Interchangeable Manufacture

Definition
The interchangeable manufacture implies that,
the parts that are for practical purposes
identical. They are made to specifications by
processes that ensure that they are so nearly
identical that they will fit into any device of the
same type
Examples of Interchangeable
Manufacture

Bottle caps Rims Tires

Advantages For Interchangeable
Manufacture
 Replacement: One such part can freely replace
another, without any custom fitting (such
as filling).
 Easy to Assembly: This interchangeability
allows easy assembly of new devices
 Repairing: Easier repair of existing devices.
 Minimizing time and cost :Minimizing both the
time and skill required of the person doing the
assembly or repair.
 Rapid Manufacturing :Machine tool enables the
components to be manufactured more rapidly
 Terminology for LIMITS & FITS

 Terminology:- The terms related to limit system are as

below:
Size:- It is a number expressed
in a particular unit in the
measurement of length.
Basic Size

Basic Size:- It is the size based

Hole

Shaft on which the dimensional

deviations are given.

Actual Size:- It is the size of the component by actual

measurement after it is manufactured. It should lie
between the two limits of size.
 Terminology for Limits and Fits Cont.
 Limits of size:- These are the maximum and minimum
permissible sizes of the part.
 Maximum limit:- Is the maximum size permitted for the part.
 Minimum limit:- it is the minimum size permitted for the part
limit of size.

 Hole:-Refers to diameter of a circular

hole as well as to any internal dimension
of component .it is referred as “female”
Basic

Hole
size

Shaft

 Shaft:-Limits and fits, all external features of a component

including those which are not cylindrical are designated as
‘Shaft'. It is referred as “male”
Deviations
Lower Deviation

Upper Deviation
 Deviation:- It is the algebraic
difference between a size, to its
corresponding basic size. It may be
positive, negative or zero.
Hole

Upper Deviation:- It is the

Max.dia.

Min.dia.

Max.dia.
Min.dia.

Shaft algebraic difference between

maximum limit of size and its
corresponding basic size.
Lower Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between
minimum limit of size and its corresponding basic size.

Actual Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference

between actual size and its corresponding basic size.
Terminology for Limits and Fits Cont.
Tolerance :Tolerance is the difference between maximum limit of size and
minimum limit of size.
Tolerance
zone

Upper limit =  28 . 2

Zero line

Lower limit =  27. 8

Ø28  0.2
(Basic)

Hole
Different Types of Tolerance
 Unilateral Tolerance: In this
method of presenting the
limits, both the limits of size
are on the same side of the
zero line.

Bilateral Tolerance: Here Zero line

one of the limits is on one side
of the zero line And the other
limit of size is on the other
side of the line.
Allowance
 It is an intentional difference between the maximum
material limits of mating parts, For shaft, the
maximum material will be it’s high limit and for
hole, it will it’s low limit
 The positive allowance is clearance and negative
allowance is interference.
Fit
 Fit is the relationship that exists between two mating parts, a
hole and shaft with respect to their dimensional difference before
assembly. Three types of fit are given hereunder;
Clearance Fit : In clearance Fit shaft is
always smaller than the hole. A positive
allowance exists between the largest
possible shaft and smallest possible hole.
Minimum Clearance : It is the
difference between the
maximum size of shaft and Hole basis
minimum size of hole.
Maximum clearance: It is the
difference between the
minimum size of the shaft and
the maximum size of hole

Shaft Basis
Fit Cont.
 Interference Fit: It is also
called Press or force fit, In
this fit shaft is always
larger than the hole
Minimum interference: it is the
difference between the
maximum size of hole and the
minimum size of shaft prior to Shaft
assembly Hole
Minimum Interference: It is the
difference between the
minimum size of the hole and
the maximum size of the
shaft prior to assembly.
Fit Cont.
 Transition Fit: it is called sliding
Fit . It occurs when the resulting
fit due to the variations in size
of the male and female
components due to their
tolerance, varies between Shaft
Hole
clearance and interference fits.
The tolerance zones of shaft
and hole overlap
Hole Basis System
 Hole is keep constant and the shaft
diameter is varied
 The basic size of the hole is taken as
the low limit
 The high limit of the size of the hole
and the two limits of size of the shaft
are selected to give the desired fit
 The actual size of the hole is within
the tolerance limit.
 In this system Hole gets the letter H
and the shaft gets different letter to
decide the position of tolerance
Shaft Basis System
 Shaft is kept constant and the hole diameter
is varied.
 The basic size of the shaft is taken as one of
the limits(maximum) of size of shaft
 The other limit of size of the shaft and the
two limits of hole are then selected to give
the desired fit
 The actual size of a hole that is within the
tolerance limits is always less than the basic
size.
 In this system Shaft gets the letter h and the
hole gets different letter to decide the
position of the tolerance zone to obtain
desired fit
 Upper Deviation
Fundamental deviation:-
Lower Deviation

There are 25 fundamental

Tolerance

Tolerance
deviations in the B.I.S.
system represented by letter,
Hole
symbols (Capital letters for
Max.dia.

Min.dia.

Holes and small letters for

Max.dia.
Min.dia.

Shaft Shaft)
 Grades of Tolerance:- In
Lower Deviation

Upper Deviation

the Indian Standard

Tolerance

System, there are 18

grades represented by
number symbols, both for
Hole
hole and shaft denoted as
Max.dia.

Min.dia.

IT01, IT0, IT1,

Max.dia.
Min.dia.

Shaft IT2.....IT16. A high

number
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