entering the dryer
Define the Cps :
A = 3,405x102
B = 3,782x10-2
C = -10846,405
298
𝐶𝑝𝑠 = ∫ 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 −2 𝑑𝑇
373
298
𝐶𝑝𝑠 = ∫ (3,405𝑥102 + (3,782𝑥10−2 )𝑇 + (−10846,405)𝑇 −2 𝑑𝑇
373

𝐶𝑝𝑠 = 26481,83
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝐻𝑆1 = 𝐶𝑝𝑠 (𝑇𝑠1 − 𝑇𝑜 ) + 𝑋1 𝐶𝑝𝐴 (𝑇𝑠1 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝐻𝑆1 = 26481,83(100 − 25) + 1(4,178)(100 − 25)
𝐻𝑆1 = 1986181,119 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

The enthalpy of solid leaving the dryer

Define the Cps :
A = 3,405x102
B = 3,782x10-2
C = -10846,405
298
𝐶𝑝𝑠 = ∫ 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 −2 𝑑𝑇
373
298
𝐶𝑝𝑠 = ∫ (3,405𝑥102 ) + (3,782𝑥10−2 )𝑇 + (−10846,405)𝑇 −2 𝑑𝑇
363

𝐶𝑝𝑠 = 22212,28
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝐻𝑆2 = 𝐶𝑝𝑠 (𝑇𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑜 ) + 𝑋12 𝐶𝑝𝐴 (𝑇𝑠1 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝐻𝑆2 = 22212,28(90 − 25) + 0(4,178)(90 − 25)
𝐻𝑆2 = 1443798,2 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
So from the heat balance equation we get
𝐺 𝐻𝐺2 + 𝐿𝑠1 𝐻𝑆1 = 𝐺 𝐻𝐺1 + 𝐿𝑠2 𝐻𝑆2
𝐺 (209,24) + (67,9)(1986181,119)
174143,13
= 𝐺 (96,204 + ) + (57,92)(1443798,2)
𝐺
209,24𝐺 + 134861698 = 96,204𝐺 + 83798934,87
113,036𝐺 =

We get the value of G = 658,172 kg air/hour

Enthalpy
LiMn2O4 Air (kj/kg dry air)
In Out In Out
209,24