; LIPIDS Anica referred to as fats, compossimey of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Are ‘primary_sources of fuel, they provide stability to cell membrane and allow for transmembrane transport, {re Insoluble n blood and water, but soluble in organic solvents (chloroform and ether) They require special transport mechanisms (lipoproteins) for circulation in the blood, Major lipids: Phospholipids, Cholester Ol, Triglycerides, Fatty acid and Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) + lu, aha) noah lan rte ac. burg rat oat d * _ Is the most abundant lipids derived from phosphatidic ox : tna has * _ Itoriginates in the liver and intestine, Me ai " Itis produced from the c¢ itlon of two fatty acids and a phosphor lated ; . Reference value: 3 CF. 0-61 Teds Ownnweh =o “Functions: : ie {rs an amphipathic tipi, which means it contains polar bydrophilic (water-loving) head groups and non poler_ hydrophobic (water-earing) fatty acid side-chains - the saturated fatty acid Content of plasma phospholipids is reported to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. {tis similar in structure to triglycerides, except that they contain two fatty acids, {mn the lungs, itis produced by type Il pneumocytes lore format lamellar bodies. git) ANL- yng Phospholipids alter fluid surface tension (surfactant) - it decreases surface tension within the alveolar space, thus allowing effective gas exchange, and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration. int leads to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It participates in cellular metabolism and blood coagulation. They are also important substrates for a number of lipoprotein metabolizing en2ymes (e.g. LCAT, LPL, HL); therefore changes in the composition could adversely affect the function of these enzymes. 1. Lecithin/Phosphatidy! ong I = 70%/ TLC by ainsi 2. Spingomyelin = 20%7 3. Cephalin Hairy 096, * Phosphatidy! ethanolamine = Phosphatidy! serine = Lysolecithin + Inositol Phosphatide > Spingomyelin 6 “D @ kK - Is the only phospholipid in membranes that is not derived amino alcohol called sphingosine. - _ Itis an essential component of cell membranes (RBC and ne lerve sheath). ~ _Ttaccumulates inthe liver and spleen of patients suffering from Niemann-Pck dsease (lipid storage disorder). thrab An vdreod Be ella 65 preggers from glycerol but from anv| The only unique structural feature common to all phospholipids is the presence of lipid-bound phosphate. The lipid concentration in amniotic fluid.reflects the lipids.present in intrapulmonary secretion. Mature lung function correlates strongly with L/S ratio_> 2. Fetal lung maturity testing should be at less than 39 weeks and uncertain gestational age. Spingomyelin serves as a reference material during 3" trimester of pregnancy because Its concentration is‘constant as oppose to lecithin, Methods: : " Quantitative analysis of Phospholipids is rare in laboratory medicine - it provides little added information in cases of dysbetalipoproteinemia. * Phospholipids can be measured in disorders characterized by altered phospholipids composition and lipoprotein distribution. vvyy 1. Estimation of serum lipid phosphorus * Esch mole of phosphorus contributes about 4% to the total phospholipid mass; thus Phospholipid mass can be determined by multiplying the phospholipid phosphorus Concentration (expressed in mg/dl) by 25. 2. Status of fetal lung maturation — Lecithin/Spingomyelin (US) ration “The status of fetal lung maturation is estimated from the evaluation of pulmonary surfactant in amniotic fluld - the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) by chromatography or the microviscosity by fluorescence polarization are used, TLC followed by densitometric ‘quantitation is the method for L/S ratio. * _ Mleroviscocity of amniotic fluld can be measured by fluorescence polarization. Auupsetict ol fontaining four rings, and it has a single C-H side chain tail similar * lsamphipathic = hydroxyl group in the A-ring is the hydrophilic part of cholesterol. * Its found on the surface of lipid layers; synthesized in the liver. * _ Itis almost exclusively synthesized by animals; not catabolized by most cells - does not serve as. a source of fuel, ‘Its transport and excretion is promoted by estrogen. “* Itshould be measured in all adults 20 years of age and older at least once every 5 years ( healthy individuals). = Reference values: < 200 mg/dL = desirable 200-239 mg/dL borderline high dust {dita 2240 mg/dL high cholesterol = Precursor of five major classes of steroids: progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens and estrogens. Wye tie * [san Important constituent in the assembly of cell membranes and bile: ‘acids oy ake. * Asmall amount of cholesterol, after first being converted to 7-dehydrocholesterol, tan seo be transformed to vitamin Ds in the skin by irradiation from sunlight, Cxogtrene — Wed Cover Ul 4 Mypudots eraline, 66Tuypedlugrerdice, 1 by py dvdr low in hypo Hiynod ff type drole + It evaluates the risk foratherosclerosis, svocardial ions, {There Isa direct relationship Between elevated serum cholesterol and myocardial infarction, * tis used as thyroid, liver and renal function tests; and for DM studies, * _Itis essential in the diagnosis and management of lipoprotein disorders. Eat Ruusedt tp monitor effectiveness of lifestyle changes and stress management. secre See urea Wt Tov Ty Wt ve the Chvtiigiuete Forms of Cholesterol: c hi 1. Cholesterol Ester (CE) - 70% ThE citebetvon * Its found in plasma and serum, {itis the cholesterol bound to fatty acid (hydrophobic form). "Because It Is not charged, itis clasified as a neutral lipid and are not found on the surface of lipid layers but instead are located in the center of lipid drops. and lipoproteins, along with triglycerides. * _Itundergoes esterification by LCAT, * Excess cholesterol is re-esterified by the microsomal enzyme acyl : cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) and is stored until it is needed, Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) ~ fs normally present in human plasma, it catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol {HDL} by Promoting the transfer of fatty acids from lecithin to cholesterol which results in the formation of lysolecithin and cholesterol ~ itis synthesized in the liver. aie Gud. 9 ~ Apo A-1 is the activator of LCAT. ~itenables HDL to accumulate cholesterol as cholesterol ester. Pndagun. (wes) 862 2.Free Cholesterol (FC) - 30% Wuypee crete clea — louse erhocs It is found in plasma, serum and RBCs. * Itisa polar nonesterified alcohol. * Its produced via lysosomal hydrolysis and becomes available for membrane, hormone, and bile acid synthesis, * Free cholesterol and phospholipids (with moderate hydrophobicity) are found on the surface of lipoproteins, * Total cholesterol (TC) concentration is measured rather than its forms, {Cholesterol may be assayed from nonfasting blood samples ~ fasting has little effect on TC. “Cholesterol increases with age; women have lower values than men except after the age of SO — increases at a rate of 2 mg/dl/year between 50 and 60 years old. * Either plasma or serum can be used for measurements, Patient Preparation: 2 weeks prior to testin al diet - before individuals? cholesterol levels are measured, itis important that they be on their usual diet for 2 weeks and are neither gaining nor losing weight. furs, fig 6 chastoy we Rae fats Tus chats dla 0 i Unser! byt conala 01 67 Weg) girl