Involute Gear Tooth Contact

Stress Analysis
Class 20

Engineering 473
Machine Design
 Pitting In Gear Teeth
G Pitting – phenomenon in which
small particles are removed from the
surface of the tooth because of the
high contact forces that are present
between mating teeth.

G Pitting is actually the fatigue failure

of the tooth surface.

G Hardness is the primary property of

the gear tooth that provides
resistance to pitting.

www.xteknic.com/products/gearproducts
 Contact Stress Between
F Two Cylinders
Contact Zone
x
2b

d1 p ≡ Contact
L Pressure
y y

z
d2
Contact Force
b
F = 2L ò p(y)dy
0
F=total contact force
z
 Hertz Contact Stress
Equations
Contact Zone Contact Width
2b
p max
b=
( ) (
2F 1 − ν12 E1 + 1 − ν 22 E 2 )
πL 1 d1 + 1 d 2
y
Maximum Contact Pressure
2F
z p max =
πbL

Reference Shigley, Page 73-74

 Hertz Contact Stress
Equations
(Continued)
æ z 2
z ö
σ x = −2ν ⋅ p max ç 1 + 2 − ÷
ç b b ÷ø
è

éæ ö ù Z-axis Stress
êç 1
÷
z 2
z ú Components
σ y = − p max êç 2 − ÷ 1+ −2 ú
ê ç z 2
÷ b 2
bú
1+ 2
êëçè b
÷
ø úû

− p max
σz =
z2
1+ 2
b
Hertz Contact Stress Equations
(Continued)

This graph shows the

variation of the stress
components along
the z-axis.

Note that the

maximum shear
stress is much less
than the maximum
contact pressure.

Shigley, Fig. 2-35

 Hertz Contact Stress Equations
(Continued)

Von Mises stress

variation along the z-axis.

Note that the von Mises

stress is much less than
the maximum contact
pressure.

σ eff = 0.26 ⋅ p max

if N fs = 1.0
Syt then allowable p max ≈ 3.85 ⋅ S yt
= 0.26 ⋅ p max
N fs
Equivalent Contacting Cylinders

Line of Contact
Base Circle

r1
H
W r2

H
W

Base Circle
Equivalent
Equivalent Cylinder # 2
Cylinder # 1
 Radii of Equivalent Cylinders

d psinφ d p ≡ pinion pitch diameter

r1 =
2 d g ≡ gear pitch diameter
φ ≡ pressure angle
d g sinφ r1 ≡ radius of equivalent cylinder #1
r2 = r2 ≡ radius of equivalent cylinder #1
2
 Contact Stress in Gear Teeth

Contact Zone
Contact Width
2b
p max
b=
( ) ( )
2F 1 − ν12 E1 + 1 − ν 22 E 2
πL 1 d1 + 1 d 2

y
Maximum Contact Pressure
2F
z p max =
πbL
 Contact Stress

2F Elastic Coefficient
p max =− 1

πbL é ù 2

ê ú
ê 1 ú
Cp = ê
æ 1 − ν 2p 1 − ν g2 ö ú
b=
( ) ( )
2F 1 − ν12 E1 + 1 − ν 22 E 2 ê πç + ÷ú
ê çè E p E ÷ú
πL 1 d1 + 1 d 2 ë g øû

b=
(
F 1 é 1 − ν12
+
) (
1 − ν 22 ù) 4
ê ú 1 1 é F æ 1 1 öù
1
2
L π ë E1 E2 û + p max = −Cp ê çç + ÷÷ú
r1 r2 ë L è r1 r2 øû
 Contact Stress
(Continued)
1 dg
é F æ 1 1 öù 2 m g ≡ speed ratio = (external gears)
p max = −Cp ê çç + ÷÷ú dp
ë L è r1 r2 øû

1 1 2 æç m g + 1 ö÷
F = Wn = Wt cosφ + =
r1 r2 d p sinφ çè m g ÷ø

1
é Wt æ 1 1 öù 2
1
σ c = −C p ê çç + ÷÷ú é Wt ù 2

ë L cos(φ ) è r1 r2 øû σ c = −C p ê ú
êë d p LI úû
1 1 2 æç 1 1 ö÷
+ = +
r1 r2 sinφ è d p d g ÷ø
ç cosφ ⋅ sinφ m g + 1
I=
2 mg
 Contact Stress Summary
1
é Wt ù 2

σ c = −C p ê ú
êë d p LI úû Elastic Coefficient
1
é ù 2
Form Factor ê ú
cosφ ⋅ sinφ m g + 1 ê 1 ú
I= Cp = ê
2 mg æ 1 − ν 2p 1 − ν g2 ö ú
ê πç + ÷ú
ê çè E p E ÷ú
øû
ë g

dg
mg = (external gears) L ≡ face width
dp
d g ≡ gear pitch diameter Wt ≡ tangential force
d p ≡ pinion pitch diameter
φ ≡ pressure angle
 AGMA Contact Stress Formulas
1
æ Wt C a Cs C m C f ö 2 Sc C L C H
σ c = C p çç ÷÷ σ c,all =
è C v Fd I ø CT C R

σ c ≡ absolute value of contact stress σ c,all ≡ allowable contact stress

C p ≡ elastic coefficient C L ≡ life factor
C a ≡ application factor C H ≡ hardness ratio factor
C v ≡ dynamic factor C T ≡ temperature factor
Cs ≡ size factor C R ≡ reliability factor
d ≡ pitch diameter of pinion
C m ≡ load − distribution factor
C f ≡ surface - condition factor
I ≡ geometry factor
Allowable Contact Stress Values
Hardness Ratio Factor
 Assignment
Web reading assignments
www.xtekinc.com/products/gearproducts
(look under product information)

http://hghouston.com/case012.html
1. A speed reducer has 20 degree full-depth teeth and consists of a
22-tooth steel spur pinion driving a 60-tooth cast-iron gear. The
horsepower transmitted is 15 at a pinion speed of 1200 rev/min.
For a diametral pitch of 6 teeth/in and a face width of 2 in, find
the contact stress.
2. A gearset has a diametral pitch of 5 teeth/in, a 20 degree pressure
angle, and a 24-tooth cast iron spur pinion driving a 48-tooth cast
iron gear. The pinion is to rotate at 50 rev/min. What horsepower
input can be used with this gearset if the contact stress is limited
to 100 kpsi? and F=2.5 in?