X¯óÁø£yês¡+ 25
4 A{W-Mæü-Ëa-Ææÿ-ÌŒý ÈòÜ-ÆŠÿa-)° 1947ÌZ Ýë¦í³…^éÆæÿ$. D
BàÆæÿ -Ðèþ-¯èþ-Ææÿ$-Ë$ §éÓÆ>¯óþ ÝëVæü$-^óþ-çÜ$¢-¯é²Ææÿ$. M>ºsìýt ç³…r ¨Væü$-º-
yæþ$Ë$ ^éÌê ™èþMæü$P-ÐèþV> E…sêÆÿ$$. Ðèþ$¯èþ §óþÔèý…ÌZ
& {ç³fËMæü$ V>, ±Ææÿ$ ™èþÆ>Ó™èþ A† Ðèþ$$QÅ-Ððþ$O-¯èþ¨ Bà
Ææÿ…. BàÆæÿ… ÌôýMæü$…yé ^éÌê ÆøkË$ {º™èþ$-Mæü-Ìôý…. ç³…r ¨Væü$-º-yæþ$Ë$ AÀ-Ðèþ–¨® ^ðþ…¨¯èþ §óþÔé-Ë™ø &
M>ºsìýt {ç³f-ËMæü$ Ðèþ$$QÅ…V> M>Ðèþ-ÍÞ…¨ Æðÿ…yæþ$-ç³N- ´ùÍõÜ¢, ^éÌê ™èþMæü$P-ÐèþV> E¯é²Æÿ$$.
rÌê †¯èþ-yé-°Mìü BàÆæÿ…. Bà-Ææÿ…Ìôý-Mæü$…yé ÔèýMìü¢ & D Ðèþ$«§æþÅ M>Ë…ÌZ Ýë…{ç³-§éÄæý$ ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ 糧æþ®-
Ìôý§æþ$, ÔèýMìü¢ ÌôýMæü$…yé Ðèþ*¯èþÐèþ Ðèþ¯èþ-Ææÿ$Ë$ ÌôýÐèþ#. M>ºsìýt ™èþ$-˯èþ$ Ðèþ*¯èþ$-Mö°, B«§æþ$-°Mæü Ýë…Móü-†Mæü ç³Ç-gêq-
{糆 ÐèþÅMìü¢Mìü M>Ðé-Ë-íÜ-¯èþ…™èþ ´ûíÙtMæü BàÆæÿ… A…§æþ$- ¯èþ…™ø ÝëVæü$ ^óþÄæý$r… ÐèþËÏ Ðèþ$¯èþ ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ E™èþµ-
»ê-r$ÌZ E…^èþyæþ… {糿æý$™èþÓ… Äñý$$MæüP {糫§é¯èþ ™èþ$¢Ë ¨Væü$-º-yæþ$Ë$ Væü×-±-Äæý$…V> ò³Ç-V>Æÿ$$.
MæüÆæÿ¢üÅÐèþ…. {ç³ç³…^èþ BàÆæÿ çÜÐèþ$-çÜÅMæü$ §éÇ-¡-íܯèþ M>Ææÿ-×êË$:
& Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþ-Ôèý…ÌZ BàÆæÿ Ææÿ…Væü…ÌZ G…™ø AÀ-Ðèþ–¨® 1. f¯é¿ê ÑÝù¹-r-¯èþ… çœÍ-™èþ…V> ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ E™èþµ-™èþ$¢-
^ðþ…¨…¨. 40 HâæýÏ {Mìü™èþ… BàÆæÿ «§é¯éÅ-˯èþ$ ѧóþ- ˯èþ$ Ðèþ–¨® ^óþÄæý$-yé-°Mìü ¿æý*Ðèþ-¯èþ-Ææÿ$-˯èþ$ Ñç³-È-™èþ…V> &
ÔéË ¯èþ$…yìþ ¨Væü$-Ðèþ$† ^óþçÜ$-Mø-ÐéÍÞ Ðèþ^óþa…¨. Ñ°-Äñý*-W…^èþ-r… ÐèþËÏ ¯óþËÝëÆæÿ… ™èþWY ç³…r ¨Væü$-º-
çßýÇ™èþÑç³ÏÐèþ… çœÍ-™èþ…V> Ðèþ$¯èþ… çÜÓÄæý$… çÜÐèþ$–¨® yæþ$Ë$ ™èþWY-´ù-™èþ$-¯é²Æÿ$$.
Ý뫨…^é…. 2. Ðèþ¯èþ ѯéÔèý… ÐèþËÏ ¸ùÏÆ> (çÜ*Mæü‡ Ðèþ–„æü-gê† ç³^èþa-§æþ-
¯èþ…) ™èþWY ¯óþ˯èþ$ ÝëÆæÿ-Ðèþ…™èþ… ^óþõÜ çßý*ÅÐèþ$‹Ü (õÜ…
& ѧóþ-Ôé-ËMæü$ BàÆæÿ «§é¯éÅ-˯èþ$ GVæü$-Ðèþ$†^óþõÜ
Ýë¦Æÿ$$ÌZ E¯é²…. ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$…, BàÆæÿ E™èþµ†¢, {©Äæý$ ´ùçÙMæü 糧é-Ææÿ¦…) ÌôýMæü-´ù-Ðèþyæþ… ÐèþËÏ, ¯óþË EÚù~-
{Væü™èþ ò³ÇW, QÈ‹œ ç³…rÌZ Ððþ$$MæüPË$ Ðèþ*yìþ-´ùÄôý$
Bà-Æ>°² °Ë$Ðèþ ^óþÄæý$yæþ… BàÆæÿ çÜ…º…¬«§æþ Ððþ$O¯èþ
Ðèþ$$QÅ çÜÐèþ$-çÜÅË$. AÐè þ - M >Ôè ý …
{Væüíßý…_ ¯óþËÌZ ™óþÐèþ$¯èþ$ °Ë$Ðèþ ^óþçÜ$¢…¨. M>ºsìýt
& BàÆæÿ E™èþµ-†¢Mìü M>Ðèþ-Ë-íÜ…¨ ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ Ææÿ…Væü…,
ÐèþÅÐèþ-Ýë-Äæý*-°Mìü M>Ðé-Ë-íÜ-¯èþ¨ ±Ææÿ$, ¯óþË Ö™ø-çÙ~-íܦ†. ¯óþËÌZ ™óþÐèþ$ ÌôýMæü-´ù-Ðèþyæþ… ÐèþËÏ Ððþ$$MæüPË G§æþ$-Væü$-§æþË
BÕ…_-¯èþ…™èþV> Ìôý§æþ$.
D Ðèþ$*yæþ$ A¯èþ$-Mæü*-Í…_ Ðèþ*¯èþÐèþ Ðèþ¯èþ-Ææÿ$Ë$ ™øyðþO™óþ
BàÆæÿ… çÜÐèþ$–-¨®V> ËÀ-çÜ$¢…¨. 3. Ayæþ-Ðèþ#Ë$ ¯èþÕ…^èþyæþ… ÐèþËÏ Ðóþ$çœ*-˯èþ$ BMæü-ÇÛ…^óþ
& A…§æþ$-^óþ-™èþ¯óþ ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ Ææÿ…Væü…ÌZ Ðèþ*¯èþÐèþ Ðèþ¯èþ-Ææÿ$- ^ðþr$Ï ÌôýMæü-´ù-Ðèþyæþ… ÐèþËÏ ÐèþÆ>ÛË$ Mæü$Ææÿ-ÐèþMæü A¯é-Ðèþ–íÙt ¯èþÒ¯èþ Ýë…Móü-†Mæü ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ 糧æþ®-™èþ$-Ë$&Ðésìý {糿êÐèþ…
ËMæü$ Mæü*yé GMæü$PÐèþ {´ë«§é-¯èþÅ™èþ E…¨. {ç³ç³…^è…ÌZ
50 Ôé™èþ… f¯é¿ê MóüÐèþË… ÐèþÅÐèþ-Ýë-Äæý$…ò³O¯óþ B«§é-Ææÿ-
GENERAL AWARENESS
ç³yìþ iÑ-çÜ$¢-¯é²Ææÿ$. DÆæÿ…Væü…ÌZ Ðèþ*¯èþ-Ðèþ#° °™éÅ-Ðèþ-
çÜ-Æ>-ÌñýO¯èþ BàÆæÿ«§é¯éÅË$ E™èþµ†¢ ^óþçÜ$¢-¯é²Ææÿ$.
ÒsìýÌZ ÐèþÇ, Vø«§æþ$Ðèþ$, gŸ¯èþ², Ððþ$$MæüP-gŸ¯èþ², ç³ç³š
«§é¯éÅË$ Ðèþ$$QÅ-Ððþ$O-¯èþÑ.
& {ç³f-ËMæü$ Bà-Æ>°² A…¨…^èþ-yæþ…™ø ´ër$ ÐèþÅÐèþ- HÆæÿµ-yæþ$-™èþ$…¨. JMæü-Ðóþâæý ÐèþÆæÿÛ… Mæü$Ç-íܯé ÐèþÆæÿ-§æþË$ ÆæÿÝë-Äæý$¯èþ GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë Ðéyæþ-Mæü…
ÝëÄæý$ B«§é-Ç™èþ ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$-ËMæü$ M>Ðèþ-Ë-íܯèþ Ðèþ$$yìþ çÜÆæÿ$- HÆæÿµyìþ ¯óþË-Mø-™èþMæü$ Væü$ÆðÿO ¯óþË-ÌZ° ÝëÆæÿ-Ðèþ$…™é Mör$t- & 1969 §æþÔèýMæü… çßýÇ™èþ Ñç³ÏÐèþ {糿êÐèþ… ÐèþËÏ ÆæÿÝë-
Mæü$-˯èþ$ A…¨-çÜ$¢…¨. ^èþMæüPÆæÿ ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$Ë$, M>r¯Œþ, Mö° ´ùÆÿ$$ ½yæþ$ ¿æý*Ðèþ$$-Ë$V> Ðèþ*Ç-´ù-™é-Æÿ$$.
sñýMŠüÞ-sñýOÌŒý ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$Ë$, õ³ç³ÆŠÿ Ñ$Ë$ÏË$ ™èþ¨-™èþÆæÿ A…™óþ-M>-Mæü$…yé ÐèþÆæÿÛç³# ±sìý° ï³Ë$a-Mæü$¯óþ Ayæþ-Ðèþ#Ë$
ÐésìýMìü Ðèþ$$yìþ çÜÆæÿ$-Mæü$¯èþ$ çÜÆæÿ-çœÆ> ^óþçÜ$¢…¨. ™èþVæüYyæþ… ÐèþËÏ ¿æý*Væü-ÆæÿÂ-f-ÌêË$ ™èþWY-´ùÆÿ$$, Gyé-È-Mæü-Ææÿ- & ¯óþ˯èþ$ ÝëÆæÿ-Ðèþ…™èþ… ^óþÄæý$-yé-°Mìü ÆæÿÝë-Äæý$-°Mæü GÆæÿ$-
& Ýë…Móü-†Mæü ç³Ç-gêq-¯èþ…™ø ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ 糧é-Æ>¦-˯èþ$ ×ýMæü$ §éÇ-¡-çÜ$¢…¨. M>ºsìýt f¯é¿ê ò³Ææÿ$-Væü$-§æþË
Eç³-Äñý*-W…_, ѧæþ$Å-^èþe-Mìü¢° ™èþÄæý*Ææÿ$ ^óþçÜ$¢-¯é²Ææÿ$. AÆæÿ×ýŠѯé-Ôèý-¯é-°Mìü §éÇ-¡-Äæý$-Væü*-yæþ§æþ$.
& ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ çÜ…º…«¨™èþ 糧é-Æ>¦Ë GVæü$-Ðèþ$-™èþ$ËÐèþËÏ BàÆæÿ, ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ çÜ…çܦ (G-‹œ-H-K-)
ѧóþÖ Ðèþ*ÆæÿMæü {§æþÐèþÅ… ËÀ-Ýù¢…¨. D Ææÿ…V>°² B§æþ$- 1. BàÆæÿ çÜÐèþ$-çÜÅMæü$ Ðèþ$*Ë-M>-Ææÿ×ý… f¯é¿ê ÑÝù¹-
Mø-Ðèþ-yé-°Mìü G¯ø² ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$˯èþ$ Ýë¦í³…^éÆæÿ$. r¯èþ…. M>ºsìýt f¯é¿ê ò³Ææÿ$-Væü$-§æþ-˯èþ$ ^éÌê ÐèþÆæÿMæü$ & ¯óþË-ÌZ° çÜ*Mæü‡-i-Ðèþ#Ë$ Ðèþ$sìýtÌZ çßý*ÅÐèþ$‹Ü (i-Ðèþ-ç³-
& GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$Ë$, {MìüÑ$ çÜ…à-ÆæÿMæ Ðèþ$…§æþ$Ë °Äæý$…{†…^éÍ.
ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$Ë$, Ñ™èþ¢¯èþ Ôèý$¨ª Móü…{§éË$, ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ 2. E™èþµ†¢ ^óþõÜ ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ §éÆæÿ$-ËMæü$ íܦÆæÿ-Ððþ$O¯èþ Wr$t-
Ýë…Móü-†Mæü ç³Ç-Mæü-Æ>Ë$ ™èþÄæý*Ææÿ$ ^óþõÜ ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$-ËMæü$ »êr$ «§æþÆæÿ-˯èþ$, B§óþ 糧æþ®-†ÌZ Ñ°-Äñý*-Væü-§é-Ææÿ$-°Mìü
{´ù™éÞçßý… Mæü͵…^éÆæÿ$. D ç³Ç-{Ôèý-Ðèþ$Ë ÐèþËÏ Ë„æü- íܦÆæÿ-Ððþ$O¯èþ Æóÿr$¯èþ$ °Ææÿ~-Æÿ$$…^éÍ.
Ìê¨ {ç³f-ËMæü$ iÐèþ-¯ø-´ë«¨ ËÀ…_…¨. M>ºsìýt ÐèþÅÐèþ- 3. Ðèþ*ÆðÿP-sìý…VŠü ÐèþçÜ-™èþ$-˯èþ$ ÑçÜ¢-−–-™èþ…V> Mæü͵…^éÍ.
ÝëÄæý$ Ææÿ…Væü… §óþÔèý BǦ-M>À-Ðèþ–-¨®Mìü Ððþ¯ðþ²-Ðèþ$$Mæü A° 4. ÆðÿO™èþ$-ËMæü$ M>Ðèþ-Ë-íÜ-¯èþ, GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$, ç³#Ææÿ$Væü$ Ðèþ$…
^ðþç³µ-Ðèþ^èþ$a. §æþ$Ë$, òßýO{¼yŠþ Ñ™èþ¢-¯éË$, çÜÆæÿ-çÜ-Ððþ$O¯èþ «§æþÆæÿ-ËMæü$ Gr$-
{ç³ç³…^èþ BàÆæÿ çÜÐèþ$-çÜÅ: Ðè þ … sì ý Mæ ü Î ¢ Ì ô ý M
¡ç Ü $- M ø- Ð éÍ.
& {ç³ç³…^èþ g¯é¿ê 2011 AMøt-ºÆŠÿ 31 ¯ésìýMìü 700
Mør$Ï §ésìý…¨. AÀ-Ðèþ–¨® ^ðþ…§æþ$-™èþ$¯èþ², AÀ-Ðèþ–¨® 5. ç Ü ¯è þ ² - M >Ææ ÿ $ Æð ÿ O ™
°Mì ü Ìô ý § é GÆæ
^ðþ…§æþ° §óþÔéÌZÏ f¯é¿ê ò³Ææÿ$-Væü$-§æþË Ñç³-È-™èþ…V>
ò³Ææÿ-Væüyæþ… ç³Ë$ çÜÐèþ$-çÜÅ-˯èþ$ çÜ–íÙt-çÜ$¢…¨. Væ ü $ - Ð è þ $ …§æ þ $ - Ë ¯è þ $
& f¯é¿ê ÑÝù¹-r¯èþ… çœÍ-™èþ…V> {ç³Mæü–† Ðèþ¯èþ-Ææÿ$Ë$ 6. §ó þ Ô è ý … ÌZ ç ³ Ë$
ç ³ Ç- Ô Z- « § æ þ ¯ è þ ç œ
Ñ$†-Ò$Ç Eç³-Äñý*-W…^èþyæþ…ÐèþËÏ ç³Æ>Å-Ðèþ-Ææÿ×ý… çÜ…„ø-
¿ê-°Mìü Væü$Ææÿ-Ðèþ#-™èþ$…¨. f¯é¿ê ò³Ææÿ$-Væü$-™èþ$¯èþ² MöË© ÝëVæ ü $ ^ó þ õ Ü ç ³
Äæý$-º-Ææ-^éÍ.
f¯é-¿êMæü$ çÜÇ-´ùÄôý$ ¿æý*Ñ$ Ðèþ*{™èþ… ò³Ææÿ-Væüyæþ… Ìôý§æþ$.
& E¯èþ² §é°-ÌZ¯óþ BàÆæÿ E™èþµ†¢ fÆæÿ-Væüyæþ… ÐèþËÏ, 7. ÐèþÅÐèþ-Ýë-Äæý$…ÌZ ç³…r-˯èþ$ ç³…yìþ…^èþ-yæþÐóþ$ M>Mæü$…yé
BàÆæÿ… MöÆæÿ™èþ HÆæÿµyìþ §æþ$Ç„æü ç³Ç-íܦ† ¯ðþË-Mö… ´ëyìþ ç³Ç-{ÔèýÐèþ$, ´û{Ît, Ðèþ$™èþÞüÅ ç³Ç-{ÔèÐèþ$ ™èþ¨-™èþÆæÿ
r$…¨. AÀ-Ðèþ–¨® ^ðþ…¨¯èþ §óþÔéÌZÏ B«§æþ$-°Mæü Ýë…Móü- Ðésìý° {´ù™èþÞ-íßý…^éÍ.
†Mæü ç³Ç-gêq¯èþ…, òßýO{¼yŠþ Ñ™èþ¢-¯éË$, GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$, {MìüÑ$ 8. ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ ÝëVæü$ ¿æý*Ðèþ$$-˯èþ$ Ýë…Móü-†Mæü ç³Ç-gêq-
çÜ…à-ÆæÿMæü Ðèþ$…§æþ$Ë$, ±sìý Äæý*f-Ðèþ*¯èþÅ… ´ësìý…_, ¯èþ…™ø ÒÌñýO-¯èþ…™èþ GMæü$PÐèþ ÝëVæü$-ºyìþ ^óþÄæý$-yé-°Mìü Eç³- 3. ÆæÿÝë-Äæý$¯èþ GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë ÐéyæþMæü… ÐèþËÏ Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë$
¼…§æþ$-õܧæþÅ… ™èþ¨-™èþÆæÿ 糧æþ®-™èþ$-˯èþ$ AÐèþ-Ë…À…^èþ$r Äñý*-W…^èþ$-Mø-ÐéÍ. ©° çœÍ-™èþ…V> ¯óþË-ÌZ E™èþµ†¢
Ðèþ˯èþ B §óþÔéÌZÏ ç³…r ¨Væü$-º-yæþ$Ë$ A«¨-Mæü…V> ÝëÐèþ$Ææÿ¦üÅ… ™èþVæüY-Mæü$…yé gê{Væü™èþ¢ ç³yéÍ.
E¯é²Æÿ$$. ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ Ææÿ…Væü Ðèþ*Ææÿ$µË$&çßýÇ™èþ Ñç³Ï-Ðèþ…:
& M>° AÀ-Ðèþ–¨® ^ðþ…§æþ°, ½§æþ §óþÔéÌZÏ B«§æþ$-°Mæü Ýë…Móü- & Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþ-Ôèý…ÌZ ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ Ææÿ…V>°Mìü çÜ…º…«¨…_,
†Mæü ç³Ç-gêq¯èþ… Ìôý§æþ$. Ýë…{ç³-§éÄæý$ 糧æþ®-™èþ$Ë ç³Ç-ÔZ-«§æþ¯èþ çÜ…çܦ IïÜ-H-BÆŠÿ (C…yìþ-Äæý$¯Œþ Mú°ÞÌŒý B‹œ
»qe], 2019
Ôé™èþ… í³.-í³.-G… (Ñ$-Í-Äæý$-¯ŒþÌZ JMæü ¿êVæü…) §ésìý™óþ
çÜ…çܦ B«§æþÓ-ÆæÿÅ…ÌZ §óþÔèý-ÐéÅ-ç³¢…V> 46 Móü…{§éÌZÏ ç³Ç- ÑÆóÿ-^èþ-¯éË$ MæüË$-Væü$-™éÆÿ$$. _¯èþ² í³ËÏ-ËMæü$ çÜÄæý$-¯ø-
ÔZ-«§æþ¯èþ Móü…{§é-˯èþ$ HÆ>µr$ ^óþÔéÆæÿ$. íܯŒþ (º*Ï-gê…yìþ-‹Ü) HÆæÿµyìþ {´ë×ê-´ëÄæý$… çÜ…¿æý-Ñ-
& Òsìý™ø ´ër$ 29 ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ ÑÔèýÓ-Ñ-§éÅ-Ë-Äæý*-˯èþ$ çÜ$¢…¨. Ðèþ*¯èþÐèþ ÔèýÈ-Ææÿ…ÌZ ¯ðþO{sôý-sŒýË$ ÑÑ«§æþ ^èþÆæÿÅË$
¯ðþË-Mö-ÌêµÆæÿ$. 1968 ¯èþ$…_ ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ Ææÿ…Væü…ÌZ ´÷…¨ ¯ðþO{r-Ýù-G-Ððþ$O-¯Œþ-Ë$V> Ðèþ*Ææÿ$-™éÆÿ$$. Òsìý M>Ææÿ-
Ñç³Ï-Ðé™èþÃMæüÐðþ$O¯èþ Ðèþ*Ææÿ$µË$ Ðèþ^éaÆÿ$$. ©°° çßýÇ™èþ ×ý…V> ´÷rtÌZ Móü¯èþÞÆŠÿ Ðèþ^óþa AÐèþ-M>-Ôé-Ë$-¯é²Æÿ$$.
Ñç³ÏÐèþ… A…sêE. 5. Ððþ$$MæüPË$ Ðésìý ÐóþÆæÿÏ »Ÿyìþò³Ë §éÓÆ> ¯óþËÌZ ¯ðþO{sZ-f-
& çßýÇ™èþ Ñç³ÏÐèþ… Ðèþ$$…§æþ$ Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþ-Ôèý…ÌZ BàÆæÿ ¯Œþ¯èþ$ íܦÈ-Mæü-Ç…_, ¯óþ˯èþ$ ÝëÆæÿ-Ðèþ…™èþ… ^óþÝë¢Æÿ$$. ÆæÿÝë-
«§é¯éÅË$ ™èþMæü$P-ÐèþV> ç³…yæþr… ÐèþËÏ BàÆæÿ MöÆæÿ-™èþ¯èþ$ Äæý$¯èþ GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$ A«¨-Mæü…V> Ðéyær… ÐèþËÏ ¯óþËÌZ
¡Ææÿa-yé-°Mìü BàÆæÿ «§é¯éÅ-˯èþ$ ѧóþ-ÔéË ¯èþ$…yìþ ¨Væü$- ¯ðþO{sZ-f¯Œþ íܦÈ-Mæü-Ææÿ×ý ÔèýMìü¢ ™èþWY-´ù-™èþ$…¨.
Ðèþ$† ^óþçÜ$-Mæü$¯óþÐéÆæÿ$. 6. GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$ A«¨-Mæü…V> Ðéyæþr… ÐèþËÏ Ñ$W-ͯèþ AÐèþ-Ôóý-
G¯ø²-ÝëÆæÿ$Ï MæüÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#& M>r-M>Ë$ HÆæÿµyìþ §æþ$ÇÂ-„æü…™ø ÚëË$ ÐèþÆæÿÛ… §éÓÆ> Mör$t-Mæü$-Ðèþ_a fÌê-Ôèý-Äæý*ÌZÏ
G…™ø Ðèþ$…¨ BMæüÍ ^éÐèþ#-ËMæü$ Væü$Ç AÄôý$Å-ÐéÆæÿ$. ^óþÆæÿ$-™éÆÿ$$. çœÍ-™èþ…V> B±sìýÌZ BÌôýY, ±sìý Ððþ$$MæüPË$
çßýÇ™èþ Ñç³ÏÐèþ… Ðèþ_a¯èþ ™èþÆ>Ó™èþ GMæü$PÐèþ ¨Væü$-º-yìþ° Ñç³-È-™èþ…V> ò³Ææÿ$-Væü$-™éÆÿ$$. ©°° Äæý$*{sìý-íœ-Móü-çÙ¯Œþ
C^óþa Ðèþ…Væü-yéË$, ÆæÿÝë-Äæý$¯èþ GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$, ò³íÜt-òÜO-yŠþË$, A…sêÆæÿ$. ±Ææÿ$ MæüË$-íÙ-™èþ-Ðèþ$-Ðèþ#-™èþ$…¨.
Ýë…Móü-†Mæü ç³Ç-gêq¯èþ… Ðèþ–¨® ^ðþ…§æþyæþ… ÐèþËÏ ç³…r ¨Væü$- 7. {ç³ç³…^èþ BÆøVæüÅ çÜ…çܦ çÜ*_…_¯èþ {ç³Ðèþ*-×êË {ç³M>
º-yæþ$Ë$ A«¨Mæü… M>Ðèþ-yé-°Mìü §øçßý§æþ… ^óþíÜ…¨. Ææÿ… ±sìý-ÌZ 45 Ñ$.{V>./ÎrÆŠÿ ÆæÿÝë-Äæý$¯èþ GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë
AÌêVóü ´ëË$, Væü$yæþ$Ï, Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë$, ¯èþ*¯ðþ W… AÐèþ-Ôóý-ÚëË$ E…yæþ-Ðèþ^èþ$a. M>° Æ>f-Ýë¦-¯Œþ-ÌZ° ±sìý
fË$ A«¨-Mæü…V> E™èþµ†¢ ^óþÄæý$yæþ… Ý뫧æþÅ-Ððþ$O…¨. Ôé…í³-ÌŒý¯èþ$ ç³È-„ìü…^èþV> 800 Ñ$.{V>./ÎrÆŠÿ E…¨.
AÀ-Ðèþ–¨® ç³Ça¯èþ Ðóþ$Ë$-gê† Ðèþ…Væü-yé-˯èþ$ Eç³-Äñý*- ç³#Ææÿ$Væü$ Ðèþ$…§æþ$Ë {糿êÐèþ…
W…^èþyæþ… ÐèþËÏ BË$-Væüyæþz, EÍÏ-Væüyæþz, Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë$ `yæþ-ç³#-Ææÿ$-Væü$Ë °Ðé-Ææÿ-×ýMæü$ Ðéyóþ ò³íÜt-òÜO-yŠþÞË {糿êÐèþ…
™èþ¨-™èþ-Æ>-˯èþ$ Hyé-§æþ…sê ç³…yìþ…^èþ$-Mø-Væü-Ë$-Væü$- ÐèþËÏ çÜÐèþ$çÜ¢ Ðèþ*¯èþ-Ðé-ãMìü, ç³Ôèý$ 糄>üÅ-§æþ$-ËMæü$ à°
™èþ$¯é²…. 1968 ÐèþÆæÿMæü$ BàÆæÿ «§é¯éÅË MøçÜ… ѧóþ- MæüË-Væü-yæþÐóþ$ M>Mæü$…yé, ç³…r-ËMæü$, ¯óþËMæü$ à° MæüÍ-W-
Ôé-Ëò³O ^èþ*íܯèþ Ðèþ$¯èþ… ¯óþyæþ$ çÜÓÄæý$… çÜÐèþ$–¨® çÜ$¢-¯é²Æÿ$$. ¯óþË ÝëÆæÿ… ¯éÔèý¯èþ… ^óþçÜ$¢-¯é²Æÿ$$. Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþ-
Ý뫨…^é…. Ôèý…ÌZ ç³…yìþ…^óþ ç³…yæþ$Ï, Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë Ôé…í³-âæýϯèþ$
A…™óþ-M>§æþ$ Ñ$W-ͯèþ BàÆæÿ «§é¯éÅ-˯èþ$ ѧóþ-Ôé-ËMæü$ & {ç³Äñý*-Væü-Ôé-ËÌZ ÑÔóýÏ-çÙ×ý ^óþíÜ-¯èþ-糚yæþ$ {ç³ç³…^èþ
HÆæ ÿ µ - y æ þ $ - ™ è þ $ …¨. ç ß ý * ÅÐè þ $ ‹ Ü ±sì ý °
GVæü$-Ðèþ$† ^óþíÜ Ñ§óþÖ Ðèþ*ÆæÿMæü {§æþÐéÅ°² çÜ…´ë-¨…^óþ BÆøVæüÅ çÜ…çܦ çÜ*_…_¯èþ {ç³Ðèþ*-×êË Mæü…sôý A«¨Mæü
íܦ†Mìü Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþÔèý… G¨-W…¨. ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$ Ææÿ…Væü…ÌZ Ððþ*™é-§æþ$ÌZÏ ç³#Ææÿ$Væü$ Ðèþ$…§æþ$Ë AÐèþ-Ôóý-Úë-Ë$-¯èþ²r$Ï
Ý뫨…_¯èþ D {ç³Væü† çœÌêË$ çßýÇ™èþ Ñç³ÏÐèþ…ÌZ Mæü¯èþ$-Vö-¯é²Ææÿ$.
ËÀ…_-¯èþÐóþ. 1. ç³#Ææÿ$Væü$ Ðèþ$…§æþ$Ë AÐèþ-Ôóý-ÚëË$ ¯óþË-ò³O¯èþ, ç³…r-Ë-ò³O¯èþ,
ç³…yæþ$Ï, Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë$, «§é¯éÅË$ Òr-°²…sìýÌZ
Ñ$W-Í E…sêÆÿ$$.
2. ç³…yæþ$Ï, Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë$, Vø«§æþ$-Ðèþ$Ë$, »êÇÏ, ç³ç³š-«§é-
¯éÅË$, Ððþ$$MæüP-gŸ-¯èþ²Ë$, Òr-°²…sìý-ÌZ¯èþ* GMæü$PÐèþ
Ððþ*™é-§æþ$ÌZ ½òßý-^Œþ-ïÜ, yîþyîþsîý, BÆ>Y¯ø MøÏÆðÿO-yŠþË AÐèþ-
Ôóý-Úë-Ë$-¯é²Æÿ$$. ÒsìýÌZ ´ëÍ-MøÏÆø »ñýOíœ-¯ðþOÌŒýÞ (ï³-ïÜ-½)
^éÌê {ç³Ðèþ*-§æþ-Mæü-Ææÿ-Ððþ$O-¯èþÑ. ¯óþËÌZ Ðésìý BÄæý$$-
Æ>®Äæý$… 25 Hâæý$Ï. CÑ ¯óþË ¯èþ$…yìþ Ððþ$$MæüPË$,
Ððþ$$MæüPË ¯èþ$…yìþ ç³Ôèý$-Ðèþ#-ËMæü$, ç³Ôèý$-Ðèþ#Ë ¯èþ$…yìþ
Äæý$¯èþ GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$, ç³#Ææÿ$Væü$ Ðèþ$…§æþ$Ë$ Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþ-Ôèý…ÌZ Ðèþ*¯èþÐèþ ÔèýÈ-Æ>ÌZÏ ^óþÆæÿ-™éÆÿ$$. Ððþ*™é-§æþ$Mæü$ Ñ$…_
ÑÇ-ÑV> Ðéryæþ… {´ëÆæÿ…¿æý-Ððþ$O…¨. ï³ïÜ-½Ë$ E¯èþ² Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë$, ç³…yæþ$Ï Bà-Ææÿ…ÌZ
Ñ°-Äñý*-W…_-¯èþ-糚yæþ$ ^èþÆæÿÃ… ¯èþËÏ-º-yæþ$-™èþ$…¨. Mæü…sìý
Ðèþ#Ë$, ç³…r ¨Væü$-ºyìþ M>´ë-yæþ$-Mø-Ðèþ-yé-°Mìü ç³#Ææÿ$Væü$ ^èþ*ç³# ™èþVæü$Y-™èþ$…¨. ÔèýÈ-Ææÿ…ò³O Mæü$Ææÿ$-ç³#Ë$ ÌôýÝë¢Æÿ$$.
Ðèþ$…§æþ$Ë$ Ñ°-Äñý*-W…^èþyæþ… fÇ-W…¨. GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#-˯èþ$ ±sìý °Ë$Ðèþ, ËÐèþ-×îý-Mæü-Ææÿ×ý
Eç³-Äñý*-W…^èþyæþ… ÐèþËÏ ¯óþË-ÌZ° ´ùçÙ-M>-Ë-°²…sìý° & ±Ææÿ$ °Ææÿ…™èþÆæÿ… °Ë$Ðèþ E…yæþr… ÐèþËÏ A…§æþ$-ÌZ-°
õÜMæü-Ç…_, Ððþ$$MæüP-ËMæü$ A…¨-Ýë¢Æÿ$$. ËÐèþ-×êË$ ¯óþËÌZ Ðóþ$r-ÐóþíÜ ËÐèþ-×îý-Mæü-Ææÿ×ý ^ðþ…¨ B
¿æý*Ðèþ$$Ë$ ÐèþÅÐèþ-Ýë-Äæý*-°Mìü ç³°MìüÆ>° ÐèþÅÆæÿ¦ ¿æý*Ðèþ$$-
§é-Ææÿ¦…)¯èþ$ Ðèþ–¨® ^óþÝë¢Æÿ$$. D Ñ«§æþ…V> Ðèþ–¨® ^ðþ…¨¯èþ Ë$V> Ðèþ*Ç-´ù-™éÆÿ$$. M>Ë$-ÐèþË §éÓÆ> ÝëVæü$-±-sìý°
çßý*ÅÐèþ$‹Ü Ððþ$$MæüP G§æþ-Væü-yé-°Mìü M>Ðèþ-Ë-íܯèþ ´ùçÙ-M>- A…¨… ^èþyæþ… Ðèþ˯èþ MæüÍVóü {ç³Äñý*-f-¯éË Mæü…sôý
˯èþ$ A…¨-çÜ$¢…¨. M>° ÆæÿÝë-Äæý$¯èþ GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#-Ë$ ¯óþÆæÿ-Ýë- ¯èþçÙtÐóþ$ GMæü$P-ÐèþV> E…r$…¨.
Æ>°² ò³…^èþ-Væü-Ë$-Væü$-™éÆÿ$$. & M>Ë$Ðèþ §éÓÆ> ÝëVæü$^óþÄæý$yæþ… ÐèþËÏ B ¿æý*Ðèþ$$Ë$
& M>° Ððþ$O{Mø-º$Ë$ Ðèþ–¨® ^óþõÜ çßý*ÅÐèþ$-‹Ü¯èþ$ ò³…^èþ-
ÌôýÐèþ#. M>ºsìýt ¯óþËÌZ çßý*ÅÐèþ$‹Ü ™èþVæü$Y-™èþ$…¨. ËÐèþ-×îý-Mæü-Ææÿ×ý… ^ðþ…§æþ$-™èþ$-¯é²Æÿ$$. E™èþ¢Ææÿ ¿êÆæÿ™èþ
§óþÔèý…ÌZ 10 Ë„æüË òßýM>tÆæÿÏ ò³OV> ÐèþÅÐèþ-ÝëÄæý$
çßý*ÅÐèþ$‹Ü Ìôý° ¯óþËË$ ´ùçÙMæü ÑË$-Ðèþ-˯èþ$ MøÌZµ-
™éÆÿ$$. ¿æý*Ðèþ$$Ë$ ËÐèþ-×îý-Mæü-Ææÿ×ý ^ðþ…§éÆÿ$$.
æ ü $ …yé Ðó þ $ Ë$ gê†Ñ ËÀ…^ó þ Ì ê ^è þ Æ æ ÿ Å Ë$ & {ç³™óþÅ-Mìü…_ ç³…g껌ý, çßýÆ>ůé, Æ>f-Ý릯Œþ, E™èþ¢-Ææÿ-{ç³-
& ÐèþÆæÿ§æþ ™éMìü-yìþMìü, ºË-Ððþ$O¯èþ V>Ë$Ë ™éMìü-yìþMìü ¯óþËMø™èþ-
Mæü$ Væü$Ç-M>-Mæü$…yé çßý*ÅÐèþ$‹Ü M>´ë-yæþ$-™èþ$…¨. D §óþÔŒý Æ>Úë‰ÌZÏ D çÜÐèþ$çÜÅ GMæü$P-ÐèþV> E…¨. ^èþ…ºÌŒý
è þ $ - Ë Mæ ü $ Ðè þ Å Ðè þ - Ý ëÄæ ý $ ç ³ °- Ð è þ $ $r$Ï Mö¯è þ - y é- {´ëgñýMæü$tÐèþËÏ Ðèþ$«§æþÅ{糧óþÔŒý, Æ>f-Ý릯Œþ, MøíÜ, Væü…yæþMŠü
ÿ $ - Ð è þ # - Ë ¯è þ $ , Ñ™è þ ¢ - ¯ é- Ë ¯è þ $ Ðè þ $ ÇÄæ ý $ $ ç ³ #Ææ ÿ $ - Ñ«§æþ…V> Ððþ$$MæüPË G§æþ$-Væü$-§æþ-ËÌZ ¯óþË Ææÿ„æü-×ýMæü$
™øyæþµyóþ çßý*ÅÐèþ$-‹Ü¯èþ$ ÆðÿO™èþ$Ë$ ÑçÜÃ-Ç…_, ÆæÿÝë-Äæý$- {´ëgñý-Mæü$tË ÐèþËÏ ½àÆŠÿ, ™èþ$…Væü-¿æý{§é {´ëgñýMæü$t ÐèþËÏ
Mö¯è þ - y é- ° Mì ü Ææ ÿ $ ×ý Ý ëÄæ ý * °² A…¨…^éÍ.
°Mæü GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$ Ðéryæþ… Ñ^é-Ææÿ-MæüÆæÿ…. MæüÆ>~-rMæü, ¯éV>-Ææÿ$j-¯èþ-Ýë-Væü-ÆŠÿ-ÐèþËÏ Ðèþ$¯èþ Æ>çÙ‰…ÌZ
Ðè þ Å Ðè þ - Ý ëÄæ ý $ Mó ü … {§é- Ë $- ¯ é²Æÿ $ $. ÐéÇ
Í- ™ é- Ë ¯è þ $ , Ýë…Mó ü - † Mæ ü ç ³ Ç- g êq - ¯ è þ … ™ø 1. G¯Œþ-í³Mðü GÆæÿ$-Ðèþ#Ë$ Ðéyìþ¯èþ ç³…rË$ Vø«§æþ$Ðèþ$, Ððþ$$MæüP- ¯óþËË$ ±sìý° GMæü$PÐèþ Ðéyæþr… ÐèþËÏ E糚-¯óþ-Ë-Ë$V>
gŸ¯èþ², ç³ç³š ¨¯èþ$-çÜ$Ë$ ™èþ¨-™èþÆæÿ ÐésìýÌZ 25&30 Ðèþ*Ææÿ$-™èþ$-¯é²Æÿ$$.
§æ þ ® - ™ è þ $ - Ë ¯è þ $ Ðè þ Å Ðè þ - Ý ëÄæ ý $ §éÆæ ÿ $ - Ë Mæ ü $ ™ð þ Í -
Ôé™èþ… ÐèþÆæÿMæü$ {´ùsîý-¯ŒþË$ ™èþVæü$Y-™èþ$-¯é²Æÿ$$. & Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþ-Ôèý…ÌZ §é§éç³# 20 MørÏ Ðèþ$…¨ {ç³f-ËMæü$
2. ¯óþËÌZ ´÷sê-íÙÄæý$… GÆæÿ$Ðèþ# (G-¯Œþ-í³-MðüÌZ Mðü A…sôý ™éVæü-yé-°Mìü çÜÆðÿO¯èþ Ðèþ$…_-±sìý ÝûMæüÆæÿÅ… Ìôý§æþ$. M>ºsìýt
{ç³f-Ë…§æþ-ÇMìü BàÆæÿ ¿æý{§æþ-™èþ-™ø-´ër$ Ææÿ„ìü™èþ Ðèþ$…_-
´÷sê-íÙ-Äæý$…) Ðéyæþr…ÐèþËÏ Mæü*Ææÿ-V>-Äæý$Ë$, ç³…
yæþÌZÏ Ñr-Ñ$-¯Œþ&íÜ, MðüÆø-sìý¯èþ$Ï (Ñ-r-Ñ$-¯Œþ&G) ÑË$- ±sìý ÝûMæü-Æ>Å°² Mæü͵…^èþ-Ðèþ-ËíÜ E…¨. A糚yóþ {ç³f-
Ë…§æþ-ÇMîü BÆøVæüÅ ¿æý{§æþ™èþ Mæü͵…_-¯èþ-rÏ-Ðèþ#-™èþ$…¨.
ÐèþË$ ™èþWY-´ù-™èþ$-¯é²Æÿ$$.
Ðèþ*¯èþ-Ðèþ#-ËMæü$ çÜ…º…«¨…_¯èþ ÆøV>ÌZÏ çÜV>-°-Mæü…sôý
GMæü$PÐèþ ÆøV>Ë$ MæüË$-íÙ™èþ ±sìý ÐèþËÏ çÜ…¿æý-Ñ-çÜ$¢-
ç³…yæþ$Ï ^éÌê ò³§æþªV> G§æþ$-Væü$-™éÆÿ$$. A§óþ Ñ«§æþ…V>
A† GMæü$P-ÐèþV> `yæþ ç³#Ææÿ$-Væü$Ë »êǯèþ ç³yæþ-™éÆÿ$$. ¯é²Æÿ$$. M>ºsìýt {ç³f-Ë…§æþ-ÇMîü Ææÿ„ìü™èþ Ðèþ$…_-±Ææÿ$,
´ûíÙt-M>-àÆæÿ… A…§æþ$-»ê-r$ÌZ E…yóþÌê ^óþÄæý$yæþ…
4. ¯ðþO{sZ-f¯Œþ GÆæÿ$Ðèþ# GMæü$P-ÐèþV> Ðéyæþr… ÐèþËÏ ¯óþËÌZ
¯ðþO{sôý-sŒýË$ °„óü-í³…^èþ-º-yæþ-™éÆÿ$$. CÑ ±sìýÌZ çÜ$Ë- {糿æý$™èþÓ {糫£æþÐèþ$ MæüÆæÿ¢ÐèþÅ…. Ðèþ$¯èþ-§óþ-Ôèý…ÌZ° 70
Ôé™èþ… {ç³fË$ {V>Ðèþ*-ÌZϯóþ °Ðèþ-Õ-çÜ$¢-¯é²Ææÿ$. ÐéÇMìü
¿æý…V> MæüÆæÿ$-Væü$-™éÆÿ$$. ™éVæü$-±-sìýÌZ ¯ðþO{sôý-sŒýË$ 90
M>Ðé-Ë-íܯèþ Mæü±çÜ ÝûMæü-Æ>ÅË$ Cç³µ-sìýMîü ÌôýÐèþ#.
12 X¯óÁø£yês¡+ 25.1.2019
ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é
yÓTT<ä{ e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ kÕ<Ûäq¬ø’ Á|üj·T‘êï\T #˚dæq yê¬ses¡T?
6. Vü≤≈£îÿ\T ` u≤<Ûä´‘·\T
1). Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT ìs¡«∫+∫, bÂs¡ Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT e]í+#·+&ç?
ªªdüe÷»+ #˚‘· >∑T]Ô+#·ã&ç, sê»´+ #˚‘· neT\T˝À
ñ+#·ã&˚ n~Ûø±sê˝Ò Vü≤≈£îÿ\Tµµ-u§kÕ+πø
ªªñeTà&ç ÁX‚j·TdüT‡≈£î <√Vü≤<ä|ü&˚ yê{Ïì ø√πs+<äT≈£î >∑T]Ô+
#˚+<äT≈£î ñ+&˚ n~Ûø±sê˝Ò Vü≤≈£îÿ\Tµµ-{Ï.ôV≤#Y.Á^Hé.
1.J$+#˚ Vü≤≈£îÿ: J$+#˚ Vü≤≈£îÿ nH˚~ bÂs¡Vü≤≈£îÿ\˝À
n‘·´+‘· eTTK´yÓTÆq<äì {Ï.ôV≤#Y.Á^Hé ù|s=ÿHêï&ÉT. á
Vü≤≈£îÿ e´≈£îÔ\ JeHêìøÏ uÛÑÁ<ä‘·qT ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~. á Vü≤≈£îÿ
˝Òø£b˛‘˚ e´≈£îÔ\T ‘·eT JeHêìï >∑&çù|+<äT≈£î nH˚ø£
Çã“+<äT\qT m<äTs=ÿ+{≤s¡T.
2. ùd«#êä Vü≤≈£îÿ: á Vü≤≈£îÿ e´≈£îÔ\≈£î $$<Ûä s¡+>±\˝À
ùd«#êä kÕ«‘·+Á‘ê´\qT Á|ükÕ~düTÔ+~. dü+#·]+#˚ Vü≤≈£îÿ,
yêø˘ kÕ«‘·+Á‘·´+, Ä˝À#·Hê ùd«#êä, ìedæ+#˚ Vü≤≈£îÿ
yÓTT<ä˝…’q$ Ç+<äT˝À ñHêïsTT.
3. düe÷q‘·«|ü⁄ Vü≤≈£îÿ: düe÷q‘·«|ü⁄ Vü≤≈£îÿ Á|üø±s¡+ #·≥º+
<ä�wæº˝À n+<äs¡÷ düe÷qT˝Ò. e´≈£îÔ\ eT<Ûä´ ≈£î\, eT‘·, es¡í,
ÁbÕ+‘·, *+>∑, dü+|ü<ä, $<ä´ e+{Ï $#·ø£åD\qT á Vü≤≈£îÿ
ìùw~ÛdüTÔ+~. sê»´+˝Àì #·{≤º\T n+<ä]ø° ˇπø $<Ûä+>±
e]ÔkÕÔsTT.
4. ÄdæÔ Vü≤≈£îÿ: á Vü≤≈£îÿ Á|üø±s¡+ Á|ür e´øÏÔ ÄdæÔì
dü+bÕ~+#˚+<äT≈£î nqTuÛÑ$+#˚+<äT≈£î, <Ûëq <Ûäsêà\T
#˚düT≈£îH˚+<äT≈£î ˝Ò<ë yês¡dü‘·«+>± bı+<˚+<äT≈£î
M\T+≥T+~. Á|ü‹ e´øÏÔ ñqï‘· Á|üe÷D≤\‘√ JeHêìï
ø=qkÕ–+#˚+<äT≈£î á Vü≤≈£îÿ nedüs¡eTe⁄‘·T+~.
5. ≈£î≥T+ã Vü≤≈£îÿ: ≈£î≥T+ã+ nH˚~ ˇø£ ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£,
kÕe÷õø£ e´edüú. á Vü≤≈£îÿ düe÷»+˝Àì e´≈£îÔ\≈£î
≈£î≥T+ã|üs¡yÓTÆq dü+ã+<Ûë\qT @sêŒ≥T #˚düT≈£îH˚+<äT≈£î
‘√&ÉŒ&ÉT‘·T+~. á Vü≤≈£îÿ <ë«sê e´≈£îÔ\T ‘·eT≈£î q∫Ãq
yê]ì $yêVü≤+ #˚düT≈£îH˚ ùd«#·Ã¤qT ø£*– ñ+{≤s¡T. n˝≤π>
dü+‘êHêìï bı+<˚+<äT≈£î, |æ\¢\qT b˛wæ+#˚+<äT≈£î yê]øÏ
|üP]Ô ùd«#·Ã¤ ñ+≥T+~.
6. eT‘· Vü≤≈£îÿ: á Vü≤≈£îÿ Á|üø±s¡+ e´≈£îÔ\T ‘·eT≈£î q∫Ãq
eT‘êìï d”«ø£]+#˚+<äT≈£î, Á|ü#ês¡+ #˚düT≈£îH˚+<äT≈£î
ùd«#·Ã¤qT ø£*– ñ+{≤s¡T.
7. ˇ|üŒ+<ä Vü≤≈£îÿ: ˇ|üŒ+<ä Vü≤≈£îÿ Á|üø±s¡+ e´≈£îÔ\T ‘·eT
Jeq+, ÄdæÔ, ñbÕ~Û e+{Ï $wüj·÷\˝À #·≥ºã<ä›yÓTÆq
@sêŒ≥¢qT #˚düT≈£îH˚+<äT≈£î ˝Ò<ë ˇ|üŒ+<ë\H˚ düeT≈£Ls¡TÃ
≈£îH˚+<äT≈£î kÕ«‘·+Á‘ê´ìï ø£*– ñ+{≤s¡T.
8. $<ë´ Vü≤≈£îÿ: Ä<ÛäTìø£ ø±\+˝À $<ë´ Vü≤≈£îÿ Á|ür e´øÏÔøÏ
n‘·´+‘· ÄeX¯´ø£yÓTÆq~>± |ü]>∑DÏ#ês¡T. $<ä´˝Òìyês¡T
ne÷j·T≈£î\T Á|üuÛÑT‘·« e´eVü‰sê\˝À #·Ts¡T≈£î>± bÕ˝§Zq
˝Òs¡T. Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´ sêC≤´\˝À á Vü≤≈£îÿ Á|ü‹ bÂs¡T&çøÏ
ø£˙dü kÕúsTT $<ä´qT n+~+#˚+<äT≈£î Vü‰MT ÇdüTÔ+~.
2) Vü≤≈£îÿ\ |ü]s¡ø£åD n+XÊ\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç?
1. Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´ bÕ\q Á|ü»\ Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT |ü]s¡øÏå+#·T≥˝À
m+‘·>±H√ ø£�wæ #˚düTÔ+~. ˇø£ Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´ sêC≤´\˝ÀH˚
‘·eT Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT ùd«#·Ã¤>± dü+|üPs¡í+>± nqTuÛÑ$kÕÔs¡T.
m+<äTø£+fÒ Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´ e´edüú yê] Vü≤≈£îÿ\≈£î sêC≤´+>∑
ã<ä›yÓTÆq, #·≥ºã<ä›yÓTÆq ìj·TeTìã+<Ûäq\ <ë«sê s¡ø£åD\T
ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~.
2. *œ‘·, <ä�&ÛÉ sêC≤´+>∑+: *œ‘· sêC≤´+>∑+ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«
n~Ûø±sê\T, ø£s¡Ôyê´\qT düŒwüº+>± ìs¡«∫düTÔ+~. n˝≤π>
Ç$ Á|üuÛÑT‘ê«~Ûø±sêìøÏ >∑\ $$<Ûä |ü]$T‘·T\qT
$e]düTÔ+~. n+‘˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü Á|ü»\ Vü≤≈£îÿ\≈£î Vü‰MT
ÇdüTÔ+~. á sêC≤´+>±ìï ∫qï ø±s¡D≤\‘√ bÕ\≈£î\T,
XÊdüqdüuÛÑT´\T düe]+#˚+<äT≈£î nqTeT‹+#·s¡T.
3. ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT bı+<äT|üs¡T#·T≥: ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£
Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT sêC≤´+>∑+˝À bı+<äT|üs¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê e´≈£îÔ\
Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ n‹Áø£$T+#·≈£î+&Ü #·÷&Ée#·TÃ.
Ç≥Te+{Ï @sêŒ≥T e´≈£îÔ\ Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT m+‘·>±H√
ø±bÕ&ÉT‘·T+~.
4. n~Ûø±sê\ y˚sêŒ≥T: Vü≤≈£îÿ\ |ü]s¡ø£åD≈£î n~Ûø±sê\
y˚sêŒ≥T m+‘√ nedüs¡+. n~Ûø±sê\˙ï Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+˝Àì
eT÷&ÉT XÊK\ eT<Ûä´ y˚sêŒ≥T #˚dæq|ü⁄Œ&˚ e´øÏÔ ùd«#·Ã¤
ø±bÕ&ÉT‘·T+~. n|ü&ÉT e÷Á‘·y˚T ˇø£ XÊK ìj·T+‘·�‘ê«ìï
y˚s=ø£ XÊK ìyê]+#·>∑\T>∑T‘·T+~.
5. n~Ûø±sê\ $πø+ÁBø£s¡D: Á|üuÛÑT‘ê«~Ûø±sê\ $πø+ÁBø£�‘·+
nsTTq|ü&˚ e´≈£îÔ\T Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT nqTuÛÑ$kÕÔs¡T. n+<äT
ø√dü+ n~Ûø±sêìï C≤rj·T, ÁbÕ+rj·T, kÕúìø£ kÕúsTT˝À
$πø+ÁBø£s¡D+ ø±yê*. n≥Te+{Ï @sêŒ≥T ÁbÕ<˚•ø£ ˝Ò<ë
ø£s¡Ôyê´\ Á|ü‹bÕ~ø£ô|’ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
Ç+≥sY Á|ü‘˚´ø£+
yÓTT<ä{Ï dü+e‘·‡s¡+
bÂs¡XÊÁdüÔ+
6. düeT Hê´j·TbÕ\q: #·≥º+ eTT+<äT n+<äs¡÷ düe÷qT˝Ò
nH˚ nsêúìï düeTHê´j·TbÕ\q dü÷∫düTÔ+~. n+‘˚
ø±≈£î+&Ü bÂs¡T\+<ä]ø° #·{≤º\T düe÷q+>± e]ÔkÕÔj·Tì
Bì ns¡ú+. #·≥º+ bÂs¡T\ eT<Ûä´ ÁbÕ+‘·+, ≈£î\+, eT‘·+,
es¡Z+, ‘Ó>∑ e+{Ï ‘ês¡‘·e÷´\qT #·÷|ü<äT.
7. dü«‘·+Á‘·, ìwüŒø£åbÕ‘· Hê´j·T XÊK: e´≈£îÔ\ |ü]s¡ø£åD≈£î
‘√&ÉŒ&˚ eTs√ eTTU≤´+X¯y˚T dü«‘·+Á‘·, ìwüŒø£åbÕ‘· Hê´j·T
XÊK. ñqï‘· Hê´j·TkÕúHê\˝Àì Hê´j·TeT÷s¡TÔ\T ìwüŒ|üø£å
bÕ‘·+‘√, dü«‘·+Á‘· yÓ’K]‘√ rs¡TŒ\qT n+~+#ê*‡
ñ+≥T+~. Ä Á|üÁøÏj·T˝À uÛ≤>∑+>± yês¡T e´≈£îÔ\ Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT
‘·ø£åDy˚T |ü]s¡øÏå+#˚+<äT¬ø’ ø=ìï ]≥¢qT eT+ps¡T #˚kÕÔs¡T.
8. dü«‘·+Á‘· |üÁ‹ø£\T: e´≈£îÔ\ Vü≤≈£îÿ\ |ü]s¡ø£åD≈£î
<√Vü≤<ä|ü&˚ eTs=ø£ n+X¯y˚T dü«‘·+Á‘· |üÁ‹ø£\T. dü«‘·+Á‘·
<ä�ø£Œ<∏ä+ >∑\ |üÁ‹ø£\T yês¡Ô\T, n_ÛÁbÕj·÷\qT ìwüŒø£åbÕ
‘·+>±, sê>∑<˚«cÕ\≈£î nr‘·+>± Á|ü»\≈£î ‘Ó*j·TCÒkÕÔsTT.
9. kÕ+|ò”Tø£, Ä]úø£ düe÷q‘ê«\T: kÕ+|ò”Tø£, Ä]úø£ düe÷q
‘ê«\T nH˚$ e´≈£îÔ\≈£î Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT nqTuÛÑ$+#˚+<äT≈£î
m+‘·>±H√ nedüs¡eTe⁄‘êsTT. sê»´+˝À kÕ+|ò”Tø£, Ä]úø£
düe÷q‘ê«\T HÓ\ø=qï|ü&˚ e´≈£îÔ\T ‘·eT Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT
düÁø£eT+>±, dü+es¡úø£ Ø‹˝À nqTuÛÑ$kÕÔs¡T.
10. ìs¡+‘·s¡ nÁ|üeT‘·Ô‘·: e´≈£î\Ô Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT |ü]s¡ø+Ïå #·T
≥˝À ìs¡+‘·s¡ nÁ|üeT‘·Ô‘· nH˚~ n‘·´+‘· eTTK´yÓTÆq
n+X¯+>± #Ó|üŒe#·TÃ. e´≈£îÔ\T m|üŒ{Ïø£|ü&ÉT Á|üuÛÑT‘·«
$<ÛëHê\ |ü≥¢ nÁ|üeT‘·Ô‘·‘√ C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± e´eVü≤]+#ê*.
Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ ìj·T+‘·�‘·« <Û√s¡DT\qT nqTdü]ùdÔ, yê{Ïì
Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´ sêC≤´+>∑ |ü<‘Δä T· \ <ë«sê e´‹πsøÏ+#ê*.
3) C≤rj·T e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ ø£$TwüHé >∑T]+∫ yê´kÕìï
sêj·T+&ç?
C≤rj·T e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ ø£$TwüHé nH˚~ ãVüQfi¯düuÛÑ´
dü+düú. Bì˝À q\T>∑Ts¡T düuÛÑT´\T+{≤s¡T. BìøÏ düTÁ|”+
ø√s¡Tº e÷J Á|ü<Ûëq Hê´j·TeT÷]Ô n<Ûä´ø£å‘· eVæ≤kÕÔs¡T. á
ø£$TwüHé #Ó’s¡àHé, düuÛÑT´\qT uÛ≤s¡‘· sêÁwüº|ü‹ ìj·T$TkÕÔs¡T. <ësêe‘Y ôd’<äT\T Hêj·Tø˘
#Ó’s¡àHé, düuÛÑT´\T ◊<˚fi¯fl bÕ≥T ˝Ò<ë 70 @fi¯ófl ì+&˚es¡≈£î dæ$ø˘‡ ˝…ø£Ãs¡sY,>∑es¡ïyÓT+{Ÿ pìj·TsY ø±˝ÒCŸ
»V”≤sêu≤<é, dü+>±¬s&ç¶ õ˝≤¢
yê] |ü<äe⁄\˝À¢ ø=qkÕ>∑T‘ês¡T. bò˛Hé˘ 9908569970
$<ÛäT\T: Á|üuÛÑT‘ê«~Ûø±s¡T\T e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ ñ\¢+|òüTq≈£î
bÕ\Œ& çq≥T¢ Äs√|üD\T eùdÔ, yê{Ïô|’ C≤rj·T e÷qe i) düVü≤» Hê´j·T+: Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À \_Û+#˚ düVü≤» eqs¡T\qT
Vü≤≈£îÿ\ ø£$TwüHé $#ês¡D »]|ædüTÔ+~. Á|ü‹ ˇø£ÿs¡÷ $ìjÓ÷–+#·Tø√e#·TÃqH˚ dü÷Á‘·+ Ä<Ûës¡+
Hê´j·TkÕúHê\T nqTeT‹+∫qy˚Ts¡≈£î e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ >± Á|ü‹bÕ~+∫q<˚ düVü≤» Hê´j·T+. uÛÑ÷$Tô|’ ìedæ+#˚
ñ\¢+|òüTq ñ<ä+‘ê\ô|’ $#ês¡D »s¡T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Á|ü‹ ˇø£ÿ]ø° düVü≤» eqs¡T\T Hê´j·T+>± |ü+|æD°
e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ neT\T≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q $$<Ûä »s¡>±*.
#·≥ºã<ä›yÓTÆq #·s¡´\qT düMTøÏådüTÔ+~. ii) kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+: #·≥º+ <ä�wæº˝À n+<äs¡÷ düe÷qT˝Ò
e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\≈£î uÛÑ+>∑+ ø£*–+#˚ f…Ás¡]düTº\ ø±s¡´ø£˝≤ nH˚ dü÷Á‘êìï kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+ qeTTà‘·T+~. kÕe÷õø£
bÕ\qT ìyê]+#˚+<äT¬ø’ dü\Vü≤\T ÇdüTÔ+~. nqsêú˝…’q ù|<ä]ø£+, ìs¡T<√´>∑+, nHês√>∑´+, Äø£* e+{Ï
e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q $wüj·÷\ô|’ |ü]XÀ<Ûäq yê{Ïì n~Û>∑$T+#˚+<äT≈£î kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+ Vü‰MT
\qT ø=qkÕ–düTÔ+~. ÇdüTÔ+~.
e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ |ü≥¢ Á|ü»\˝À ne>±Vü≤qqT ô|+bı+~ iii) sê»ø°j·T Hê´j·T+:sê»ø°j·T Hê´j·T+ nH˚~ sê»ø°j·T
#˚+<äT¬ø’ ‘·–q #·s¡´\qT rdüTø=+≥T+~. düe÷q‘ê«ìï dü÷∫düTÔ+~. sê»´+˝Àì ejÓ÷»qT˝…’q
e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT |ü]s¡øÏå+#˚ dü«#·Ã¤+<ä dü+düú\≈£î ‘·–q bÂs¡T\≈£î sê»ø°j·T Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT á s¡ø£yÓTÆq Hê´j·T+
Áb˛‘ê‡Vü≤ø±\qT n+~düTÔ+~. Á|ükÕ~düTÔ+~. <˚X¯ bÕ\q˝À bÂs¡T\T ùd«#·Ã¤>±q÷,
4) sê»ø°j·T Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT $e]+#·+&ç? ìs¡“¤j·T+>±q÷ bÕ˝§ZH˚+<äT≈£î M\T ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~.
1. z≥T Vü≤≈£îÿ: Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´ sêC≤´\˝À bÂs¡T\T iv) Ä]úø£ Hê´j·T+: Ä<ëj·T+, Á<äe´+, dü+|ü<ä, ÄdæÔ e+{Ï
nqTuÛÑ$+#˚ n‹ eTTK´yÓTÆq sê»ø°j·T Vü≤≈£îÿ z≥T Vü≤≈£îÿ. e´‘ê´kÕ\T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü e´≈£îÔ\+<ä]ø° düe÷qyÓTÆq Ä<äs¡D
ejÓ÷»q bÂs¡T\T á Vü≤≈£îÿqT X¯øÏÔe+‘·yÓTÆq Äj·TT<Ûä+>± ø£*Œ+#˚+<äT≈£î Ä]úø£ Hê´j·T+ ñ<˚›•+∫+~.
$ìjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ejÓ÷»q bÂs¡T\+<äs¡T es¡í+, |ü⁄≥Tºø£, v) #·≥ºã<ä›yÓTÆq Hê´j·T+: #·≥ºã<ä›yÓTÆq Hê´j·T+ nH˚~
uÛ≤wü, ‘Ó>∑, eT‘·+, ÁbÕ+‘·+ e+{Ï ‘ês¡‘·e÷´\T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü sêC≤´+>∑ XÊdüHê\ <ë«sê yÓ\¢&Ée⁄‘·T+~. düe÷»+˝À
á Vü≤≈£îÿqT ø£*– ñ+{≤s¡T. nsTT‘˚ $<˚oj·TT\T, m+‘√ ø±\+>± ÁbÕ#·Ts¡´+˝À ñqï Ä#ês¡ kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·÷
yÓTÆqs¡¢≈£î á Vü≤≈£îÿ e]Ô+#·<äT. \‘√ á s¡ø£yÓTÆq Hê´j·T+ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ø£*– ñ+≥T+~.
2. mìïø£˝À¢ nuÛÑ´]ú>± b˛{° #˚ùd Vü≤≈£îÿ: sê»´+˝À bÂs¡T\T 2) Hê´j·T+ Ä<Ûësê\qT ù|s=ÿq+&ç?
$$<Ûä XÊdüq ìsêàD dü+düú\≈£î nuÛÑ´s¡Tú\T>± b˛{° 1. Á|üø£�‹: Á^ø˘ j·T<Û˚#êäyê<äT\T Á|üø£�‹ì Hê´j·T+ Ä<Ûësê
#˚ùd+<äT≈£î á Vü≤≈£îÿ n~Ûø±s¡$TdüTÔ+~. sê»ø°j·T kÕeT \˝À ˇø£{Ï>± uÛ≤$+#ês¡T. yê] <ä�wæº˝À Á|üø£�‹ nH˚~
s¡ú´+, ÄdüøÏÔ, X¯øÏÔe+‘·yÓTÆq Hêj·Tø£‘·«+ e+{Ï \ø£åD≤\T >∑\
HÓ’‹ø£ ‘ê‹«ø£‘·, eT‘· $XÊ«kÕ\ düy˚Tàfi¯q+ Á|üø£�‹ <Ó’e+
bÂs¡T\T sêC≤´ìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q sê»ø°j·T j·T+Á‘ê+>∑ ùV≤‘·Te⁄\H˚$ n$uÛ≤C≤´\T.
ìs¡«Vü≤D˝À #·Ts¡T≈£î>± bÕ˝§ZH˚+<äT≈£î M\T ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~. 2. HÓ’‹ø£: Ä<äs¡Ùyê<äT˝…’q ù|¢{À, me÷àqT´j·T˝Ÿ ø±+{Ÿ,
3. Á|üuÛÑT‘·« |ü<äe⁄\qT #˚|üfÒº Vü≤≈£îÿ: bÂs¡T\T $$<Ûä s¡ø±\
<∏ëeTdt, u≤s¡ÿsY Hê´j·T+ nH˚~ HÓ’‹ø£ dü÷Á‘ê\ ne\+ãq
Á|üuÛÑT‘·« |ü<äe⁄\qT #˚|ü{Ϻ ìs¡«Væ≤+#˚+<äT≈£î á Vü≤≈£îÿ <ë«sê ne‘·]+∫+<äì ñ<ëZ{Ï+#ês¡T.
nH˚ø£ neø±XÊ\qT ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~. Á|üuÛÑT‘ê«~Ûø±sêìï m+‘√ 3. eT‘·+: Hê´j·÷ìøÏ >∑\ eTs=ø£ Ä<Ûës¡y˚T eT‘·+. eT<Ûä´
VüQ+<ë>± ìs¡«Væ≤+#˚+<äT≈£î á Vü≤≈£îÿ bÂs¡T\≈£î
düVü‰j·Tø±]>± ñ+≥T+~.
j·TT>∑+ qT+∫ eT‘·+ Hê´j·÷ìøÏ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ø=qkÕ>∑T‘·÷
e∫Ã+~. Hê´j·T+ eT+∫ #Ó&ÉT\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q
4. $C≤„|üq Vü≤≈£îÿ: bÂs¡T\T ‘·eT nedüsê\T ˝Ò<ë uÛ≤eq\qT uÛÑ>∑e+‘·T&ÉT Á|üe∫+#ê&Éì Á¬ø’düÔeeT‘ê~
düeTdü´\qT Á|üuÛÑT‘·« <ä�wæºøÏ $»„|ü⁄Ô\ <ë«sê ‘Ó#˚Ã+<äT≈£î á
|ü‘·T\T ù|s=ÿHêïs¡T. eT‘·+ <ë«sê Hê´j·T uÛ≤eq\≈£î
Vü≤≈£îÿ <√Vü≤<ä |ü&ÉT‘·T+~. Ä<ÛäTìø£ sê»´+˝À á Vü≤≈£îÿ n+≈£îsês¡ŒD #˚dæ ã\e+‘·T&˚ sê»´bÕ\≈£î&ç>± ñ+{≤&É˙
m+‘√ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘· >∑\ sê»ø°j·T Vü≤≈£îÿ>± |ü]>∑DÏdüTÔHêïs¡T.yês¡T ñ<ëZ{Ï+#ês¡T. <∏ëeTdt nøÏ«qdt nH˚ eT‘ê#ês¡T´&ÉT
5. $eT]Ù+#˚ Vü≤≈£îÿ: Á|üuÛÑT‘ê«ìøÏ dü+ã+~+∫q nH˚ø£ eT‘êìï Á¬ø’düÔe #·]ÃøÏ Á|ü‹s¡÷|ü+>± $X¯«dæ+#ê&ÉT.
$<ÛëHê\T, ø±s¡´Áø£e÷\qT $eT]Ù+#˚+<äT≈£î bÂs¡T\≈£î 4. Ä]úø£ n+XÊ\T: Ä]úø£ n+XÊ\qT ≈£L&Ü #·{≤ºìøÏ >∑\
neø±X¯+ ÇdüTÔ+~. n˝≤π> $$<Ûä kÕúsTT\˝À Hêj·T≈£î\T, eTs=ø£ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ù|s=ÿqe#·Tà bÕ]ÁXÊ$Tø£ $|ü¢e+
|ü]bÕ\q dæã“+~ bÕ\Œ&˚ neø£‘·eø£\qT ãVæ≤s¡Z‘·+ |òü*‘·+>± Ä]úø£ Ä+XÊ\≈£î ÁbÕ<Ûëq´+ ô|]–+~. bÕ]
#˚ùd+<äT≈£î Ç~ ‘√&ÉŒ&ÉT‘·T+~. ÁXÊ$Tø£ $|ü¢e+ e\¢ düe÷»+˝À $$<Ûä esêZ\ eT<Ûä´ Ä]úø£
5. e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ô|’ ˇø£ yê´kÕìï sêj·T+&ç? ndüe÷q‘·\T yÓ\Te&ܶsTT.
e÷qe⁄\ ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ JeHêìøÏ n‘·´+‘· ÄeX¯´ø£yÓTÆqy˚ 3) kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+ >∑T]+∫ yê´kÕìï sêj·T+&ç?
e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\T. e÷qe⁄\+<äs¡÷ á Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT ≈£î\, kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T dæ<ë›+‘êìï C≤Hé sê˝Ÿ‡ ªªÁ|ü‹bÕ~+
eT‘·, ÁbÕ+‘·, es¡í+, es¡Z ‘ês¡‘·e÷´\T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü #ê&ÉTµµ Ç‘·ì Á|üø±s¡+ ªªkÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+µµ nH˚~ Á|ü‹
nqTuÛÑ$kÕÔs¡T. Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´ sêC≤´\˝Àì sêC≤´+>∑, ˇø£ÿ]ø° ùd«#·Ã¤, Vü≤≈£îÿ\T, Ç‘·s¡ neø±XÊ\T ø£*Œ+#·{≤ìøÏ
kÕ<Ûës¡D #·{≤º\T Ç≥Te+{Ï Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT >∑T]ÔkÕÔsTT.M{Ïì dü+ã+~Û+∫q n˝≤π> düe÷»+˝À ìsê<äs¡D≈£î >∑T¬s’q es¡Z
Á|ü»\≈£î n+~+#˚+<äT Á|üuÛÑT‘ê«\T nH˚ø£ #·s¡´\qT Á|üjÓ÷»Hê\ >∑T]+∫ ÁX¯<äΔ eVæ≤düTÔ+~. kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+
rdüT≈£î+{≤sTT. ˇø±H√ø£ düeTj·T+˝À ÁbÕNq, eT<Û´ä j·TT>∑ <ë«sê e´≈£îÔ\T düTKdü+‘√cÕ\‘√ ≈£L&çq JeHêìï
düe÷»+˝À mes√ ø=ìï esêZ\T e÷Á‘·y˚T e÷qe >∑&çù|+<äT≈£î neø±X¯+ ñ+≥T+~. kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+
Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT nqTuÛÑ$+#˚yês¡T. <ë+‘√ yÓTC≤غ Á|ü»\T Ä nH˚~ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± düe÷q‘·« uÛ≤eq>± |ü]>∑DÏdüTÔHêïs¡T.
Vü≤≈£îÿ\≈£î H√#·Tø√˝Òø£b˛j·÷s¡T. yês¡T Vü≤≈£îÿ\ kÕ<Ûäq¬ø’Á|ür ˇø£ÿs¡T Ç‘·s¡T\≈£î uÛ≤<ä´‘· eVæ≤+#ê\ì, Á|ür yê]øÏ
n$ÁXÊ+‘·+>± Á|üjT· ‹ï+#ês¡T. e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ kÕ<Ûqä ø¬ ’ düe÷q neø±XÊ\T ø£*Œ+#ê\ì kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+
Á|üjT· ‘êï\T »]|æq yê]˝À Á^ø˘ bÕ\≈£î\T yÓTT<ä{Ïyê]>± uÛ≤$düTÔ+~. düe÷»+˝À nHê´j·÷ìï bÕs¡Á<√* Hê´j·T
ù|s=ÿqe#·TÃ. e÷qe Vü≤≈£îÿ\ kÕ<Ûäq˝À #˚dæq yÓTT<ä{Ï ã<ä›yÓTÆq kÕe÷õø£ kÕ<Ûäq≈£î ø£�wæ #˚düTÔ+~.
Á|üjT· ‘·ï+>± #·]Á‘·ø±s¡T\T uÛ≤$+#ês¡T. e÷>±ï ø±sêº Á|ü»\kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T kÕ<äq: düe÷»+˝À ∫qï esêZ\ eT<Ûä´
ùd«#êä, kÕ«‘·+Á‘ê´\≈£î M\T ø£*Œ+∫+~. #·]Á‘·ø±s¡T\T $|üØ‘·yÓTÆq e´‘ê´kÕ\Tqï|ü&ÉT kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+ ˇø£
<ëìì Á_{°wt sêC≤´+>∑|ü⁄ ªu…_’ ˝Ÿµ >± e]í+#ês¡T. ø£\>±H˚ e⁄+≥T+~. n‘·´~Ûø£ dü+K´˝À ù|<ä Á|üC≤ìø±ìøÏ,
ø=~› dü+K´˝À ñqï dü+|üqï esêZìøÏ eT<Ûä´ |òüTs¡¸D\T HÓ\
7. Hê´j·T+ ø=+{≤sTT. ø±ã{Ϻ ø£˙dü kÂø£sê´\T dü+‘√wü+, uÛÑÁ<ä‘·‘√
1. Hê´j·T+ n+fÒ @$T{À ìs¡«∫+∫, Hê´j·T+ s¡ø±\T e]í#+· &ç? ≈£L&çq Hê´j·TyÓTÆq düe÷» nedüs¡+. nD>±]q Á|ü»\≈£î
ù|¢{À:- ªªe´øÏÔ ‘·q |üì ‘êqT #˚düT≈£î+≥÷ Ç‘·s¡ kÕe÷õø£ Hê´j·T+ n+~+#·T≥≈£î Á|üC≤kÕ«eT´
e´eVü‰sê\˝À CÀø£´+ #˚düTø√ø£b˛e&Éy˚T Hê´j·T+µµ. Á|üuÛÑT‘ê«\T $$<Ûä |ü<∏äø£eTT\qT Á|üy˚X¯ ô|{Ϻ kÕe÷õø£
bÕ* e÷s¡ÿdt:- ªª$TÁ‘·T\≈£î y˚T\T #˚j·T&É+ X¯Á‘·Te⁄\≈£î Hê´j·÷ìøÏ ø£�wæ #˚düTÔHêïsTT.
Vü‰ì #˚j·T&Éy˚T Hê´j·T+µµ.
to be continued
 ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é
X¯óÁø£yês¡+ 25.1.2019 13
1. $XÊK|ü≥ï+ –]»qT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T @ dü+e‘·‡s¡+ Ä+»H˚j·TT\T bÕ{Ï$Tì
˝À »]–+~? m+.m. Væ≤düºØ
m) 1830 _) 1832 dæ) 1834 &ç) 1835 eq|ü]Ô bò˛Hé: 9701623874
2. @ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝Àì –]»qT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥TqT ìj·T+
Á‹+#·&ÜìøÏ ~ @C…˙‡ Á{≤ø˘º‡ Ç+≥¬sdtº n+&é m) 1, 2 _) 3e÷Á‘·y˚T
˝≤´+&é Á{≤Hé‡|òüsY j·÷ø˘ºqT s¡÷bı+~+#ês¡T? dæ) 2, 3 &ç) @Bø±<äT
m) ˇ]kÕ‡ _) πøs¡fi¯ 34. &Ûç©¢ eTT≥º&ç˝À Ä+π>¢j·TT\T kÕ–+∫q <ës¡TD
dæ) eTÁ<ëdüT &ç) $XÊK|ü≥ï+ Væ≤+kÕ ø±+&ÉqT e]í+∫q ñs¡÷› ø£$?
3. eTÁ<ëdt Áô|dæ&Ó˙‡˝Àì s¡+bÕ @C…˙‡ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À m) >±*uŸ _) MTsê® eTVü≤à<é
¬syÓq÷´ $<ÛëHêìøÏ e´‹πsø£+>± ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T dæ) >∑T˝≤+ VüQùd‡Hé &ç) U≤õ+
»]|æq dü+e‘·‡s¡+? 35. ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T nq+‘·s¡+ $ø√º]j·÷ sêDÏ Á|üø£≥q
m) 1857 _) 1920 dæ) 1879 &ç) 1856 qT mø£ÿ&É qT+∫ Á|üø£{Ï+#ês¡T?
4. sêC uÛÑs¡D≤\qT s¡<äT› #˚dæq Á_{°wt >∑es¡ïsY »qs¡˝Ÿ? m) u…+>±˝Ÿ _) n\Vü≤u≤<é
m) ˝≤sY¶ ø±ì+>¥ _) ˝≤sY¶ &É˝ÖΩd” dæ) &Ûç©¢ &ç) ˝≤Vü≤√sY
dæ) ˝≤sYº m*Héãs√ &ç) ˝≤sY¶ m*®Hé 36. uÛ≤s¡‘Y Á_{°wt kÕÁe÷»´+˝À n+‘·sꓤ>∑yÓTÆq s√E?
5. 1857 ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T≈£î Ä]úø£ ø±s¡D+ @~? m) 1858 nø√ºãsY 1 _) 1858 nø√ºãsY 16
m) uÛÑ÷$T•düTÔ $<ÛëHê\T dæ) 1858 nø√ºãsY 31 &ç) 1858 qe+ãsY 1
_) ≈£î{°s¡ |ü]ÁX¯eT\T, #˚‹eè‘·TÔ\ $<Ûä«+dü+ 16. s¡a≤˙‡ \ø°åàu≤sTT @ Ä+>∑¢ n~Ûø±]‘√ düeTs¡úe+‘·yÓTÆq <ÛÓ’s¡´e+‘·Tsê˝…’q ôd’ìø£
b˛sê&ÉT‘·÷ eTs¡DÏ+∫+~? Hêj·T≈£îsê\T>± ø°]Ô+∫qyê&ÉT? 37. Ç+&çj·THé CÀHé Ä|òt ÄsYÿ _s¡T<äT ø£*–q~?
dæ) ádæº+&çj·÷ ø£+ô|˙ e÷¬sÿ+≥*»+ e´edüú m) HêHêkÕôV≤uŸ _) ‘ê+‹j·÷‘√ù|
&ç) ô|’e˙ï m) Vü≤yé˝≤ø˘ _) ø±+|tu…˝Ÿ m) VüA´s√dt _) CÒyéT‡ WÁ≥+
dæ) VüA´s√dt &ç) ˙sY dæ) ø±+|tu…˝Ÿ &ç) Vü≤yé˝≤ dæ) s¡a≤˙‡ \ø°åàu≤sTT &ç) ãVü≤<ä÷sYcÕ-2
6. 1857 ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥TqT dæbÕsTT\ |æ‘·÷] nì 38. ‘ê+‹j·÷‘√ù| ndü\T ù|s¡T?
n+‘·≈£î$T+∫ @MTø±<äì n_Ûe]í+∫q~? 17. øÏ+~ yê{Ïì »‘·|üs¡#·+&ç 24. 1857 ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T e\¢ qwüºb˛sTTq Á_{°wt Ä]úø£
‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T πø+Á<ä+ Hêj·Tø£‘·«+ |ü]dæú‹ì #·ø£ÿ~<ä›&ÜìøÏ uÛ≤s¡‘Y≈£î |ü+|æqyê&ÉT? m) sêeT#·+Á<äbÕ+&ÉTs¡+>∑ _) <√+&É÷|ü+‘Y
m) C≤Hé˝≤¬sHé‡ dæ© _) C≤Hé Áπø&ÉsY dæ) »>∑Hêï<∏é &ç) sêePkÕôV≤uŸ
dæ) Vü≤&édüHé &ç) VüA´s√CŸ 1. &Ûç©¢ m. HêHêkÕôV≤uŸ m) CÒyéT‡ $\‡Hé _) CÒyéT‡ #Ûê¬s¢dt
2. ˝ø√ï _. U≤Hé ãVü≤<ä÷sYU≤Hé dæ) C≤Hé ˝≤¬sHé‡ &ç) ø£\TπøsTT 39. ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é˝À dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T m|ü&ÉT
7. ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T dü+<äs¡“¤+>± Á_{°wt Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ô|’ »]–+~?
JVü‰<é Á|üø£{Ï+∫+~? 3.s¡a≤˙‡ dæ. ø£q«sYdæ+>¥ 25. 1857 |ü⁄düÔø£ s¡#·sTT‘·?
4. ãπs* &ç. \ø°åàu≤sTT m) düTπs+Á<äHê<∏éùdHé _) ÄsY.dæ.eTE+<ësY m) 1857 y˚T 10 _) 1857 y˚T 21
m) e÷©« nVü≤à<äT˝≤¢cÕ _) ãVü≤<ä÷sYcÕ-2 dæ) 1857 y˚T 11 &ç) 1857 E˝…’ 17
dæ) HêHêkÕôV≤uŸ &ç) uÒ>∑+ Vü≤»s¡‘Y eTVü≤˝Ÿ 5. nÁsê(;Vü‰sY) Ç. »qs¡˝Ÿ uÛÑø£ÔU≤Hé dæ) $.&ç.kÕes¡ÿsY &ç) e÷*düHé
6. ø±q÷ŒsY m|òt. uÒ>∑+ Vü≤Á»‘Y eTVü≤˝Ÿ 26. ªm Væ≤düºØ Ä|òt ~ dæbÕsTT yêsY (1880)µ |ü⁄düÔø£ 40. ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é˝À dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T≈£î Hêj·T≈£î&ÉT?
8. Áø°.X¯. 1853˝À Ç+&çj·÷ Ks¡TÑ√ uÛ≤s¡rj·TT˝Ò

ø=e⁄« |üPdæq ‘·÷{≤*ï Á|üÁ|ü<∏äeT+>± ìsêø£]+∫q <äfi¯+?

dæbÕsTT\T>± ñqï uÛ≤s¡‘· ôd’q´y˚T, uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚XÊìï m) 1-m, 2-_, 3-dæ, 4-Ç, 5-m|òt, 6-&ç s¡#·sTT‘·?
_) 1-Ç, 2-m|ò,t 3-&ç, 4-_, 5-dæ, 6-m m) C≤Hé ˝≤¬sHé‡ _) e÷*düHé m) ‘·TÁπsu≤CŸ U≤Hé _) eTVü≤à<é s¡C≤ø˘
Ç+^¢wüß yê] u≤ìdü‘·«+˝À nD∫ ñ+#·T‘·T+<äì dæ) eTÚ©« eTVü≤à<äT˝≤¢ &ç) |”sY kÕôV≤uŸ
ù|s=ÿ+~? dæ) 1-&ç, 2-dæ, 3-_, 4-m, 5-m|òt, 6-Ç dæ) CÒ.&Éã÷¢´ πøyéT &ç) eTE+<ësY
&ç) 1-_, 2-&ç, 3-dæ, 4-m|òt, 5-m, 6-Ç 27. dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥TqT $<˚o, |òüP´&É˝Ÿ 41. dæbÕsTT\T @ ÁbÕ+‘êìï πø+Á<ä+>± #˚düT≈£îì
m) ø±s¡˝Ÿ e÷sYÿ‡ _) $*j·T+ u…+{Ï+ø˘ ‘·eT ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥TqT ÁbÕs¡+_Û+#ês¡T?
dæ) &É˝ÖΩd” &ç) ø±ì+>¥ 18. 1857 ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T˝À bÕ˝§Zqì kÕe÷õø£ es¡Z+? u≤ìdü‘ê«ìøÏ e´‹πsø£+>± »]–q ôd’ìø£ ¬s’‘ê«Ø
1) eT<Ûä´ ‘·s¡>∑‹ $<ë´e+‘·T\T b˛sê≥+>± n_Ûe]í+∫+~? m) \ø√ï _) &Ûç©¢
9. Á_{°wt ôd’Hê´ìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À dü¬s’s~? dæ) MTs¡{Ÿ &ç) s¡a≤˙‡
m) Á_{°wt uÛ≤s¡‘· ôd’q´+˝À k˛\®s¡T¢, dæbÕsTT\T nH˚ 2) e&û¶yê´bÕs¡T\T 3) es¡Ô≈£î\T m) {Ï.ÄsY.Vü≤√yéT‡ _) ø±s¡˝Ÿe÷sYÿ‡
4) ¬s’‘·T\T, eè‹Ô |üì yês¡T 5) dü+kÕúHêBÛX¯ó\T dæ) eTE+<ësY &ç) HÓÁVüA 42. øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À sêC≤sêyéTyÓ÷Vü≤HésêjYT≈£î
¬s+&ÉT uÛ≤>±\T>± ñ+&˚yês¡T dü+ã+<Ûä+ ˝Òì |üÁ‹ø£?
_) k˛\®s¡¢˝À Á_{°wtyês¡T dæbÕsTT\T>± uÛ≤s¡r m) 1, 3, 5 _) 1, 2, 4 28. dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥TqT Hê>∑]≈£î\T nHê>∑]
dæ) 1, 2, 3 &ç) 2, 3, 5 ≈£î\T eT<Ûä´ »]–q dü+|òüTs¡¸D>± ù|s=ÿqï~? m) ã+>∑<ä÷‘· _) $Tsê‘Y ñ˝Ÿ nø£“sY
j·TT\T ñ+&˚yês¡T dæ) düTuÀ<Ûä &ç) dü+yê<ä øöeTT~
dæ) ôd’q´+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ mHé|ò”˝Ÿ¶ ¬s’|òæ˝Ÿ ‘·TbÕ≈£î\T m) eTE+<ësY _) {ÏÄsY Vü≤√yéT‡
dæ) WÁ≥+ &ç) Vü≤yé˝≤ø˘ 43. Á|üãT<äΔ uÛ≤s¡‘Y nH˚ |üÁ‹ø£qT q&ç|æ+~?
Ç+>±¢+&é˝Àì eP˝ŸÁe#Y˝À ‘·j·÷s¡j˚T´$ môd’‡, ø±ìùdºãT˝Ÿ Á|ü‘˚´ø£+ 29. á øÏ+~ yê{Ïì »‘·|üs¡#·+&ç. m) nì_ôd+{Ÿ _) $.&ç.kÕes¡ÿsY
&ç) ô|’e˙ï dæ) $y˚ø±q+<äT&ÉT &ç) sêC≤sêeT yÓ÷Vü≤HésêjYT
10. @ j·TT<äΔ+˝À bÕ˝§Zq&ÜìøÏ düeTTÁ<ä Á|üj·÷D≤ìøÏ ‘Ó\+>±D #·]Á‘· yê´K´ yê´U≤´‘·
44. á øÏ+~ yê{Ïì »‘·|üs¡#·+&ç.
uÛ≤s¡‘· dæbÕsTT\T e´‹πsøÏ+#ês¡T? 1. eTTdæ¢+\ ≈£îÁ≥ m. $.&ç.kÕes¡ÿsY
2. Á|ü<∏äeT kÕ«‘·+Á‘·´ dü+Á>±eT+ _. C….&Éã÷¢´ πøjYT dü+düú kÕú|æ+∫q dü+e‘·‡s¡+
m) dæ˝ÀHé _) ãsêà 1. Äràj·T düuÛÑ m. 1815
dæ) Ç+&√H˚wæj·÷ &ç) #Ó’Hê 19. dü÷s¡‘Y ñ|ü dü‘ê´Á>∑Vü≤+ @ dü+e‘·‡s¡+˝À »]–+~? 3. dæbÕsTT\ |æ‘·÷] dæ. düTπs+Á<äHê<∏é ùdHé
m) 1844 _) 1919 dæ) 1920 &ç) 1879 4. ‹s√>∑eTq yê<äT\ Á|üj·T‘·ï+ &ç. CÒyéT‡ WÁ≥+ 2. ‘·‘·«uÀ~Ûì düuÛÑ _. 1867
11. Væ≤+<ä÷ eTTdæ¢+\ dæbÕsTT\T ñeTà&ç>± mø£ÿ&É 3. kÕ<Ûës¡D ÁãVü≤àdüe÷CŸ dæ. 1875
‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T #˚XÊs¡T? 20. ø=e⁄« |üPdæq ‘·÷{≤*ï Á|üÁ|ü<∏äeT+>± ìsêø£]+ m) 1-&ç, 2-m, 3-_, 4-dæ
∫q <äfi¯+? _) 1-dæ, 2-m, 3-_, 4-&ç 4. ~e´C≤„q düe÷»+ &ç. 1839
m) u…+>±˝Ÿ _) neHé dæ) yÓ\÷¢sY &ç) eT\u≤sY 5. ÁbÕs¡úHê düe÷»+ Ç. 1878
12. øÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À dü¬s’q~ @~? m) ãs¡Ω+|üPsY 19e ¬sõyÓT+{Ÿ _) 34e |ü{≤\+ dæ) 1-m, 2-_, 3-dæ, 4-&ç
dæ) 47e H˚{Ïyé ÇHébòÕ+Á{° &ç) 77e |ü{≤\+ &ç) 1-&ç, 2-dæ, 3-m, 4-_ m) 1-m, 2-&ç, 3-Ç, 4-dæ, 5-_
1) 1857 e÷]à 29q eT+>∑fiŸbÕ+&˚ u≤s¡ø˘|üPsY˝À _) 1-_, 2-m, 3-&ç, 4-dæ, 5-Ç
‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T #˚XÊ&ÉT 21. øÏ+~ yê{Ïì »‘·|üs¡#·+&ç. 30. dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥TqT bÕ¢Hé¶ yêsY Ä|òt H˚wüq˝Ÿ
‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T ÁbÕ+‘·+ ìj·T$T+∫q n~Ûø±] Ç+&çô|+&ÓHé‡>± e]í+∫q yês¡T? dæ) 1-dæ, 2-&ç, 3-m, 4-_, 5-Ç
2) eT+>∑fiŸbÕ+&˚ #·+|æq Ä+>∑¢ n~Ûø±] u≤>¥ &ç) 1-&ç, 2-_, 3-dæ, 4-Ç, 5-m
3) 1857 @Á|æ˝Ÿ 8q eT+>∑fiŸbÕ+&˚qT ñ]rXÊs¡T 1. ø±q÷ŒsY m. VüA´s√dt m) eTE+<ësY _) $.&ç.kÕes¡ÿsY
2. s¡a≤˙‡ _. C≤Hé ì¬ø˝ŸdüHé dæ) {Ï.ÄsY.Vü≤√yéT‡ &ç) düTπs+Á<äHê<∏é ùdHé 45. ÁãVü≤àdüe÷»+ ¬s+&ÉT>± N*b˛sTTq dü+e‘·‡s¡+?
4) Á_{°wt kÕÁe÷»´+˝À s¡a≤˙‡ì #˚]Ãq~ 1857 m) 1856 _) 1866
pHé 27 3. &Ûç©¢ dæ. »qs¡˝Ÿ Vü≤Hé˝≤ø˘ 31. ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T ø±\+˝À $|ü¢e dü+<˚XÊìï |ü+|ü&É+
4. \ø√ï &ç. »qs¡˝Ÿ ˙˝Ÿ ø√dü+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q~? dæ) 1875 &ç) 1878
m) 1, 2 _) 1, 2, 3 dæ) 2, 3 &ç) 1, 2, 3, 4
13. dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T≈£î Hêj·T≈£î&ÉT>± 5. n\Vü‰u≤<é Ç. ø=*Héø±+|tu…˝Ÿ m) mÁs¡ ø£\Te\T, #·bÕr\T _) s¡Vü≤dü´ ôd’q´+
ãVü≤<ä÷sYcÕ-2qT m|ü&ÉT Á|üø£{Ï+#ês¡T? m) 1-dæ, 2-m, 3-_, 4-Ç, 5-&ç dæ) ˝ÒK\T &ç) m–πs ø±+‹ BbÕ\T düe÷<ÛëHê\T
m) 1857 y˚T 11 _) 1857 y˚T 10 _) 1-_, 2-m, 3-dæ, 4-&ç, 5-Ç 32. 1857 ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥TqT ªC≤rj·T ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥Tµ>±
dæ) 1-&ç, 2-_, 3-m, 4-dæ, 5-Ç ù|s=ÿ+~? 1._ 2.&ç 3.dæ 4._ 5.&ç
dæ) 1857 @Á|æ˝Ÿ 10 &ç) 1857 e÷]à 29 6.m 7.m 8.m 9.&ç 10._
14. MTs¡{Ÿ˝À dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T≈£î Hêj·Tø£‘·«+ &ç) 1-Ç, 2-&ç, 3-dæ, 4-_, 5-m m) CÒyéT‡ WÁ≥+ _) {Ï.ÄsY.Vü≤√yéT‡
22. ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T »]|æq yê]øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ düs¬ q’ ~? dæ) kÕes¡ÿsY &ç) u…+»MTHé &çCŸπs* 11.dæ 12._ 13.m 14.m 15._
eVæ≤+∫q yê&ÉT? 16.dæ 17._ 18.dæ 19.m 20.m
m) »qs¡˝Ÿ uÛÑø£ÔU≤Hé _) ãVü≤<ä÷sYcÕ-2 m) øÏ≥÷ºs¡T - sêDÏ #ÓqïeTà 33. dæbÕsTT\ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T≈£î $|òü\ n+XÊ˝À¢ ˝Òì~?
_) ø√{≤¢ (≈£îø±\T) - sêyéTdæ+>¥ 1. Hêj·Tø£‘·« ˝Ò$T 21.m 22.&ç 23.dæ 24.m 25.m
dæ) nVü≤à<äT˝≤¢cÕ &ç) ‘ê+‹j·÷‘√ù| 26.dæ 27._ 28._ 29.m 30._
15. CÀKHéu≤>¥ Vü≤‘ê´ø±+&É @ ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À »]–+~? dæ) bÕ+#ê\ ≈£îØì‡ - Ms¡bÕ+&É´ ø£≥ºu§eTàq 2. nìï esêZ\ eT<䛑·T ˝Òø£b˛e&É+
&ç) ô|’e˙ï 3. $<ë´e+‘·T\ düVü≤ø±s¡+ 31.m 32.&ç 33._ 34.m 35._
m) ne<Ûé _) s¡a≤˙‡ 36.&ç 37.dæ 38.m 39.&ç 40.m
dæ) ;Vü‰sY &ç) ø±q÷ŒsY 23. s¡a≤˙‡ \ø°åàu≤sTT >∑T]+∫ ‹s¡T>∑Tu≤≥T<ës¡T\˝À 4.Á_{°wt ôd’ì≈£î\ Áø£eT•ø£åD
41._ 42.dæ 43.dæ 44.m 45._

õ¤Ûu-ú‡CÌÄ, @÷ì òÅ°ù£uÙ
ví£:- ûμv àμí‡pì Ô ÷«åõª êμõÙ-Þ¥-éÚÛª ú£J-ð¼-
ê¦ô³?
á:- òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶-ø‹-EÚ¨ þ§yêŸÙvêŸuÙ ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª ûμv
àμí‡pì ÷«åõª ÔNª-åÙç˶ -c-cÍô¢ÌÄ-ô¦vAî¶üŒ ví£í£Ù-àŸ-
÷ªÙê¦ EvC-ú£ªh-ìo-í£±pè[ª òÅ°ô¢ê ú£@-÷ÙÞ¥ ú£yvêŸÙ-
vêŸÙÞ¥ ö˹\Ù-åªÙC.- × ¤ÛéÙ àŸJ-vêŸö˺ Íô¢ª-ë]ªÞ¥
÷ú£ªhÙC.- ð§êŸ-ë]ìÙ ìªÙ# Ú•êŸh-ë]-ìÙ-ö˺ڨ Íè[ªÞœª
šíè[ê¦Ù.- ÖÚÛ øŒÚÛÙ ÷³Þœª-ú£ªhÙC.- ú£ªD-ô¢+-Ú¥õÙ
Íé#-î¶-ú‡ì â°A ÎêŸt êŸì Þ•Ù꟪ NE-í‡-ú£ªhÙCe-e-
ÍE àμð§pô¢ª.- Î ÷«åõª Ú•êŸh ô¦ù£ZÙÞ¥ Í÷-êŸ-JÙ-
#ì êμõÙ-Þ¥-éÚÛª ú£J-ð¼-ê¦ô³.-
ô¢àŸô³êŸ
TJo ÍÙâ°Þ½èÂ
Nù£óŸª Eí£±éªõª
ví£:- êμõÙ-Þ¥é ð¼ô¦åÙ Þœ÷«uEo ÷³ë¯Ì-è…ì ¤Ûé-÷ªC
n- DEšíj Oª ÍGÅvð§óŸªÙ ÔNªæ¨?
á:- ÷´è[ª êŸô¦õ Gè[“õª êμõÙ-Þ¥é ÚÁú£Ù Ñë]u-÷«õª
ìè…-ð§ô¢ª.- ö°KÈ-õª, ꟫æ°-õÚÛª òÅ¡óŸª-í£-è[-ÚÛªÙè¯
Óë]ªô¢ª EL-à¦ô¢ª.- Íû¶ÚÛ ð¼ô¦-æ°õ íÆ£L-êŸÙÞ¥ êμõÙ-
Þ¥é ô¦ù£ZÙ Ôô¢p-è…ÙC.- Íû¶ÚÛ ë]øŒ-õ-î¦-KÞ¥ ð¼ô¦åÙ
áJT Þœ÷«uEo à¶Jì ¤Ûé°õª Íë]ª(Ä-êŸ-îμªi-ìN.- ÎÚ¥-
øŒÙö˺ í£ÙàŸ÷-ûμoõ ú£«ô¢ªuõª í£õÚÛ-JÙ-#-ìåªx, ÏÙvë]-
ëÅ]-ìú£ªq Nô¢-Þœ-ñ«-ú‡-ìåªx êμõÙ-Þ¥é ú£Ùñ-ô¦ö˺x
ø‹ô³.- êμõÙ-Þ¥é ô¦ù£Z Ôô¦påª â°A àŸJ-vêŸö˺ ví£:- ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ÷ªò˶( ÷³ú‡-Jê¶ ÚÛFo-ô¢-÷±-꟪ÙC n- H ÷ªìÙ ë]Ú¨\Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªìo NáóŸªÙ ÍÙë]-JÚ© ú£«pÄJhÞ¥ H
÷³E-Tì ¤Ûé°õª ÍÙë]-JF â°‘í£-Ú¥-õêÁ êŸè…-›í-
ví£:- ë¶øŒ, Në¶-ø‹-ö˺xE êμõÙ-Þ¥é Gè[“-õÙê¦ êŸõx-è…-Lx- á:- ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ÷ªñª( ÷³ú£-ô¢è[Ù ÍÙç˶ ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª H í£EÚ¨ ô¦E û¶õö˺ Ô í£Ùæ° í£Ùè[-ë]E Íìª-ÚÁ-ÚÛªÙè¯ H
Íô¢ª-ëμjì ¤ÛéÙ.-
ð¼ô³ì ¤Ûé°-öËμûÁo n- ú£÷ª-J–Ù-àŸÙè….-
á:- êμõÙ-Þ¥é Ñë]u÷ª ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ ÍEo ÷ô¦_õ ví£áõª
Ñîμy-꟪hì ÓT-ø‹ô¢ª.- Íû¶ÚÛ ú£Ùë]-ô¦(Äö˺x ô¦þ§h
ôÁÚÁõª, ëÅ]ô¦oõª à¶í£-æ°dô¢ª.- Î ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ ö°KÈ
l
Thermodynamics
Long answer type question
Q: State second law of thermodynamics. How
is heat engine different from refrigerator?
A: Clausius statement: No Process is possi-
ble whose sole result is the transfer of heat
from a colder object to hotter object.
Kelvin-Plank Statement : No Process is pos-
sible whose sole result is the absorption of
heat from a reservoir and complete con-
version of heat into work.
Writer
R. Sudharani
Subject Expert
Heat engine: A device which converts heat
energy into work is called heat engine.
1. Source: It is maintained at very high tem-
perature T1. Heat is extracted from this
body.
2. Working Substance: In a steam engine
working substance is the steam.
In diesel engine working substance is mixture
of fuel vapour and air.
3. Sink: Sink maintained at low temperature
T2. It absorbs heat, which is rejected by
Engine
T1 → E → T2
Q1 Q2
Source
↑
Sink
W = Q1 − Q2
15
øŒ‰ÎCî¦ô¢
vÚÛî¦ô¢ÙÙ25ÎÞœáì÷J 2019 - „„ email: help@eenadupratibha.net
ú£ªd 12, 2018
÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ÷ªò˶( ÷³ú‡-Jê¶..!
ëμñ(õª Aû¦oô¢ª.- ꟫æ°-õÚÛª Óë]ªô¢ª EL-à¦ô¢ª.- ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÚÛE-í‡-ú£ªhÙC.- ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª õ¤Ûu þ§ëÅ]-ìö˺ Ô ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ í£K¤Û ÑÙåªÙC.- ë¯EÚ¨ Ó÷-·ôjû¦ êŸõ
Ñþ§t-EóŸ« NøŒy-N-ë¯u-õ-óŸªÙö˺ ÓûÁo ÑvCÚÛh Þ¥óŸªÙ Íô³û¦ Eô¢ª-ê¦qí£è[-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè¯L.- ÷Ùà¦-LqÙë¶.-
ví£:- Ïú£ªÚÛ ÞœªÙèËμõª í£T-Lê¶ ÍC šíjô¢-÷±-꟪ÙC n- Íìo
íÆ£ªæ°dõª ûμõ-Ú•-û¦oô³.- Në¯u-ô¢ª–õª ö°KÈ ëμñ(õª H ÓÙêŸ Þ•í£p ÷ªE-ù‡-ö˺E Þœô¢y-îμªiû¦ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ôÁV
AE, Eô¦-ô¢ D¤Ûõª à¶ú‡ì ú£Ùë]-ô¦(Äö˺x ë¶øŒ, Në¶- ÚÛN ÷«åõ ìªÙ# ÔÙ vޜÙ-à¦ô¢ª? ìPÙ-#-ð¼-꟪ÙC.-
á:- Ïú£ª-ÚÛö˺ Ô í£Ùåõ« í£Ùè[-÷E Íð¼ï£° í£è[-÷-ë]ÌE,
ø‹-ö˺xE êμõÙ-Þ¥é Gè[“õª êŸõx-è…-Lx-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª.- î¦J H Gô¢ª-ë]ªõª ð»Ùë¶ î¦uí‡hÚ¨ Nõª-÷-ö˶ë]ª.-
ê¦uÞ¥-õìª àŸ«ú‡ ÚÛFo-æ¨êÁ Nõ-í‡Ù-à¦ô¢ª.- H
ví£:- êμõÙ-Þ¥é òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hšíj ú£Ùë¶--EÚ¨ ê¦÷±-ö˶-ë]ìo
Hè[ª í£è… ÔOª í£E-Ú¨-ô¦-ÚÛªÙè¯ Ñìo û¶õö˺ Ô Þ•í£p í£ìªõª à¶ú‡, àμô¢-ÞœE ê¦uޜ٠#ô¢-Ú¥õÙ
í£Ùåõ« í£Ùè[÷± Íìª-ÚÁ-÷ë]ªÌ.- ví£óŸª-ê¦oõª Eõªí£±ÚÁ-î¦L.-
ú£Ùð§-ë]-Ú©óŸ³è… ÷«åö˺x Ñìo ÎÙêŸô¢uÙ ÔNªæ¨? H
á:- êμõÙ-Þ¥é òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hšíj ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ö˶ë]ìo ú£Ùð§-ë]-Ú©-
à¶óŸ«L.- ví£óŸªêŸoÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛªÙè¯ Eô¦øŒí£è[-÷ë]ªÌ.- ú£Ù꟔í‡h-ÚÛ-ô¢-îμªiì @÷ìÙ Ú•ì-þ§-TÙ-à¦L.-
ÚÛù£d-í£è… ví£óŸª-Ao›úh Î û¶õö˺ ÷ªÙ# í£Ùå í£Ùè…Ù- H ÚÛù£d-í£-è˶-êŸêŸyÙ ÑÙè¯L.-
H
óŸ³è… ÷«åö˺x ÎÙêŸô¢uÙ ÔNª-åÙç˶.. êμõÙ-Þ¥é àŸ-÷àŸªa.- í£àŸaE šíjô¢ª í£Ùè[æ°EÚ¨ vøŒ÷ª ÓÙêŸ þ§æ¨ ÷ªìª-ù£ªõ í£åx þ§ìª-ÚÛ«õ ë]”ÚÛpëÇ]Ù ÑÙè¯L.-
H
ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª ë¶øŒÙÞ¥ ÑÙè˶C.- úˆyóŸª í£J-ð§-õì à¶ú£ª- ÷³Üuîμ« õ¤Ûu þ§ëÅ]-ìÚÛª ví£óŸªêŸoÙ ÍÙê¶ ÷³Üu- ê¦uޜ٠à¶ú‡ì ô àŸJ-vêŸö˺ ø‹øŒyêŸÙÞ¥ EL-#-
ÚÁ-÷àŸªa.- Ú¥÷-õ-ú‡-ìÙ-êŸÞ¥ ÷ì-ô¢ªõª Ñû¦oô³.- ví£á- ÷ªE vޜÙ-à¦ìª.- ð¼ê¦ô¢ª.-
õÙ-ë]ô¢« ÚÛù£d-í£è… í£E-à¶-›ú-î¦ô¢ª.- ñªCÌÄ-ñ-ö°-EÚ¨
Ú•ë]÷-ö˶ë]ª.- Nõª-÷õª êμL-ú‡ì êμõÙ-Þ¥-éÞ¥ ÑÙC.- î¦u-ú£-ô¢«í£ ví£øŒo
ví£:- @-÷-ì- òÅ°ù£uÙ ð§ôȦuÙøŒÙ ë¯yô¦ Oª¸ôÙ
ÔÚÛ-ëů-æ¨Þ¥ ÷´è[ª êŸô¦-õ-ð§åª ð¼ô¦-è…ì í£æ¨÷ª, ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo ÷³Üu-îμªiì ví£øŒoõª
á:- @÷-ì- òÅ°ù£uÙ ð§ôÈ¢Ù Îëů-ô¢ÙÞ¥ û¶ìª vޜÙ#ì H
NøË™-ù£-îμªiì ví£AòÅ° ð§å-î¦õª ÑìoÙ-ë]ªì êμõÙ-Þ¥é vޜÙà¦ô¢ª?
òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hšíj ú£Ùë¶--EÚ¨ ê¦÷±-ö˶ë]ª.-
H
ú£Ùð§-ë]-Ú©óŸªÙ ë¶Eo êμL-óŸª-â˶-ú£ªhÙC?
êμõÙ-Þ¥é Ôô¦p-åªÚÛª Ñë]u-÷ª-Ú¥-ô¢ªõª à¶ú‡ì ÚÛ”ù‡
Nù£-óŸ«õª...
H ÷ªñª(-õêÁ ÷ô¢{Ù Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙëÁ Íö°¸Þ ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª
Óö°Ù-æ¨C?
H
ÚÛL¸Þ ò°ëÅ]õ ÷õx ÚÛFoô¢ª ÷ú£ªhÙC.- êμõÙ-Þ¥é òÅ°ù£, ú£Ùú£\”-꟪-õÚÛª ÷ªSx vð§éÙ
H NáóŸªÙ þ§CÅÙ-à¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛª-ìo-í£±pè[ª ÚÛÿ§dõª Óë]ª-ô¢-÷±-
ð¼óŸ«L n- ú£÷ª-J–Ù-àŸÙè….-
H ÑêŸ\”-ù£d-îμªiì êμõÙ-Þ¥é @÷-ì- N-ëůìÙ ÍÙç˶
êμõªÞœª ê¦-óŸªE ö˺ÚÛÙ òÅ¡óŸª-ší-æ¨dû¦ Eô¢ª-ê¦q--í£-è[-÷ë]ªÌ.-
H ÍÙë]-JêÁ ÚÛLú‡ @NÙ-à¦L.- þ§ìª-ÚÛ«-õÙÞ¥
ÔNªæ¨?
H
Ñìoí£±pè˶ ÎìÙë]Ù ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC.- ð§õû¦í£ô¢-îμªiì N÷¤Û ÍÙç˶ Oª¸Ú÷ªô¢–îμªiÙC?
÷ÙÚÛõª, è•ÙÚÛõª ÚÛõ-÷F áè…-í‡Ù-àŸÚÛª û¶ú£hÙ n-
ú£÷ªJ–Ù-àŸÙè….-
Eõª-ú£ªhÙC.- ÚÛN Íìo ÷«å-õšíj Oª ÍGÅ-vð§óŸªÙ êμõ-í£Ùè….-
Gô¢ª-ë]ªõª ð»Ùë¶ î¦uí‡hÚ¨ Nõª-î¶Nª n ú‡û¦¸ô
ÎÙëÁ-üŒ-ìõª, #ÙêŸõª, ò°ëÅ]õª Íû¶ CÞœªõ Íìo Ð ÷«åö˺x ÎÙêŸô¢uÙ ÔNªæ¨?
H
÷ªñª(õª ÚÛ÷ªtè[Ù.- ÍN Í÷«Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷ªì-ú£ªö˺ ví£óŸª-AoÙ# ë]ªEo, NêŸh-û¦õª û¦æ¨ê¶ ÷ªÙ#
í£Ùåõª í£Ùè[ª-ê¦ô³.- ú‡.-û¦ô¦-óŸª-é-·ôè…“ ô¢àŸ-û¦ -ø˘j-LE @÷-ì- òÅ°ù£uÙ
ú£ªÚÛª Ô Þ¥óŸª-îμªiû¦ ë]ªl-Ü- ú‡–A ÚÛLT ÚÛFoæ¨ H NCÅ ÚÛL-TÙචÚÛÿ§dõª ÒÙ-àŸö˶Ù.- ÍÙë]-JÚ© ÔëÁ
EÙè[ª-ÚÛªE ÚÛFo-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ñóŸª-åÚÛª ÷à¶a-þ§hô³.- ÷ªì- ð§ôÈ¢Ù Îëů-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ô¦óŸªÙè….

l 
l 
l l
A
A Device
Device converts
converts Heat
Heat Energy
Energy into..
into..
working substance. law of thermodynamics. = Pdv ........ (3)
Working: Working substance absorbs heat Sol: Cp − Cv = R From I Law of thermodynamics
from source, converts part of it into Proof: Consider one mole of an Ideal gas in dQ = dU + dW
mechanical work and remaining part will a cylinder provided with a friction less pis- CpdT = CvdT + Pdv
be rejected to sink. ton. Let P, V, T are pressure, volume and [Cp − Cv] dT = P[dv]
∴ Work done by the engine is W = Q1 − Q2 temperature of gas respectively. From an Ideal gas equation
W Q1 − Q2 Q2 When gas is heated at constant volume, its Pv = RT
Efficiency η = ⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ = 1 − ⎯ temperature increases through 'dT' and
Q1 Q1 Q1 Pdv = RdT
Q2 T2 increase of internal energy is 'dU'
dT(Cp − Cv) = RdT ∴ Cp − Cv = R
η=1−⎯ =1−⎯ ∴ (dQ)v = dU = nCvdT
Q T1
Refrigerator: In refrigerator working sub- n=1 Very Short Answer Type Questions
stance extracts an amount of heat from dU = CvdT ....... (1)
Q. Define thermal equilibrium. How does it
sink and certain amount of heat is trans-
lead to zeroth law of thermodynamics.
ferred to source. Work is done on the sys-
tem. Working of refrigerator is opposite to A: Two systems are said to be in thermal
equilibrium with cach other, if they are at
that of heat engine.
Q2
Physics same temperature.
Coefficient of Performance (α) = ⎯
W Zeroth Law of thermodynamics: If two
Q2 Q2 T2 When gas is heated at constant pressure systems are in thermal equilibrium with a
α = ⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ for same raise of temperature 'dT, heat
W Q1 − Q2 T1 − T2 third system separately then they must
energy utilised to increase in internal ener-
be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
gy (dU) and external work done (dW).
T1 ← E ← T2 Q. What thermodynamic variables can be
∴ (dQ)p = nCpdT
Q1 Q2 defined by at (1) zeroth law (2) first law.
Source Sink dQ = CpdT ....... (2)
↑ A: 1) Temperature
Work done to
move the piston 2) Internal energy
W = Q1 − Q2
through a distance
'dx' is çËμûÂh, ÏÙåôÂÚÛª ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì ÷ªJEo
↔
Short Answer Type Questions dx
dw = Fdx ÷³Üuîμªiì ví£øŒoõªnáî¦ñªõ ÚÁú£Ù
www.eenadupratibha.net àŸ«è[÷àŸªa.
Q. Derive the relation between two specific
heat capacities of gas on the basis of first = P(dx)A
14
øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 25 áì÷J 2019 - „ email: help@eenadupratibha.net

ví£: ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙö˺ 16 ⎯ 2
% ¸ôåª à•í£±pì îμ³êŸhÙ,
3
îμ³êŸhÙ Ú¥ö°EÚ¨ ÖÚÛ\þ§¸ô öËμÚÛ\! -
Íú£-õªÚÛª 3 ·ôåªx Í÷±êŸªÙC.
þ§ëÅ]ì: P = 1 Í-ô³ê¶ A =- 3 Ú¥ñæ¨d
I =- 3 − -1 = -2
í£GxÚ ú£Kyúà ÚÛNª-ù£ûÂ, ð¼Mú£ª ÑëÁu-Þ¥õª 100 × I 100 × 2
(T) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
P×R
Ú¥õÙ
ö°Ùæ¨ ð¼æ© í£K¤Û-õÚÛª ú‡ë]ÌÄ-÷ªó¶ªu ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢ª–õª 50
1×⎯
ú‡õ-ñ-úÃö˺ òÅ°ÞœÙÞ¥ ÍJ-ëÇÂ-îμª-æ¨-ÚÂ-ö˺E 3
3
-cò°ô¢ª-÷膓e- ÞœªJÙ# êμõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L.- ÏÙë]ªö˺ = 100 × 2 × ⎯
50
òÅ°ÞœÙÞ¥ Íú£õª, ÷膓-¸ôåª, Ú¥õÙ ÚÛìª-ÚÛª\û¶ = 12ú£Ù-.
ú£«vê¦-õìª Þœªô¢ªh-ší-åªd-ÚÁ-î¦L.- ÷«CJ ví£: 5%
- þ§ëů-ô¢é ¸ôåª à•í£±pì Ú•ÙêŸ þ»÷³t ë¯E-
ú£÷ª-ú£u-õìª þ§ëÅ]ì à¶óŸ«L.- ÚÛë¶ 4 ·ôåªx Í÷±êŸªÙC. Íô³ê¶ Ô ¸ôåª à•í£±pì
Ú•ÙêŸ- þ»÷³t ë¯E-ÚÛë¶ 7 ·ôåªx Í÷±êŸªÙC?
ò°-ô¢ª-÷膓 sþ§ëůô¢é÷膓z þ§ëÅ]ì: 5%- ¸ôåª à•í£±pì Ú•ÙêŸ- þ»÷³t ë¯E-ÚÛë¶ 4
Ú•ÙêŸ þ»÷³tšíj, Ú•ÙêŸ ÷膓-¸ô-åªì îμ³êŸhÙ Ú¥ö°EÚ¨ ·ôåªx Í÷±êŸªÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d
P = 1 Íô³ê¶ A = 4, I = 4 − 1 = 3
Ö¸Ú-þ§J ÷膓 öËμÚ¨\Ùචí£ë]ÌÄ-AE ò°ô¢ª-÷膓 öË¶ë¯ þ§ëů-ô¢é
100 × I 100 × 3
÷膓 ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.- Ú¥õÙ (T) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 60 ú£Ù.
H Íí£±p Bú£ª-ÚÛªìo þ»÷³t Íú£õª P, ÷膓-¸ôåª R, P×R 1×5
Ú¥õÙ T Íô³ê¶ Ú•ÙêŸ þ»÷³t ë¯E-ÚÛë¶ 7 ·ôåªx Íô³ê¶
P×T×R P = 1 Í-ô³ê¶ A = 7, I = 7 − 1 = 6
i) ò°ô¢ª-÷膓 (I) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 100 × I 100 × 6
ii) ò°-ô¢ª-÷膓 îμ³êŸhÙ (A) =- Íú£õª `- ÷膓
¸ôåª (R) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
P×T 1 × 60
= 10%
ví£:
sö˶ë¯z
( TR
P 1 + ⎯⎯ ) AÍû¶ ÷uÚ¨h BÚ¨ ô¢«.450-õìª 2 ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦õÚÛª, ú£Ù¤¨í£h í£ë]ÌÄA:4 ·ôåªx Íô³ê¶ ÷膓 =- s4 −-1z
100 C
Ú¨ ô¢«.500-õìª 3 ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦õÚÛª Ú•ÙêŸ ÷膓
¸ôåªêÁ Íí£±p Ï#a îμ³êŸhÙ Oªë] ô¢«.120 ÷膓
Óšújq & Ú¥E›údñªöËÀq ⇒- 3 òÅ°Þ¥õª → 5%-
7 ·ôåªx Íô³ê¶ ÷膓 =- s7−-1z
þ§ëÅ]ì: ÖÚÛ ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-÷ªó¶ªu Íú£õª
ð»Ùë¯è[ª. Íô³ê¶ ÷膓 ¸ôåª ÓÙêŸ?
⇒ 6 òÅ°Þ¥õª →- ?
ô¢àŸô³êŸ í£K¤Ûõ ví£ê¶uÚÛÙ
G. Ñë]óÀªÚÛª÷«ô =- s450 × 2z +- s500 × 3z =- ô¢«.2400 6
⎯⎯ × 5%- =- 10%-
×I 100 × 120 -3
÷膓 ¸ôåª (R) = 100
Nù£óŸª Eí£±éªõª ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ÍJëÇÂîμªæ¨ÚÂ
P×T 2400 × 1 ví£: Ú•ÙêŸ-þ»÷³t þ§ëů-ô¢é ÷膓šíj 15 ú£Ù.õö˺ 3
Ú•Eo ú£÷ª-ú£uõª ú£ªõª-÷±Þ¥ þ§CÅÙ-àŸè¯EÚ¨: = 5%
Í-ô³ê¶ A = 2495 ·ôåªx Íô³ê¶ ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙö˺ 5 ·ôåªxx Í÷±êŸªÙC?
P = 100 Í-ô³ê¶ (i) ÷膓 (I) =- (R × T) ví£: Ú•ÙêŸ þ»÷³tšíj 3 ú£Ù.õö˺ 5%- ¸ôåª à•í£±pì
I = 2495 - 2000 = 495
þ§ëÅ]ì: 3 ·ôåªx Íô³ê¶ ÷膓 =- s3 n-1z
ii) îμ³êŸhÙ (A) = 100 + (R × T) 100 × I 100 × 495 ⇒ 2 òÅ°Þ¥õª → 15
Íó¶ªu îμ³êŸhÙ ô¢«.2,300 Íô³ê¶ Íú£õª ÓÙêŸ? (R) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
P×T
¸ôåª
÷«CJ ú£÷ª-ú£uõª 100 × A
þ§ëÅ]ì: Íú£õª = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 100 × 2300
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9
2000 × ⎯
2
5 ·ôåªx Íô³ê¶ ÷膓 =- s5 n-1z
⇒ 4 òÅ°Þ¥õª → ?
ví£: ô¢«.600-0õšíj 15%- ¸ôåª à•í£±pì 3
100 + (R T)
100 × 2300
100 + ( 5× 3) 11
=⎯%
1
5 ⎯ % 4
⎯ x 15 = 30 ú£Ù-.
2
sö˶ë¯z 2
-
ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦ö˺x Íó¶ªu ÷膓 ÓÙêŸ? = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - 2
115
P×T×R 6000 × 3 × 15
þ§ëÅ]ì: ÷膓 (I) = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = ô¢«.2,000
H
100 100
ú£Ù¤¨íh£ í£ë]ÌÄA: îμ³êŸhÙ =- [100 + 5 × 3 ] ⇒
-s z ûÁ æ© úà ò˺ ô¢ª“ ð¼ú£ªdõªnÝ°Sõª: ï£°Ë ºÙÞ¥ô¢ª“ sšíÆjôÂ÷«uûËÂzn73,
= ô¢«.2,700 ï£°Ë ºÙÞ¥ô¢ª“ svèËμj÷ô Îí£¸ôæôÂzn18
115 òÅ°Þ¥õª → 2300
ú£Ù¤¨í£h í£ë]ÌÄA: H Íô¢|êŸ: ÔèÁ êŸô¢ÞœA ÑBhô¢gêŸêÁð§åª šíÆjô šíÆjæ¨ÙÞÂ
100 → 6000
(15 × 3) ⇒ 45 → ?
Íú£õª ⇒ 100 òÅ°Þ¥õª → ? ví£òÅ¡ªêŸy ÑëÁuÞ¥õª ÍÙè ·ôú£«\u Îí£¸ôù£ìxö˺ Íô³ë¶üŒx ÍìªòÅ¡÷Ù
100
⎯⎯ × 2300 =- ô¢«.2,000
ÑÙè¯L. ÍòÅ¡uô¢ª–öË Ó꟪h 160 šúÙ.Oª. êŸí£pEú£J.
45 × 6000
I = ⎯⎯ = ô¢«.2,700 115 H ÷óŸªlí£JNªA: 01.01.2018 û¦æ¨Ú¨ 18n50 ÔüŒx
100
ví£: Ô ÷膓 ¸ôåª à•í£±pì 10 ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦ö˺x Íó¶ªu ÷膓
ÔíˆíˆÓúˆq n Íú‡šúdÙæËÀ þ§dæ¨ú‡dÚÛöËÀ Îíƈú£ôÂ
ví£: ô¢«.1500 õšíj 2 ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦õ Ú¥õÙö˺ ûμõÚÛª
÷ªëÅ]u ÑÙè¯L.
2 H ÎÙvëÅ]ví£ë¶øË ÓÚÛû¦NªÚÂq ÍÙè þ§dæ¨ú‡dÚÛöËÀ ú£KyúÃö˺ H ÎûËÂöËμjûË ë]ô¢Ý°ú£ªh: áì÷J 28 ìªÙ# íƇvñ÷J 18
ô¢«ð§-ô³Ú¨ šíjþ§ à•í£±pì Íó¶ªu ÷膓 ÓÙêŸ? Íú£õªö˺ ⎯
5
-÷ ÷Ù꟪ Í÷±êŸªÙC. ÷ô¢ÚÛª.H ò˶ú‡Ú ú‡\öËÀ çËμúÃd ê¶C: ÷«Ja 1
þ§ëÅ]ì: ¸ôåª ûμõÚÛª ô¢«ð§-ô³Ú¨ šíjþ§ ÍÙç˶ ûμõÚÛª
Ú¨ÙC ð¼ú£ªdöË òÅ¡KhÚ¨ ô¦ù£Z í£GxÚ ú£Kyúà ÚÛNªù£ûËÂ
H vèËμjNÙÞ çËμúÃd ê¶C: ÷«Ja 6
þ§ëÅ]ì: Í-ú£õª =- x Íô³ê¶, ÷膓 =- 2x sÔíˆíˆÓúˆqz ví£ÚÛæìõª Nè[ªë]öË à¶ú‡ÙC.
⎯
ô¢«.100ÚÛª 1 ô¢«ð§ô³ ÍE Íô¢–Ù.-
∴ ûμõÚÛª ô¢«.100 ÚÛª ô¢«ð§ô³ ÍÙç˶ ¸ôåª
5
H ð¼ú£ªdõªnÝ°Sõª: Íú‡šúdÙæËÀ þ§dæ¨ú‡dÚÛöËÀ Îíƈú£ô îËμòËÀšújæËÀ: http://fireservices.ap.gov.in

ví£î˶ø‹õª
2x
sÔÓúÃîËÁzn78, Íú‡šúdÙæËÀ èËμj·ôÚÛdôÂn06.
R = 12% 100 × ⎯ H Íô¢|êŸ: þ§dæ¨ú‡dÚÂq ÖÚÛ ú£òËμbÚÛªdÞ¥ è…vU, ú£ÙñÙCÅêŸ
100 × I 5
P×T×R 1500 × 2 × 12 (R) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(I) = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
ú£òËμbÚÛªdö˺x íˆ@ ÑBhô¢gêŸ.
x × 10
¸ôåª
PT
H ÷óŸªlí£JNªA: 01.07.2019 û¦æ¨Ú¨ 18n42 ÔüŒx
÷膓 100 100
100 × 2x Ôíˆ@툚úæËÀn2019
ô¢«. 360
= = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 4% ÷ªëÅ]u ÑÙè¯L.
x × 10 × 5 H ÓÙí‡ÚÛ: vúˆ\EÙÞ çËμúÃd, îμªô³ûË ÓÞ¥bNªû¶ù£ûË H
ví£: Ú•ÙêŸ þ»÷³tšíj 6 ⎯ 1 ÎÙvëÅ]ví£ë¶øËÂö˺E Óúˆq, Óúˆd, Húˆ ú£Ù¸¤÷ª Þœªô¢ªÚÛªöË
%- ¸ôåª à•í£±pì 8 ú£Ù. 2
2
ú£Ù¤¨í£h í£ë]ÌÄA:
Në¯uöËóŸ«ö˺x 2019n20 Në¯u ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦EÚ¨Þ¥ìª
I= ⎯ ×P⇒I:P=2:5
Îëůô¢ÙÞ¥.
õÚÛª Íó¶ªu ÷膓 ô¢«.520 Íô³ê¶ Íú£õª ÓÙêŸ? 5 H ÔÓúÃîËÁ ÎûËÂöËμjûË ë]ô¢Ý°ú£ªh: íƇvñ÷J 12 ìªÙ# Íô³ëÁ êŸô¢ÞœA ví£î˶ø‹öËÚÛª Eô¢yÙචví£î˶øŒ
100 × I 100 × 520 100 × I 100 × 2
þ§ëÅ]ì: Íú£õª (P) = ⎯⎯
÷«Ja 6 ÷ô¢ÚÛª. ví£ÚÛæì Nè[ªë]öËμjÙC.
= ⎯⎯⎯ (R) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ H Íú‡šúdÙæËÀ èËμj·ôÚÛdô ÎûËÂöËμjûË ë]ô¢Ý°ú£ªh: áì÷J 30 H Ôíˆ Þœªô¢ªÚÛªöË ð§ôÈ¢ø‹öËöË Ú¥÷ªûË ÓÙvæûËÂq çËμúÃd
R×T 13 P×T 5 × 10
¸ôåª
⎯ ×8 sÔíˆ@툚úæËÀzn2019 H ví£î˶øŒÙ: Íô³ëÁ êŸô¢ÞœA.
2 = 4%
ìªÙ# íƇvñ÷J 20 ÷ô¢ÚÛª.
=- ô¢«.1,000 ví£: Ô ÷膓 ¸ôåªì 4 ⎯⎯
1
ú£Ù÷êŸqô¦ö˺x Ú•ÙêŸ þ»÷³t îËμòËÀšújæËÀ: https://psc.ap.gov.in
H Íô¢|êŸ: ví£òÅ¡ªêŸy/ ví£òÅ¡ªêŸy ÞœªJhÙí£± ð»ÙCì

13 2
Në¯uöËóŸ«ö˺x ví£ú£ªhêŸ Në¯u ú£Ù÷êŸqô¢Ù
ú£Ù¤¨í£h í£ë]ÌÄA: ÷膓 =- (-
⎯ × 8
2
) - 2495
ë¯E-ÚÛë¶ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
-2000 Í÷±êŸªÙC?
ÍTo÷«í£ÚÛ ø‹Üö˺ ï£°Ë ºÙÞ¥ô¢ª“õª s2018n19zö˺ û¦õªÞÁ êŸô¢ÞœA àŸë]ª÷±êŸ« ÑÙè¯L.
H í£K¤Û ê¶C: ÷«Ja 15
H
=- 52 òÅ°Þ¥õª → 520 2495 Ôíˆ Ní£êŸªh ú£pÙë]ì, ÍTo÷«í£ÚÛ ø‹Üö˺
H ÎûËÂöËμjûË ë]ô¢Ý°ú£ªhÚÛª #÷Jê¶C: íƇvñ÷J 23
þ§ëÅ]ì: Ú•Ù-êŸ-þ»÷³t ë¯E-ÚÛë¶ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ÍÙç˶ P= 2000
Íú£õª=-100 òÅ°Þ¥õª →- ? 100 îËμòËÀšújæËÀ:
ï£°Ë ºÙÞ¥ô¢ª“ ð¼ú£ªdöË òÅ¡KhÚ¨ ví£ÚÛæì Nè[ªë]öËμjÙC.
⎯ × 510 = ô¢«.1000 -2000 í£±ô¢ªù£ ÍòÅ¡uô¢ª–õª ÷«vêŸî¶ª Oæ¨Ú¨ Íô¢ª|õª. https://apgpcet.apcfss.in
51
 6 Á‹tyÓ˛ ∑ ‘Ë˝ì{Mʸ–ÈΔÊˇÖ 25 fØ˲–ö˛« 2019 www.andhrajyothy com .

What is the cost of filing a case in Lok Adalat?

b) Punjab National Bank c) BoM that how much percentage of demone-
Banking Knowledge/ Financial Awareness d) Canara Bank e) None of these tized money was back?
20. Insurance regulator IRDAI has directed a) 99.3 % b) 50 % c) 25% d) 12%
1. For which ATM Network, NPCI is the e) All the above (Books and Authores) all third-party insurance companies to e) None of these
operator? 10. What is the cost of filing a case in Lok include vehicle insurance policies cover 30. What is the maximum deposit per indi-
a) NFS b) Cashnet c) BANCS Adalat? to vehicle owners-drivers of all vehicles vidual in Payment Bank?
d) State Bank ATM Network a) No fee b) Rs.1000/- c) Rs.2000/- (2wheelers, 3-wheelers, passenger vehi- a) Rs.1 lakh b) Rs.5 lakhs c) Rs.10 Lakhs
e) None of these d) Rs.5000/- e) Rs.10000/- cles and commercial vehicles) for an d) Rs.20 Lakhs e) None of these
2. What is ECB? 11. Under RBI , LRS scheme all resident additional premium of how much? 31. Payment Bank which allowed users to
a) "External Commercial Borrowings individuals, including minors, are a) Rs.100 per annum withdraw cash from ATMs, without the
(ECB)" means borrowing by an eligible allowed to freely remit upto how much , b) Rs.750 per annum need for a physical debit or credit card
resident entity from outside India in accor- per financial year? c) Rs.500 per annum is ______ .
dance with framework decided by the a) US $ 2,50,000 b) US $ 10,000 d) Rs.330 per annum e) None of these a) Yes Bank b) Airtel Payments Bank
Reserve Bank in consultation with the c) US $ 5,000 d) US $ 1,000 21. Reverse Repo Rate at present is how c) ICICI Bank d) HDFC Bank
Government of India e) None of these much? e) None of these
b) Distributing funds c) Disbursing cash 12. Bank of Baroda will close down which a) 5 % b) 6.25 % c) 7.5 % d) 8.5% 32. World Economic Outlook is published
d) Opening Account e) None of these three overseas branches? e) None of these by whom?
3. All eligible borrowers can now raise a) Guayna b) Trinidad and Tobago 22. Global Multidimentional Poverty a) ADB b) IMF c) AIIB d) NDB
ECBs up to USD ______ million or e) None of these
equivalent per financial year under the
automatic route replacing the existing BANK PO/ CLERKS EXAM SPECIAL 33. Which of the following is correct?
a) IMT: Instant Money Transfer
sector wise limits. b) APBS: Aadhaar Payment Bridge System
a) 100 b) 750 c) 250 d) 500 c) AEPS: Aadhaar Enabled Payment System
e) None of these d) IMPS: Immediate Payment Service
4. The minimum average maturity period e) All the above
(MAMP) has been kept at _____ years 34. National Automated Clearing House(
for all ECBs, irrespective of the amount NACH) is operated by whom?
of borrowing in lieu of various layers of a) NPCI b) UTI c) LIC d) HDFC
MAMPs as at present, except the bor- e) None of these
rowers specifically permitted in the cir- 35. As at the end of 2018 there were _____
cular to borrow for a shorter period. authorised non-bank Payment System
a) 5 b) 3 c) 10 d) 12 e) None of these Operators (PSOs) in India.
5. Any entity who is a resident of a coun- a) 14 b) 89 c) 6 d) 26 e) None of these
try which is FATF or IOSCO compliant
will be treated as a recognised lender.
This change increases the lending Praturi Potayya Sarma
options and allows various new lenders Answers
in ECB space while strengthening the
AML/CFT framework. Which of the 1) a 8) b 15) b 22) b 29) a
following is correct? 2) a 9) e 16) b 23) b 30) a
a) FATF: Financial Action Task Force 3) b 10) a 17) b 24) b 31) b
b) IOSCO: International Organisation of 4) b 11) a 18) b 25) b 32) b
Securities Commissions c) Ghana d) All the above Index( MPI) is published by whom? 5) e 12) d 19) b 26) b 33) e
c) AML: Anti-Money Laundering e) None of these a) UNESCO b) UNDP c) UNICEF 6) a 13) a 20) b 27) b 34) a
d) CFT: Combating the Financing of 13. The overdraft limit for account holders d) WHO e) ILO 7) a 14) a 21) b 28) a 35) b
Terrorism e) All the above of PMJDY has now been increased 23. GST council allowed the filing of GST
6. With a view to encourage digitisation of from Rs.5000/- to how much? returns with an annual turnover upto
payments and enhance financial inclu-
sion through digitisation, the Reserve
a) Rs.10,000/-
c) Rs.20,000/-
b) Rs.25,000/-
d) Rs.15,000/-
Rs.5 Crores at what period?
a) Once in a week b) Quarterly
AyÏ˛√ÁŸ-Øå˛fi
Bank of India has decided to constitute e) None of these c) Once is 15 days d) Eevery month
a High-Level Committee on Deepening
of Digital Payments. Who is the
14. What is the venue of 91st Academy
Awards (films)?
e) None of these Ø˲ÃÍfiΔäˇ ƒÊ˝$*∞–ö˛«fi-sÓ˝ÃZ GÖΩH
24. Finance Ministry launched mobile
Chairman of the Committee? a) Dolby Theatre, Los Angeles, USA application 'Jan Dhan Darshak' as a ÚflO˝ßÊ˛-Δ>-ªÍ-ßä˛-ÃZ∞ Ø˲ÃÍfiΔäˇ ØÈ≈ƒÊ˝$ —‘Ë˝”-—-ßë≈-ÀƒÊ˝$
a) Shri Nandan Nilekani, Former b) Goa c) Paris d) Moscow e) Tokyo part of ______ . Ú‹ÖrΔäˇ ÁúΔäˇ –Û˛$ØÛ˛-gå˝-–˛$Öså˝ Á‹tyÓ˛ã‹ GÖΩH M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÃZ {Á≥–Û˛-
Chairman, Unique Identification Authority 15. Which organization approved the a) Social Security b) Financial Inclusion ‘È-∞Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍ-Á‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$-ô¯Ö-®.
of India Country Partnership Framework c) Ddigital Literacy d) Swachcha Bharath M¯ΔÊˇ$fi: GÖΩH(2019&21 ªÍ≈^å˛)
b) Subhash Chandra Garg (CPF) for India to deliver $ 25 - 30 bil- e) None of these AΔÊˇ·ô˲: ªÍ≈_-ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X E°¢ΔÊˇ~ô˲. _–ö˛« Á‹Ö–ö˛-ô˲fiΔÊˇÖ
c) C.Rangarajan d) PK Jha lion to support its transition to higher 25. As per CSO, per capital Net National ^˲ßÊ˛$-–ö˛#-ô˲$Ø˲≤ —ßë≈-ΔÊˇ$¶À* ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢ ^Û˛Á‹$-M¯-–ö˛-^˲$a.
e) None of these middle - income country? Income during 2018-19 is estimated to GØå˛&–˛$så˝ ∞ΔÊˇ”-Áfl˝◊˝ ôÛ˛©: Ìú{∫-–ö˛« 17
7. Difference between Exports and a) ILO b) World Bank be Rs.1,25,397, showing a raise of how ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: BØå˛ÃÒ˝O-Øå˛
Imports is called as what? c) FAO d) WEF e) WHO much? _–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: fØ˲-–ö˛« 31
a) Balance of Trade b) Balance of Power 16. What is the digital registry where cred- a) 5 % b)11.1% c) 2 % d) 15%
c) Current Account d) SB Account it history of individuals, willful default-
–˛ªå˝-Ú‹Oså˝: http://cms.nalsar.ac.in/
e) None of these
e) None of these ers, pending files record are kept?
8. The world's first block chain bond a) VCR b) Public Credit Registry(PCR)
26. Who released Public Enterprises
Survey 2017-18?
KƒÊ˝$*ÃZ Úfl˝Ãå˝¢ MÛ¸Δäˇ M¯ΔÊˇ$fi-À$
'BOND-I' introduced by which institu- c) NRC d) NHRC e) None of these a) RBI b) Department of Public ÚflO˝ßÊ˛-Δ>-ªÍ--ßä˛-ÃZ∞ E›Î√∞ƒÊ˝* —‘Ë˝”-—-ßë≈-ÀƒÊ˝$Ö
tion? 17. Public Affairs Centre is in which city? Enterprises, Ministry of Heavy Industries (KƒÊ˝$*)2018&19 —ßë≈ Á‹Ö–ö˛-ô˲fi-Δ>-∞Mϸ Á≥À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$fiÃZœ
a) EBRD b) World Bank a) Kochi b) Bengaluru c) Hyderaad c) DAE d) ISRO e) DRDO {Á≥–Û˛-‘È-∞Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍ-Á‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$-ô¯Ö-®.
c) Bank of England d) Bank of Japan d) Jaipur e) Chandigarh 27. Who is the Chairman of Indian Ô≥i yÏ˛¥˜œ–ö˛* M¯ΔÊˇ$fi-À$
e) None of these 18. The Department of Industrial Policy Banking Association? —øÍ-V>À$: M>≈£ä˛ ÃÍ≈ªå˝ sÒ˝M>≤-Ài, G–ö˛$Δˇj±fi –˛$yÏ˛-MʸÃå˝
9. Which of the following is correct? and Promotion(DIPP) conducted a con- a) Sunil Arora b) Sunil Mehta MÛ¸Δäˇ, -Úfl˝-Ãå˝¢-MÛ¸Δäˇ –Û˛$ØÛ˛-gå˝-–˛$Öså˝ ô˲®-ô˲ΔÊˇ M¯ΔÊˇ$fi-À$.
a) Free Trade and Prosperity: How ference on Global Digital Content c) Sunil Lamba d) Sunil Khetri
Openness Helps the Developing Countries Market at which place?
AΔÊˇ·ô˲: Á‹Ö∫Ö-´®ô˲ Á‹ªÒ˝j-Mʸ$tÃZœ ªÍ≈_-ÀΔäˇfi yÏ˛{X E°¢ΔÊˇ~-ô˲.
e) None of these ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢ —´ßëØ˲Ö: BØå˛ÃÒ˝O-Øå˛
Grow Richer and Combat Poverty : a) Simla b) New Delhi c) Srinagar 28. What is the rank of India in the World
Arvind Panagariya d) Jalandhar e) Mumbai Heritage site in Asia Pacific region?
ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍÁ‹$¢ Ôúk: ΔÊˇ*.1000.
b) Eating Wasps : Anita Nair 19. Which bank bagged the Rajbhasha a) 2nd rank b) 10th rank c) 5th rank
_–ö˛« ôÛ˛©: Ìú{∫--–ö˛« 18
c) Nightmarch : Alpa Shah Kirti Award 2017-2018? d) 6 th rank e) None of these –˛ªå˝-Ú‹Oså˝: http://ouadmissions.com/
d) Jugaad Yatra : Dean Nelson a) Allahabad Bank 29. Recently the government has declared
 www.andhrajyothy com . ∑ ‘Ë˝ì{Mʸ–ÈΔÊˇÖ 25 fØ˲–ö˛« 2019 Á‹tyÓ˛ 7

Sr.Inter - English Grammar VIVEKANANDA.B

Academic Prog.Head
Narayana Group Of
Educational Institutions
SECTION - B

UNDERSTANDING 10. Aal Bihari Vajpayee 1996-1996

11. H.D. Deve Gowda 1997-1998
NON-VERBAL DATA 12. I.K. Gujral 1998-2004
In the First Year you learnt how data Atal Bihari Vajpayee
could be presented in the form of graphs, 13. Manmohan Singh 2004-2014
charts and tables, These forms of diagram- 14. Narendra Modi 2014-
matical illustration are both visually appeal- Note: Gulzarilal Nanda was the interim Prime
ing and usefull.Information is presented in a Minister of India twice, for a few days
compact and concise manner such that the each time, following the death of
important details stand out and the smaller Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and that of Lal
details ignored. Bahadur Shastri in 1966.
In the following pages you will find vari- 1. Name the only woman Prime Minister of
ous pie-charts, bar graphs, tables, tree dia- India till now.
grams and flow charts. Study them and 2. Who was the Prime Minister of India in
answer the questions that follow. 1965?
Pie-charts 3. Name the fourth Prime Minister of India?
4. In which year did P.V.Narasimha Rao
I. Students of Government Junior become the Prime Minister? ?
College, Nizamabad were asked which 5. Which Prime Minister served for the
country they would like most to visit. ly study it and answer the questions 1. What does the bar graph depict? longest term?
Given below are the findings of the sur- that follow. 2. What were the 3 criteria on which the rat- 6. Manmohan Singh was the predecessor of
vey in the form of a pie-chart. Study it ings were done? Narendra Modi. WriteTrue or False.
and answer the questions that follow. 3. Which was the best college in terms of
Teaching? III. Tables help us to compare products
4. What college had the best infrastructure? even though we may not be familiar
5. Which college had almost the same rat- with all the terms used. Given below
ings on all three criteria? are a few specifications of two mobile
6. Four colleges were compared. Write true phones, Study the table and answer the
or false. questions:
COMPARISON OF MOBILE PHONES
Tables
Specification Model Model
1. What does the pie-chartshow? I. Study the table given below and answer ZIMZAM BINGBANG
2. Which is the highest income source? the question that follow.
1. What does the pie chart show? 678 990
3. How many income sources are given in
2. Which countries were chosen as 'Dream Weight (g) 148 190
the chart?
Destinations'? Battery (mah) 2915 1715
4. What is the share of daily labour in the
3. Which is the most preferred country? Removable No No
family's income?
4. Which is the least preferred country? battery
5. Which two incomes sources put together
5. What is the difference in percentage Colours Black, Black, Silver,
come to half of the total income?
between those who preferred USA and silver red, blue, grey
6. Parige occupies the last place among all
those who preferredAustralia? Screen size 4.7 5.5
the income sources. Say true or false. Train no. 12697, Trivandrum Exp: Runs on
6. Some students wanted to visit China. Say (inches)
Bar Graphs Sunday from starting station Touch screen Yes Yes
true or false Station Name Code Arrival/ RAM 1 GB 2 GB
II. Many students of Government Junior I. Students of a large section of class IV in Departure Expandable No No
College, Karimnagar were late to col- a school were asked what they wanted Chennai Central MAS 15: 15 Storage
lege one day. The Principal asked the to be when they grew up. Their answers Katpadi Jn. KPD 17:03 Operating Android Android
reason and all the excuses cited were were compiled in the form of a bar- Jolarpettai JTJ 18:18 System
compiled in the form of a pie-chart. graph. Study the bar-graph given Erode Jn. ED 20:45 WiFi Yes Yes
Study the pie chart and answer the below and answer the questions that Palghat PGT 23:30 3G Yes Yes
questions that follow. follow. Trichur TCR 00:37 4G/LTE No Yes
Ernakulam Town ERN 02:05 No.of SIMs 1 2
Kottayam KTYM 03:20
Quilon Jn. QLN 05:05 1. Name the 2 models of phones being compared.
Kazhakuttam KZK 05:55 2. Which mobile phone is heavier?
Thiruvananthapuram TVC 06:35 3. Bing bang 990 is available in --------- no.
Central of colours.
1. Write the name and number of the train. 4. Name the operating system in both the
2. On which days does the train run? phones?
1. What does the bar-graph depict? 3. What is the destination of the train? 5. Which phone can support 4G?
2. How many children wanted to become 4. What is the railway code of Kottayam? 6. Zimzam 678 can hold 2 Sims. Wrire True
1. What does the pie-chart show? doctors? 5. How long is the journey from Ernakulam or False.
2. What was the most common reason cited 3. The most preferred career was that of to Quilon?
by students for coming late to class? a_________. 6. The code of Palghat is PLT. Say true or
3. The percentage of students who said that 4. 10 students wanted to become________. false.
a family member was sick, was_______.
4. Students who offered miscellaneous rea-
5. How many students wanted to become
nurses?
II. The table given below lists the Prime KGØå˛iÔ‹ÃZ GWj-Mʸ*≈-sÏ˝-–í˛À$
Ministers of India. Study it and answer
sons, not specifically shown, com- 6. Students opted for eight professions. Say the questions that follow. KG-Øå˛-iÔ‹ Ú≥{sZ AyÏ˛-ÁŸØå˛fi Õ—$-sÒ˝yä˛ (KÔ≥-H-GÃå˝)& ——´ßÊ˛
prised____________%. true or false. —øÍ-V>ÃZœ GWj-Mʸ*≈-sÏ˝-–í˛À øÊ˝»¢Mϸ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍ-Á‹$¢À$ M¯ΔÊˇ$-ô¯Ö®
S.No Name Term
5. The number of students who said that had II. Three Junior Colleges in Telangana 1. Jawaharlal Nehru 1947-1964 R͉À$: 31
met with a mishap on the way was the were rated by experts based on certain 2. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1964-1966 —øÍ-V>-À-–È» R͉À$:
same as those who said that _________. criteria. Their findings are expressed in 3. Indira Gandhi 1966-1977 sÒ˝Mϸ≤-MʸÃå˝ (¥ÎÕ-–ö˛$Δäˇ BÁ≥-ΔÛˇ-ÁŸØå˛fi 6, ƒÊ˝$$sÏ˝-Õ-sÓ˝ã‹ á Bãú-
(complete the sentence). the bar graph given below. Study it and 4. Moraji Desai 1977-1979 Ú‹Oså˝fi 2, Ú‹Ö{rÃå˝ sÒ˝Mϸ≤-MʸÃå˝ Á‹»”-Ú‹ã‹ 1, BÁ≥-ΔÛˇ-ÁŸØå˛
6. The number of students who missed the answer the question that follow. 5. Charan Singh 1980-1984 MʸÖ{sZÃå˝ {Vʸ*ã≥ 3, ÚúOΔäˇ 2, –˛$M>-∞-MʸÃå˝ –˛$Δˇ$$Ö-sÒ˝-Ø˛Øå˛fi 1,
bus was more than those who had urgent 6. Rajiv Gandhi 1984-1989
personal work. Say true or false.
Ì‹—Ãå˝ 1), ºh-Ø˛ã‹ Á‹¥˘Δäˇt (ÚúOØÈØå˛fi 4, –˛$sÓ˝-«-ƒÊ˝$Ãå˝fi –Û˛$ØÛ˛-
7. V.P. Singh 1989-1900 gå˝-–˛$Öså˝ 3, ‘Èã≥ 3, Úfl˝^å˛-BΔäˇ 4, ŒVʸÃå˝ 1)
III.The following Pie-chart depicts the 8. Chandra Shekhar 1990-1991
income source of a typical village fami- 9. P.V. Narasimha Rao 1991-1996
BØå˛-ÃÒ˝OØå˛ ßÊ˛ΔÊˇ-RÍ-Á‹$¢Mʸ$ BQΔÊˇ$ ôÛ˛©: Ìú{∫-–ö˛« 10
–˛ªå˝-Ú‹Oså˝: www.opalindia.in
4  25 , 2019 -   ntnews.com ntyadadri.com

  12     ?

simple Interest/ 

  



BV Ramana
Director, AKR Study circle
Tandur, Vikarabad
9441022571
 ntnews.com ntyadadri.com
     ?
 
�   �, �� � �
�.  � � , 
, ��, ��, � �
� ,  �  .
 
�     �.  ��
  . � ��
�� , ,  � � 
�    �. ��
�, �� .  �, �
,  ��, �� �.
� � �,  3:2 � �.
� �  �  
� � . �� 24
 (�) �.  24 �� 
�.  24  �  �
�.
�   � �� �  
�. �� �  � ��
� �   ��
��.  � .�. 250� 
.  �  ��� .
� ��  � �� 1947, �
22 �. 2002  � 
��  � �� �
.  ����,  �
� � �.
�  2002,  15 � � �
  �.  �
� � �� �, 
� �. 1921, � 31 
�� � � � ���
  �� � ��
��� �� � � 
 ��.  �  1 �
� � �� ��.

� � � �  � 
� � .  � 24
 �. �  � �� 
.  1)  2)  3)  4) �
5)  6)  7) � 8)  �
9)  10) � 11) �
12) � 13)  14) � 15)
 16) � 17)  18) ��
 19) � 20) � 21)  �
22)  () 23)  () 24)
 //�.
 
�   � � .  
 � �   
�� ���. �  
�  � �  ��.
�  � � ��  �
� �. �  �� 
 . �  ‘
’  � � .  �
 25,  2019 -  
�
 ��.
� � 
, 
  (
 ,
, ,
� �).
� : ��,
�� .
� : , , 
� : , �, � 
� : �, ,  ��.

�  � .  �
�� � �� �.  1911,
 27 �� �� 
� � � �� ��.
� 1950,  24 ��  
� � .  �
��  � �.  
� � �.  � 
� 52  .
�  ��� 1912� � 
� � �  � �� 
�. �� 1919,  28
�  � � � ��
� �.
� 1919� � � 
�  ��   
�    
�   
�� � 
� ‘� �  �’ �
�.     
  ��� � .  
 � �    � 
 �.
 
�  � �� 
 �    
�.  ��� 1896� �� 
 �� �. ��
�� � � �. �
�  � � �.
 � � ��   1950, 
 24 �.
 
�  �  . 1972�  �
� �  . 
� � ‘� ’. 1973  �
 �   � 
��.
 
�  �  . 1964� � 
 � � .  �
� �� �. � � 
1972 � �  �.
 
�  �  �. �, 
  �  � �
�� .  � � ‘�
’.
 
�  � �   ��
� �.  � � � 12
. , �, , �, �,
�, , �,
 � , ,
�, �. ��� � 365
� �.  � 366 �
�. �    �
� 1957, � 22  �.
 �  � 1879  � 1 
� � �. ��
 � � .
 
� �  � 2009, � 5 
 � � �. 
� � ‘��� �’. 
 � �, , � 
� ��.  � 35 .
 � �  � ‘�’
,  � �  �
‘�’  �.
 
� � �   � 
. � �  ����
�  ��   �  
. ��� �  
� .    �  
�.    � 2,525 ..
 
� � � � � � 
�.  � � ‘� �’. 
� , ,   � �.
 
�  �  .  � �
‘ �’.   � �
  �. � � � 
 .
  
�  � �  .  �
� ‘����’.
 
� �  �. � ���  
� � ��. 1928-56 � 
     
�.
 
�  �  ��.  � 
� �    � �� . 
    � �
�.  � �  2010, �
15 �.  � 
�  �   �
���.    �
�  .
  
� � � �  �� �
�  � ��.
� � �� � �, �
��. � � �  �,
 � ��.  �� �, ��
 �, �  �,   
� �. 2005, � 5  
� �  �, ����
� �.
� �� �  , 
5
 
 , 
 ,  
9948750605
     
�� , � � �
�� .
� 2002  � ��  �
��  �� �
.   �� �� 
�  �� 2001�  �.
��  �  �
  � .
� � ��  ��  
� �, �, �,
  , , 
, , , �, �
, �, � , �,
� ��, , �, �
� �� � .
� � �   �, �
�.
� ��   �� �.
� ���  �. ��
�  �.
�   � � ��  �
�.
�  � � � 
  � � � 
 �.
�  �� � � �
� �.
� �, �, � �
 � � ��  �  .
� � �    �
� ��  �  
�.
� � , � ���,  �
, �   � � �
���� � �  �.
� ,   � �� � � �
�  �.
� � � ��  
 � �� �. ��
 � � � � 
 � ��  �.
�� � � �� �
�.
 10
Ô¶æ${MýSÐéÆý‡… l
f¯]lÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2019
MýSÆð‡…sŒæ AOòœÆŠæÞ
Æú…yýl‹³
2018 (þOÌñæ & yìlòÜ…ºÆŠæ)
→ °¯]l²sìæ "ѧýlÅ' ™èlÆý‡$ÐéƇ¬
• 2017&2018 çÜ…Ð]l™èlÞÆý‡…ÌZ "{糫§é¯Œl
Ð]l$…{† {V>Ð]l$ çÜyýlMŠS Äñæ*f¯]l (PMG-
SY)' ç³£ýlMýS…ÌZ ¿êVýS…V> VýSÇçÙt çÜ…QÅÌZ
ÆøyýlÏ °Æ>Ã×æ… ç³NÇ¢^ólíÜ, §ólÔ¶æ…ÌZ¯ól E™èl¢-
Ð]l$…V> °Í_¯]l Æ>çÙ‰…? f: E™èl¢Æ>Q…yŠæ
• BÆøVýSÅ, MýS$r$…º çÜ…„óSÐ]l$ Ð]l$…{†™èlÓ Ô>Q
Ñyýl$§ýlÌS ^ólíܯ]l 14Ð]l °Ðól¨MýS "òßæ^ŒlIÒ
A…^èl¯éË$ 2017' {ç³M>Æý‡… H Æ>çÙ‰…ÌZ
A™èlÅ«¨MýS çÜ…QÅÌZ òßæ^ŒlIÒ »ê«¨™èl$Ë$
°Ð]líÜçÜ$¢¯é²Æý‡$? f: Ð]l$àÆ>çÙ‰
• Ð]l*¯]lÐ]l A{MýSÐ]l$ Æý‡Ðé×ê¯]l$ °Ë$Ð]lÇ…^èl-
yé°MìS ÑÑ«§ýl hÌêÏÌZÏ "çÜÓĶæ$…VŠæíܧýl®' A¯ól
ç³£ýlM>°² {´ëÆý‡…À…_¯]l Æ>[çÙt…?
f: ç³ÕaÐ]l$ »ñæ…V>ÌŒæ
• ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ…ÌZ ™öÍÝëÇV> H ¯]lVýSÆý‡…ÌZ
MýS$MýSPË MøçÜ… {ç³™ólÅMýS ´ëÆŠ‡P¯]l$ HÆ>µr$
^ólÔ>Æý‡$? f: Oòßæ§ýlÆ>»ê§Šæ
• MóS…{§ýl çßZ…Ð]l$…{† Æ>gŒæ¯é£Šl íÜ…VŠæ ¿êÆý‡™èl
™öÍ "ÝëÃÆŠ‡t òœ¯ŒSÞ' Oò³ÌSsŒæ {´ëgñæMŠSt¯]l$ GMýSPyýl
{´ëÆý‡…À…^éÆý‡$? f: fÐ]l¬Ã, fÐ]l¬Ã&MýSÖÃÆŠ‡
• ¿êÆý‡™èl Ððl¬rtÐðl¬§ýlsìæ "C…yìlĶæ* r*Çf…
Ð]l*ÆŠ‡t (ITM - 2018)'¯]l$ H ¯]lVýSÆý‡…ÌZ
°Æý‡Óíßæ…^éÆý‡$? f: ¯]l*ÅÉìlÎÏ
• Æ>Ƈ$$rÆŠ‡Þ {ç³M>Æý‡…, 2018 BVýSçÜ$tÌZ Ýû©
AÆó‡¼Ä¶æ* Ý릯]l…ÌZ ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ A†ò³§ýlª
^èlÐ]l¬Æý‡$ çÜÆý‡çœÆ>§éÆý‡$V> AÐ]l™èlÇ…_¯]l
§ólÔèæ… H¨? f: CÆ>MŠS
• ¿êÆý‡™èl A…™èlÇ„ýS ç³ÇÔZ«§ýl¯]l çÜ…çܦ (C{Ýù)
sñæM>²ÌSi C…MýS$Å»ôæçÙ¯Œl òÜ…rÆŠæ GMýSPyýl
{´ëÆý‡…¿¶æOÐðl$…¨? f: AVýSÆý‡¢Ë
• ™èl´ëÌê Ô>Q §éÓÆ> sîæ½ ÆøVýS °Æ>®Æý‡×æ
MøçÜ… Eç³Äñæ*W…^ól MýS眅 ¯]lÐ]lʯé
õÜMýSÆý‡×æ Oò³ÌSsŒæ õÜÐ]l˯]l$ BÆøVýSÅ Ð]l$…{†™èlÓ
Ô>Q GMýSPyýl {´ëÆý‡…À…_…¨? f: ÉìlÎÏ
• CsîæÐ]lË °ÇÃ…_¯]l Æý‡n*Æý‡$ÞVýS*yýl ÑÐ]l*¯é-
{ÔèæĶæ*°MìS {ç³Ð]l¬Q ÝëÓ™èl…{™èlÅ çÜÐ]l$Æý‡-
Äñæ*«§ýl$yýl$ "ÒÆŠæ çÜ$Æó‡…{§ýl ÝëƇ$$' õ³Æý‡$ ò³rtt-
yé°MìS H Æ>[çÙt AòÜ…½Ï HMýS{XÐ]l ¡Æ>ï鰲
BÐðl*¨…_…¨? f: JyìlÔ>
• Ìê…VŠæ Ð]l*ÆŠ‡a & 2íÜ Æ>MðSsŒæ §éÓÆ> HY-
1C õ³Æý‡$™ø Mö™èl¢ çÜÐ]l¬{§ýl Eç³{VýSà°²
ÑfĶæ$Ð]l…™èl…V> {ç³Äñæ*W…_¯]l §ólÔèæ…
H¨? f: O^ðl¯é
• JyìlÔ>, ^èl¡¢‹ÜVýSÉŠl Æ>Ú‰ëÌZÏ° Mö°² {´ë…™é-
ÌZÏ ¿êÈ Ð]lÆ>ÛË$, Ð]l$sìætò³â¶æÏË$ ÑÇW ç³yýlyé-
°MìS M>Æý‡×æOÐðl$¯]l ™èl$¸ë¯]l$ õ³Æý‡$? f: §éÄôæ$
• {sôæyŠæ, GMýS¯éÑ$MŠS, OòÜ…sìæíœMŠS, sñæM>²ÌSi
A…yŠæ MýSÌSaÆý‡ÌŒæ Mø&Bç³Æó‡çÙ¯ŒlËOò³ 23Ð]l
Vidya Weekly Test- 4
Current Affairs- 2018 Grand Test
Students can write exam at any time& at any place.
�
� Statewide Ranks will be announced
� Exciting Prizes for Top Rankers
� Only first time attempted score will be considered for Ranking
For registration visit www.sakshieducation.com
¿êÆý‡™Œæ&Æý‡ÚëÅ A…™èlÆŠæ {糿¶æ$™èlÓ MýSÑ$çÙ¯Œl
(IRIGC-TEC) GMýSPyýl fÇW…¨?
f: Ð]l*ÝùP, Æý‡ÚëÅ
• Ogñæç³NÆŠæ Ýëíßæ¡ E™èlÞÐ]l… (JLF) &
2018¯]l$ GMýSPyýl °Æý‡Óíßæ…^éÆý‡$?
f: çßZçÜt¯Œl, ĶæÊG‹ÜH
• çßZ‹³ Ñ$çÙ¯Œl Ìôæ§é AÐ]l$ÌŒæ¯]l$ 2020ÌZ
{ç³Äñæ*W…_, 2021 ¯ésìæMìS A…V>Æý‡MýS {VýSçßæ
MýS„ýSÅÌZMìS {ç³ÐólÔ¶æò³yýl™éÐ]l$° H §ólÔèæ… {ç³MýSsìæ…-
_…¨? f: Ķæ¬OO¯ðlsñæyŠl AÆý‡»Œæ GÑ$OÆð‡sŒæÞ
• i&20 §ólÔ>Ë Ðé×ìæfÅ, ò³r$tºyýl$Ë Ð]l$…{†
Ð]lÆý‡Y çÜÐ]l*ÐólÔèæ… GMýSPyýl fÇW…¨?
f: Ð]l*ÆŠ‡ yðlÌŒæ ´ëÏsê, AÆð‡j…sîæ¯é
• IMýSÅÆ>fÅçÜÑ$† AÀÐ]l–¨® M>Æý‡Å{MýSÐ]l$…
Ñyýl$§ýlÌS ^ólíܯ]l Ð]l*¯]lÐ]l AÀÐ]l–¨® çÜ*_MýS
(HDI) °Ðól¨MýS {ç³M>Æý‡…, 2017ÌZ Í…VýS
AçÜÐ]l*¯]l™èl çÜ*_MýS (GII)ÌZ ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ
Ý릯l] … G…™èl? f: 127
• IMýSÅÆ>fÅ çÜÑ$† AÀÐ]l–¨® M>Æý‡Å{MýSÐ]l$…
(UNDP) Ñyýl$§ýlÌS ^ólíܯ]l ™égê Ð]l*¯]lÐ]l
AÀÐ]l–¨® Æ>Å…MìS…VŠSÞÌZ ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ Æ>Å…MŠS
G…™èl? f: 130
• {ç³ç³…^èl…ÌZ¯ól ™öÍÝëÇ Oòßæ{yøf¯Œl ÔèæMìS¢™ø
¯]lyìl^ól OÆð‡Ë$¯]l$ {´ëÆý‡…À…_¯]l §ólÔèæ…?
f: fÆý‡Ã±
• _rtV>…VŠæ, Ððl¬…V>Ï ¯úM>{ÔèæĶæ*ÌS ´ùÆŠ‡t
Ñ°Äñæ*VýS… MøçÜ… ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ…™ø Ð]l¬Ýë-
Ƈ$$§é Jç³µ…§é°² BÐðl*¨…_¯]l §ólÔèæ…?
f: º…V>ϧólÔŒæ
• Æý‡ÚëÅÌZ° OÌñæò³‹ÜPÌZ fÇW¯]l ¿êÆý‡™Œl,
Æý‡ÚëÅ ç܅Ķæ¬MýS¢ OÐðlÐ]l*°MýS §ýlâýæ ѯéÅçÜ…
õ³Æý‡$? f: HÑĶæ*…{yé&18
• ç³rt×æ ç³Æ>ÅrMýS Æý‡…VýS…Oò³ 7Ð]l IMýSÅÆ>fÅ
çÜÑ$† {ç³ç³…^èl ç³Æ>ÅrMýS çÜ…çܦ A…™èl-
Æ>j¡Ä¶æ$ çܧýlçÜ$Þ (UNWTO Globle
Summit) GMýSPyýl fÇW…¨?
f: íÜÄñæ*ÌŒæ, Çç³¼ÏMŠS B‹œ MöÇĶæ*
• ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ Ððl¬rtÐðl¬§ýlsìæ 205 r¯Œæ GÌS{MìStMŠS
{Oylð ÐŒæ ÇĶæ$ÆŠæ yýl…‹³ {rMŠæ (Model
BH205-E)¯]l$ BÑçÙPÇ…_¯]l {糿¶æ$™èlÓ-
Æý‡…VýS Üç …çܦ H¨?
f: ½DG…GÌŒæ (BEML)
• ¿êÆý‡™èl 3Ð]l A†ò³§ýlª {ç³ç³…^èl ´ùsîæ »êÅ…MýS$-
¯]l$ HÆ>µr$ ^ólĶæ$yé°MìS »êÅ…MŠS B‹œ
ºÆøyé, ÑfĶæ* »êÅ…MŠS™ø ´ër$ C™èlÆý‡ H
»êÅ…MýS$¯]l$ Ñί]l… ^ólĶæ*Ë° {糿¶æ$™èlÓ…
{糆´ë¨…_…¨? f: §ól¯é »êÅ…MŠS
• Ô>ï܈Ķæ$ çÜÐ]l*gê°MìS AÐ]lçÜÆý‡OÐðl$¯]l çÜÐ]l*-
^éÆ>°² MýS¯]l$Vö¯]lyé°MìS VýS*VýS$ÌŒæ {´ëÆý‡…À…-
SAKSHI EDUCATION
Send your Feedback to vidya@sakshi.com
™ðlË…V>×æ õÜtsŒæ ç³¼ÏMŠS çÜÈÓ‹Ü MýSÑ$çÙ¯Œl
(sîæG‹Üï³GïÜÞ) °Ä¶æ*Ð]l$MýS ç³È„ýSË™ø´ër$
GòÜ•Þ, M>°õÜtº$ÌŒæ ™èl¨™èlÆý‡ ´ùsîæ ç³È„ýSËMýS$
çܯ]l²§ýl®Ð]l$Ð]l#™èl$¯]l² A¿¶æÅÆý‡$¦ËMýS$ Eç³-Äñæ*-VýS-ç³-
yólÌê 20-18 þOÌñæ ¯]l$…_ yìlòÜ…ºÆŠæ Ð]lÆý‡MýS$
BÆð‡²ËÏ MýSÆð‡…sŒæ AOòœÆŠ‡Þ A…¨-çÜ$¢¯é²….
_¯]l ¯]l*™èl¯]l òÜÆŠæa C…f¯Œæ H¨?
f: yólsêòÜsŒæ òÜÆŠ‡a
• A×æ$ Ķ欧ýl®™èl…{™èl… Ìôæ§é Æó‡yìlÄñæ*«§éÇÃMýS™èl
ÎMóSgŒæ Ð]lÌSÏ çÜ…¿¶æÑ…^ól ¡{Ð]lOÐðl$¯]l V>Ķæ*Ë
¯]l$…_ Æý‡„ýS×æ MøçÜ… ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæç³# Ððl¬rt-
Ððl¬§ýlsìæ çÜÓ§ólÖ OÐðl§ýlÅ MìSsŒæ¯]l$ H çÜ…çܦ
Æý‡*´÷…¨…_…¨?
f: C¯ŒlíÜtr*ÅsŒæ B‹œ ¯]l*ÅMìSÏĶæ$ÆŠ‡ Ððl$yìl
íܯŒl A…yŠl AÌñæ•ÏyŠl OòܯðlÞ‹Ü
• yîlBÆŠ‡yîlÐøMýS$ ^ðl…¨¯]l ¯éÐ]lÌŒæ íœhMýSÌŒæ A…yŠl
KíÙĶæ$¯ø{VýSíœMŠS Ìô滟Æó‡rÈMìS Aç³µW…_¯]l
¿êÆý‡¡Ä¶æ$ ™öÍ fÌê…™èlÆý‡Y™èl Æø»Z {yø¯Œl
õ³Æó‡Ñ$sìæ?
f: IÆøÐŒlr$ůé (EyerovTUNA)
• ^ðlO¯ðl²ÌZ C…yìlĶæ$¯Œl Mø‹ÜtV>ÆŠ‡z Aç³µW…_¯]l
Üç Ó§ólÖ °ÇÙèl °çœ* Kyýl õ³Æó‡Ñ$sìæ?
f: ÑfĶæ$
• Ķæ¬O¯ðlsñæyŠl MìS…VŠæyýlÐŒl$MýS$ ^ðl…¨¯]l ¯øÐéçÜÆŠ‡™ø
´ër$ 14 Eç³{VýSà˯]l$ A…™èlÇ„ýS…ÌZMìS
{ç³ÐólÔ¶æò³sìæt¯]l C{Ýù Æ>MðSsŒæ õ³Æó‡Ñ$sìæ?
f: ï³G‹ÜGÌŒæÒ&íÜ&42
• G‹Ü&»êÅ…yŠl ´÷ÌêÈÐðl${sîæ yéçœÏÆŠ‡ Ððl§ýlÆŠ‡
Æ>yéÆŠ‡¯]l$ C{Ýù CsîæÐ]lË GMýSPyýl {´ëÆý‡…À…-
_…¨? f: {ÖçßæÇMør, B…{«§ýl{糧ólÔŒæ
• ™ólÍMýS ºÆý‡$Ð]l#™ø yîlBÆŠ‡yîlÐø çÜÓĶæ$…V>
AÀÐ]l–¨® ^ólíܯ]l "Ð]l*ůŒl ´ùÆý‡tº$ÌŒæ Ķæ*…sîæ
sêÅ…MŠS OVðSyðlyŠl Ñ$OòÜÌŒæ' (MPATGM)¯]l$
ÑfĶæ$Ð]l…™èl…V> GMýSPyýl ç³È„ìS…_…¨?
f: AçßæçŠl¯]lVýSÆŠ‡, Ð]l$àÆ>çÙ‰
• 8&10 Eç³{VýSàÌS çÜÐ]lÊçßæ… §éÓÆ>
íßæ…§ýl* Ð]l$à çÜÐ]l¬{§ýl {´ë…™èl…ÌZ°
çÜÐ]l¬{§ýl ç³Æý‡ÅÐól„ýS×æ MøçÜ… ¿êÆý‡™Œl H
§ólԶ慙ø Jç³µ…§ýl… MýS$§ýl$Æý‡$aMýS$…¨?
f: {¸ë¯ŒlÞ
• JyìlÔ>ÌZ° ^é…©ç³NÆŠæ ¯]l$…_ yîlBÆŠæyîlÐø
çÜÓ§ólÖ ç³Çgêq¯]l…™ø AÀÐ]l–¨®ç³Ç_ ÑfĶæ$-
Ð]l…™èl…V> ç³È„ìS…_¯]l çÜÓ˵ {Ôóæ×ìæ Eç³Ç-
™èlÌS… ¯]l$…_ Eç³Ç™èlÌS (surface-to-
surface short - range ballistic
missile) »êÍíÜtMŠS „ìSç³×ìæ õ³Æý‡$ HÑ$sìæ?
f: {ç³àÆŠ‡
• ¯éÝëMýS$ ^ðl…¨¯]l H Eç³{VýSçßæ… ¿¶æ*Ñ$°
´ùͯ]l "çÜ*ç³ÆŠæ GÆŠ‡¢', "çßæsŒæ GÆŠ‡¢' A¯ól
Æð‡…yýl$ Mö™èl¢ {VýSà˯]l$ MýS¯]l$Vö…¨?
f: {sê°ÞíÜt…VŠS GMøÞ´ëϯðlsŒæ çÜÆó‡Ó Ô>sìæOÌñæsŒæ
(TESS)
• ^èl…{§ýl$yìl ^èl$r*t †ÇVóS õܵ‹Ü GMŠSÞMýS$ ^ðl…¨¯]l
¼VŠæ ¸ëÌSP¯Œl Æ>MðSsŒæ (BFR)ÌZ 2023ÌZ
{ç³Ä¶æ*×ìæ…^èl¯]l$¯]l² Ððl¬rtÐðl¬§ýlsìæ {Oò³ÐólsŒæ
ç³Æ>ÅrMýS$yìl õ³Æý‡$ HÑ$sìæ?
f: Ķæ¬ÝëMýS$ Ò$gêÐé
• çÜ$y鯌l ¯]l*™èl¯]l {糫§é¯]lÐ]l$…{†V> GÐ]lÆý‡$
G°²MýSĶæ*ÅÆý‡$?
f: Ð]l˜™égŒæ Ð]l˜Ýë Aº$ªÌêÏ
• õÜst Œæ »êÅ…MŠS B‹œ C…yìlĶæ* `‹œ Oòœ¯é°Û-
Ķæ$ÌŒæ BïœçÜÆŠæ (CFO)V> GÐ]lÆý‡$ °Ä¶æ$Ñ$-
™èl$ÌSĶæ*ÅÆý‡$? f: {ç³Ô>…™Œl MýS$Ð]l*ÆŠ‡
• ĶæÊMóS(Ķæ¬O¯ðlsñæyŠl MìS…VŠæyýlÐŒl$) Æ>Ķæ$ÌŒæ
¯ólÒÌZ à¯]lÆý‡È Ìñæíœt¯ðl…sŒæ MýSÐ]l*…yýlÆŠ‡V>
°Ä¶æ$Ñ$™èl$Oyðl¯]l ™öÍ ¿êÆý‡™èl çÜ…™èl† Ð]lÅMìS¢
õ³Æý‡$? f: Æ>gŒæ AVýSÆ>ÓÌŒæ
• òÜ…{rÌŒæ ÑhÌñ毌SÞ MýSÑ$çÙ¯Œl (CVC) M>Æý‡Å-
§ýlÇØV> GÐ]lÆý‡$ °Ä¶æ$Ñ$™èl$ÌSĶæ*ÅÆý‡$?
f: A°…§ø Ð]l$k…§éÆŠ‡
• íÜ…yìlMóSsŒæ »êÅ…MŠæ Ðól$¯ólh…VŠæ OyðlÆð‡MýStÆŠæ,
ïÜDÐøV> GÐ]lÆý‡$ °Ä¶æ$Ñ$™èl$ÌSĶæ*ÅÆý‡$?
f: Ð]l$–™èl$Å…fÄŒæ$ Ð]l$à´ë{™èl
• AsêÑ$MŠS G¯]lÈj yìl´ëÆŠ‡tÐðl$…sŒæ òÜ{MýSrÈ,
AsêÑ$MŠS G¯]lÈj MýSÑ$çÙ¯Œl O^ðlÆý‡Ã¯ŒlV> GÐ]lÆý‡$
°Ä¶æ$Ñ$™èl$ÌSĶæ*ÅÆý‡$?
f: MýSÐ]l$Ìôæ‹Ù ±ÌŒæM>…™Œl ÐéÅ‹Ü
• 2022ÌZ BíÜĶæ* ´ëÆ> VóSÐŒl$Þ 4Ð]l GyìlçÙ¯Œl-
MýS$ B†£ýlÅÑ$Ð]lÓ¯]l$¯]l² ¯]lVýSÆý‡… H¨?
f: à…Vúj, O^ðl¯é
• MóS…{§ýl ĶæÊ™Œæ GOòœÆŠ‡Þ A…yŠæ ÝùµÆŠætÞ Ð]l$…{†-
™èlÓÔ>Q H ´ëÆ> çÙrÏÆŠ‡MýS$ AÆý‡$j¯]l ç³#Æý‡ÝëP-
Æ>°² {糧é¯]l… ^ólíÜ…¨? f: Æ>gŒæMýS$Ð]l*ÆŠ‡
• Æ>iÐŒæV>…«© RôæÌŒæ Æý‡™èl² 2018 ç³#Æý‡ÝëPÆ>°MìS
G…í³OMðS¯]l ÐðlƇ¬sŒæ ÍçœtÆŠ‡ GÐ]lÆý‡$?
f: G‹Ü. Ò$Æ>»êƇ¬ ^é¯]l$
• 2018 òÜò³t…ºÆŠæ 15¯]l °Æý‡Óíßæ…_¯]l A…™èl-
Æ>j¡Ä¶æ$ {ç³gêÝëÓÐ]l$Å ¨¯ø™èlÞÐ]l… 2018
¯ólç³£ýlÅ… HÑ$sìæ?
f: J†¢yìlÌZ {ç³gêÝëÓÐ]l$Å…: Ð]l*Æý‡$™èl$
¯]l² {ç³ç³…^é°MìS ç³ÇÚëPÆ>Ë$
• MøÌŒæMýS™éÌZ° {ò³íÜyðl±Þ ĶæÊ°Ð]lÇÞsîæ 6Ð]l
ÐéÇÛMø™èlÞÐ]l…ÌZ VúÆý‡Ð]l yéMýStÆó‡sŒæ GÐ]lÇMìS
{糧é¯]l… ^ólÔ>Æý‡$? f: íÜ.G¯Œl. BÆŠ‡. Æ>Ð]l#
• 52Ð]l A…™èlÆ>j¡Ä¶æ$ A„ýSÆ>çÜÅ™èl ¨¯]l…
¯ól糫£ýlÅ… HÑ$sìæ?
f: A„ýSÆ>çÜÅ™èl, O¯ðlç³#×êÅÀÐ]l–¨®
• Ð]l${§é‹Ü òÜMýS*ÅÇsîæ {í³…rÆŠ‡Þ AÀÐ]l–¨®
^ólíܯ]l ÝëÃÆŠ‡t "C&ç³¼ÏMŠS yìl[íÜtº*ÅçÙ¯Œl
íÜçÜtÐŒl$' (e-PDS)¯]l$ {ç³ÐólÔèæò³sìæt¯]l ™öÍ
DÔ>¯]lÅ Æ>çÙ…‰ H¨? f: AÆý‡$×ê^èlÌŒæ{糧ólÔŒæ
• "A†ò³§ýlª ÌSyéT y鯌SÞ'V> W°²‹Ü Ð]lÆý‡ÌŒæz
ÇM>ÆŠ‡zÞÌZ ^ør$ çÜ…´ë¨…^èl$MýS$¯]l² "¯]lÆø-
´ë E™èlÞÐ]l…' GMýSPyýl °Æý‡Óíßæ…^éÆý‡$?
f: ËyýlRŒæ, fÐ]l¬Ã MýSÖÃÆŠ‡
• §ýl„ìS× ¿êÆý‡™èl íßæ…© {ç³^éÆý‡ çÜ¿ýæ Ô¶æ™é¼ª
E™èlÞÐéÌS¯]l$ Æ>çى糆 Æ>ÐŒl$¯é£Šl MøÑ…§Šl
H ¯]lVýSÆý‡…ÌZ {´ëÆý‡…À…^éÆý‡$? f: ¯]l*ÅÉìlÎÏ
• "ArÌŒæ Ñ$çÙ¯Œl çœÆŠæ Æð‡kÐðl¯ólçÙ¯Œl A…yŠæ AÆý‡¾¯Œl
{sꯌlÞçœÆó‡ÃçÙ¯Œl (AMRUT)ÌZ ¿êVýS…V>
çßoíÜ…VŠæ A…yŠæ AÆý‡¾¯Œl GOòœÆŠ‡Þ Ð]l$…{†™èlÓ-
Ô>Q {ç³MýSsìæ…_¯]l "DgŒæ B‹œ ÍÑ…VŠæ
C…yðlMŠSÞ' Æ>Å…MýS$ÌZÏ H Æ>çÙ‰… A{VýSÝ릯]l…ÌZ
°Í_…¨? f: B…{«§ýl{糧ólÔŒæ
• {糫§é¯]lÐ]l$…{† ¯]lÆó‡…{§ýlÐðl*© {´ëÆý‡…À…-
_¯]l íÜMìSP… Æ>[çÙt ™öÍ ÑÐ]l*¯é{ÔèæĶæ$…,
¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ 100Ð]l ÑÐ]l*¯é{ÔèæĶæ$… õ³Æó‡-
Ñ$sìæ? f: ´ëMøÅ…VŠS ÑÐ]l*¯é{Ô¶æĶæ$…
• Eç³Æ>çى糆 G…. Ððl…MýSĶæ$ůéĶæ¬yýl$ Æý‡*.
100 MørÏ ÑË$OÐðl¯]l ¿êÆý‡¡Ä¶æ$ ´ëMýSÔ>ç܈
Õ„ýS×æ, ç³ÇÔZ«§ýl¯]l çÜ…çܦ (C…yìlĶæ$¯Œæ MýSͯ]lÈ
C¯ŒlíÜtr*ÅsŒæ)¯]l$ CsîæÐ]lË H ¯]lVýSÆý‡…ÌZ
{´ëÆý‡…À…^éÆý‡$? f: †Æý‡$糆, B…{«§ýl{糧ólÔŒæ
• MóS…{§ýl ArÒ, ç³Æ>ÅÐ]lÆý‡×æ, Ðé™éÐ]lÆý‡×æ
Ð]l*Æý‡$µ Ô>Q Ð]l$…{† yéMýStÆŠæ çßæÆý‡ÛÐ]lÆý‡®¯Œl,
ÐéÄ¶æ¬ M>Ë$çÙÅ °Ä¶æ$…{™èl×æ ç³ÇMýSÆý‡…
WAYU (Wind Augmentation
PurifYing Unit)¯]l$ H ¯]lVýSÆý‡…ÌZ
{´ëÆý‡…À…^éÆý‡$? f: ¯]l*ÅÉìlÎÏ
• ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ ÐéÅç³¢…V> OgñæË$ çÜ…çÜPÆý‡×æË
{糆´ë§ýl¯]lË MøçÜ… çÜ${ï³…MøÆý‡$t HÆ>µr$
^ólíܯ]l {†çÜ¿¶æÅ MýSÑ$sîæ A«¨ç³† GÐ]lÆý‡$?
f: fíÜt‹Ü AÑ$™éÐ]l Æ>ÄŒæ$
• Eç³ Æ>çى糆 G…. Ððl…MýSĶæ$Å ¯éĶæ¬yýl$
ѧýlÅ
{´ëÆý‡…À…_¯]l ¯éË$VýS$ ÆøkÌS "ÌZMŠS
Ð]l$…£é¯Œl&2018' gê¡Ä¶æ$ Ýëíßæ™èlÅ, Ðól$«§ø
çÜÐ]l*ÐólÔèæ… GMýSPyýl fÇW…¨?
f: Æ>…`, gêÆý‡U…yŠl
-• Ð]l$¯]l§ólÔèæ…ÌZ ÉìlÎÏ Ððl${sZ ™èlÆ>Ó™èl (Æð‡…yø)
A† ò³§ýlª Ððl${sZ OÆð‡ÌŒæ ¯ðlsŒæÐ]lÆŠ‡PV> AÐ]l™èl-
Ç…_¯]l Ððl${sZ ÆO ‡ð ÌŒæ H¨?
f: Oòßæ§ýlÆ>»ê§Šl Ððl${sZ OÆð‡ÌŒæl
• Ð]l$à™éà V>…«© A…™èlÆ>j¡Ä¶æ$ ´ëÇÔ¶æ$§ýl®Å
çÜÐ]l*ÐólÔ>°² Æ>çى糆æ Æ>ÐŒl$¯é£Šl MøÑ…§Šl
GMýSPyýl {´ëÆý‡…À…^éÆý‡$? f: ¯]l*ÅÉìlÎÏ
• 2018 òÜò³t…ºÆŠæ 29¯]l ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔèæ ™öÍ
"Ððl¬MýSPgŸ¯]l² E™èlÞÐ]l…' (Corn Festi-
val) GMýSPyýl {´ëÆý‡…¿ýæOÐðl$…¨?
f: c…§éÓÆ>, Ð]l$«§ýlÅ{糧ólÔŒæ
• ¿êÆý‡™è OÆð‡ÌôæÓ Ð]l$…{†™èlÓÔ>Q H çÜ…çܦ™ø
MýSÍíÜ ™öÍ "OÆð‡ÌŒæ òßæÇsôægŒæ yìlhOsñægôæçÙ¯Œl
{´ëgñæMŠSt'¯]l$ {´ëÆý‡…À…_…¨?
f: VýS*VýS$ÌŒæ BÆŠ‡tÞ A…yŠl MýSËaÆŠ‡
• OsñæÐŒl$Þ çßæĶæ$ÅÆŠæ Gyýl$ÅMóSçÙ¯Œl Ð]lÆý‡ÌŒæz ĶæÊ°-
Ð]lÇÞsîæ Æ>Å…MìS…VŠSÞ-&2019ÌZ ¿êÆý‡¡Ä¶æ$
ĶæÊ°Ð]lÇÞsîæÌZÏ A{VýSÝ릯]l…ÌZ °Í_¯]l
ÑÔèæÓѧéÅÌSĶæ$… H¨?
f: C…yìlĶæ$¯Œæ C¯ŒæíÜtr*ÅsŒæ B‹œ OòܯŒæÞ,
»ñæ…VýSâ¶æ*Æý‡$
• 91Ð]l AM>yýlÒ$ AÐéÆŠ‡zÞ & 2019ÌZ E™èl¢Ð]l$
ѧólÖ ¿êçÙ Ñ¿êVýS…ÌZ ¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔ¶æ… ¯]l$…_
{´ë†°«§ýlÅ… Ð]líßæ…^èlyé°MìS G…í³OMð ¯]l _{™èl…
H¨? f: ÑÌôægŒæ Æ>MŠSÝëtÆŠ‡Þ
• 2018 òÜò³t…ºÆý‡$ 23¯]l ¿êÆý‡™Œl "Oòßæ¸ë
Ķ欧ýl® Ô¶æ™é¼ª E™èlÞÐéË'¯]l$ H §ólԶ慙ø
MýSÍíÜ °Æý‡Óíßæ…_…¨? f: C{gêÄñæ$ÌŒæ
• ´÷V>MýS$ E™èlµ™èl$¢ËOò³ Ðésìæ° Ð]l*¯ólĶæ*Ë°
çÜ*_…^ól "MìSÓsŒæ&OÌñ毌l ¯]l…ºÆŠæ' MýSÍW¯]l HOMðSMýS
ÝëÆŠ‡P (§ýl„ìS×êíÜĶæ* {´ë…¡Ä¶æ$ çÜçßæM>Æý‡
çÜ…çÜ&¦ SSAARC) §ólÔ¶æ… H¨? f: ¿êÆý‡™Œl
• C¯ŒlíÜtr*ÅsŒæ B‹œ òßæÌŒæ¢ Ððl${sìæMŠSÞ A…yŠæ
GÐéË$ÅÄôæ$çÙ¯Œl A«§ýlÅĶæ$¯]l… {ç³M>Æý‡… "¨
Ìê¯ðlÞsŒæ'ÌZ {ç³^èl$Ç…_¯]l ѧýlÅ, BÆøVýSÅ
çÜ…Æý‡„ýS×æ ò³r$tºyìlÌZ 195 §ólÔ>Ë gê¼™é-
ÌZ ¿êÆý‡™Œæ Æ>Å…MŠS G…™èl? f: 158
• Ð]lÆ>Û°MìS, ç³…rËMýS$ A«¨ç³†V> C…{§ýl$yìl°
BÆ>«¨çÜ*¢ fÆý‡$ç³#Mö¯ól "C…{§ýl gê™èlÆý‡'
E™èlÞÐ]l… GMýSPyýl °Æý‡Óíßæ…^éÆý‡$?
f: M>uý‡Ã…yýl$, ¯ól´ëÌŒæ
• A…™èlÆ>j¡Ä¶æ$ {§ýlÐ]lÅ °«¨ (IG…G‹œ) ¯]l$…-
_ 57.1 ¼ÍĶæ$¯Œl yéÌSÆý‡Ï A†ò³§ýlª Æý‡$×æ
´ëÅMóSi° ´÷…¨¯]l §ólÔèæ… H¨?
f: AÆð‡j…sîæ¯é
• ±sìæ çÜÆý‡çœÆ>, ´ëÇÔ¶æ$§ýl®Å…, Ð]lÅÆý‡¦ fÌS °Æý‡Ó-
çßæ×æ MøçÜ… Æð‡…yólâ¶æÏ´ër$ H Æ>[çÙt…
´ùÆý‡$aVýSÌŒæ™ø Jç³µ…§ýl… MýS$§ýl$Æý‡$aMýS$…¨?
f: VøÐé
• BĶ欋٠Ð]l$…{†™èlÓ Ô>Q H §ólÔ¶æ…ÌZ°
¿êÆý‡™èl Æ>Ķæ$»êÆý‡ M>Æ>ÅËĶæ$…ÌZ BĶæ¬-
‹Ù çÜÐ]l*^éÆý‡ MóS…{§é°² {´ëÆý‡…À…_…¨?
f: ÆöÐól$°Ä¶æ*
•
¿êÆý‡™èl§ólÔ¶æ…ÌZ 5i, C…rÆð‡²sŒæ B‹œ ¤…VŠSÞ
õÜÐ]lË MøçÜ… ½G‹ÜG¯ŒlGÌŒæ.. NTT MýSÐ]lÊÅ-
°MóSçÙ¯ŒlÞ™ø ´ër$ H »êÅ…MýS$™ø Jç³µ…§ýl…
MýS$§ýl$Æý‡$aMýS$…¨? f: Ýë‹œt »êÅ…MŠæ
Ñ$VýS™é Æó‡ç³sìæ "ѧýlÅ'ÌZ... →
 ѧýlÅ Send your Feedback to vidya@sakshi.com
Ô¶æ${MýSÐéÆý‡… l
f¯]lÐ]lÇ l 25 l 2019 11

What is disguised unemployment?

1. Which was the largest producing sector in 1972-73?
MýS*¯ésìæ VýS$Æý‡$-§ólÐé çÜ$Æó‡‹Ù A: Agriculture
çÜ»ñæjMýS$t °ç³#×æ$Ë$ 2. Which was the largest producing sector in 2009-10?
A: Services.
3. How many times increased the GDP in India between
1972-73 and 2009-10?
PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT A: 7.7 times.
4. Which sector recorded more growth rate?
● The total value of production of goods A: Service sector.
and services in India increased 5. Which sector recorded low growth rate?
approximately 8 times between 1972- A: Agriculture sector.
73 & 2009-10. II. Observe the pictures and answer the questions (AS-3)
● The service sector has become the
most important in terms of total
production.
● There are more people in agriculture
but everyone may not be fully
occupied.
● Workers in the organised sector 1. First picture is related to which sector?
enjoy security of employment. 6. What is financial year? (AS1) A: Agriculture
● Agricultural labourers, small and A: From 1st April to 31st March is 2. Second picture is related to which sector?
marginal farmers, weavers, called financial year. A: Mining (Agriculture)
sharecroppers, artisans, blacksmiths, 7. What is Organised sector. Give 3. Third picture is related to which sector?
carpenters and goldsmiths are the examples. (AS1) A: Services
vulnerable people who need A: 1. The enterprises or places of work 4. Fourth picture is related to which sector?
protection. where the terms of employment A: Industries
● During 2004-05, the unorganised sec- are regular and therefore, people
tor workers accounted for 92% of all have assured work. III. Observe the table and answer the questions (AS-3)
workers that contributed 50% of the Ex: IT Jobs, Department of Educa- SECTOR EMPLOYMENT (%) GROSS DOMESTIC
production tion, Railways, Banking etc., PRODUCT (%)
● Only 8% of organised sector workers 8. What is Unorganised sector. Give ÝùçÙÌŒæ çÜtyîl‹Ü (C….Ò$.) 1972-73 2009-10 1972-73 2009-10
contributed 50% of the production of examples. (AS1) Agriculture 74% 53% 43% 17%
goods and services. A: 1. The unorganised sector is Industry 11% 22% 22% 26%
● Cotton is a natural product and cloth characterised by small and 4. They get paid Leave, Provident Services 15% 25% 35% 57%
is a manufactured product. scattered units which have Fund and Medical benefits.That's
remained largely outside the why I choose a job in an organized 1. In 1972-73 Employment is low in industrial sector. Why?
1 MARK QUESTIONS control of the government. sector than the unorganised sector. A. In 1972-73 establishment of industries were very low.
1. Classify the economic activities. Ex: Painters, plumbers, repair 3. Why did you choose a job in an 2. In 2009-10 in which sector gross domestic product
(AS1) persons and others doing odd organized sector than the increased more? A. Services.
A: People engaged in various economic jobs are in unorganised sector. unorganised sector? 3. In which sector employment increased 100%?
activities. 9. What is disguised unemployment? (AS-2) (Jun-15) A. Industry.
1) Agriculture and related activities. (AS1) A: 1. Organised sector has some formal 4. In which sector gross domestic product was reduced? Why?
2) Manufacturing processes & A: Where people are apparently worki- processes and procedures. A: Agriculture. Other sectors developed well and employment
industries, ng but all of them are made to work 2. Workers in the organised sector shift was there from agriculture.
3) Services for people. less than their potential is called enjoy security of employment. 5. Which sector stands in second place in gross domestic
2. What are the types of Services? disguised unemployment. It is also 3. They are expected to work only for product in 2009-10?
(AS1) known as underemployment. a fixed number of hours. A: Industry
A: Services are three types. They are 4. They get paid Leave, Provident 6. In which sector employment was more in 1972-73? Why?
1. Community, social and personal 2 MARKS QUESTIONS Fund and Medical benefits. A: Agriculture. In India more people depend on agriculture in
services. 1. Do you think the classification of That's why I choose a job in an 1972-73.
2. Finance, insurance and real economic activities into primary, organized sector than the
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
estate. secondary and tertiary is useful? unorganised sector.
3. Trade, hotels, transport and Explain how. (AS1) 1. Employment in the service sector has ______ to the same
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
communication. A: Yes. I think the classification of extent as production. (B)
3. Define GDP. (AS 1) economic activities is useful. GRAPH 3.1 GDP BY A) Increased B) Not increased
A: 1. Total value of goods and services Uses: AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND C) No change D) None of these
produced in the country in a 1) To know how many people are SERVICE SECTORS 2. Workers in the______sector do not produce goods. (B)
financial year is known as GDP. employed in each sector. I. Observe the graph and answer the A) Service B) agriculture
2. GDP records the market value of 2) To estimate how much goods and questions. (AS3) C) Industries D) All the above
all final goods and services services are produced.
produced. 3) To know the produced goods are
4. What are intermediary goods? sufficient or not.
(AS1) 4) To plan which sector need
A: 1. The goods not being used directly development.
by the consumer are called inter- 2. Why did you choose a job in an
mediary goods. organized sector than the unor-
2. Ex. Paddy, rice and husk. ganised sector? (AS-2) (Jun-15)
5. What are final goods? (AS1) A: 1. Organised sector has some formal
A: 1. The goods being used directly by processes and procedures.
the consumer are called final 2. Workers in the organised sector
goods. enjoy security of employment.
2. Example for final good is idly or 3. They are expected to work only
dosa. for a fixed number of hours.