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Renewable Energy: Hassan Ghasemi Mobtaker, Yahya Ajabshirchi, Seyed Faramarz Ranjbar, Mansour Matloobi
Renewable Energy: Hassan Ghasemi Mobtaker, Yahya Ajabshirchi, Seyed Faramarz Ranjbar, Mansour Matloobi
Renewable Energy: Hassan Ghasemi Mobtaker, Yahya Ajabshirchi, Seyed Faramarz Ranjbar, Mansour Matloobi
Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Application of solar energy in greenhouse heating during the cold months could be of great importance.
Received 18 March 2018 In this study, six shapes of greenhouses including: uneven span, even span, single span, vinery, quonset
Received in revised form and arch type were compared from solar radiation availability point of view. A dynamic model was
7 September 2018
developed to predict all the internal greenhouse temperatures including inside air, soil surface and north
Accepted 1 October 2018
Available online 4 October 2018
wall temperatures for the selected greenhouse. In this model the radiation component of the heat
transfer was used along with the other heat transfer modes. Experimental validation to obtain required
parameters was conducted in single span greenhouse (in east-west orientation). The results showed that,
Keywords:
Greenhouse
as compared to other shapes, the single span shape greenhouse oriented in east-west orientation
Optimum design received about 8% more solar radiation during all the months in a year. It was also determined that using
Solar energy brick wall at north side of the greenhouse can reduce radiation energy loss in this type of greenhouse.
Dynamic model The average value of the cover transmittance was estimated to be 0.76 during the period of the exper-
iment. A good agreement was obtained comparing measured and predicted values.
© 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1. Introduction solar radiation entered into the greenhouse [2]. In this case,
greenhouse roof shape and orientation are most important physical
In recent years due to the environmental pollution caused by elements which determine the rate of solar energy availability in-
greenhouse gas emissions, the use of renewable energy sources is side the greenhouse. Calculation of total solar radiation received by
steadily increasing. Renewable energy technologies such as solar, greenhouse and simulation of its climate, provide use of automatic
wind and geothermal types are clean sources of energy that have a control system in greenhouse.
much lower environmental impact than conventional energy Considerable studies have been conducted on solar energy col-
technologies [1]. Solar energy is one of the most significant posi- lecting efficiency of greenhouses and predicting its inside conditions
tions among the various renewable energy sources that can be used of greenhouse [3e11]. Pieters and Deltour [12] used a semi one-
in different fields. One of the important applications of solar energy dimensional climate model to study the greenhouses solar energy
is its use in agricultural greenhouses heating. efficiency under Western European conditions. The results showed
Nowadays, use of solar greenhouses in agricultural production that greenhouses catch about two thirds of the incoming solar radi-
has increased. Greenhouse is a structure which provides the opti- ation and the collecting efficiency was found to be higher in summer
mum condition for plants' growth especially during cold seasons. In than winter. In another study Gupta and Chandra [13] developed a
cold climates, heating the greenhouses is one of the most energy time dependent model to simulate the thermal behavior of green-
consumed during the cold season. The rate of thermal energy house components in India. The results showed that, Gothic arch
consumption by a greenhouse depends highly on the amount of shape in East-West orientation with north insulated wall was the best
chose in northern India. In a study conducted in India, Sethi [14]
developed mathematical model for computing solar radiation avail-
* Corresponding author. Complete Postal Address, Department of Biosystems ability and inside air temperature for five most commonly used
Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. greenhouses. The results indicated that uneven-span shape
E-mail address: mobtaker@ut.ac.ir (H.G. Mobtaker).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.003
0960-1481/© 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
H.G. Mobtaker et al. / Renewable Energy 135 (2019) 88e97 89
Nomenclature T temperature ( C)
Tc,ave average calculated values of T ( C)
A area (m2) Ti,c ith calculated values of T ( C)
Ai area of walls and roofs (m2) Ti,m ith measured values of T ( C)
C specific heat (J kg1 K1) Tm,ave average measured values of T ( C)
Eb blackbody emissive power (Wm2) t time (s)
F view factor () V wind velocity (ms1)
Fn ratio of solar fraction falling on the north wall over x north wall thickness (m)
the total incoming radiation at the same time () Z soil depth (m)
Ft ratio of the transmitted solar radiation falling on
walls/roof inside the greenhouse to the total Greek letters
transmitted solar radiations inside the greenhouse at ac cover absorptivity of solar radiation ()
the same time () act cover absorptivity of thermal radiation ()
hco convection heat transfer coefficient (Wm2 K1) ag soil absorptivity of solar radiation ()
Ib beam radiation (Wm2) aw wall absorptivity of solar radiation ()
Id diffuse radiation (Wm2) awt wall absorptivity of thermal radiation ()
J radiosity of surface (Wm2) b slope of the surface with horizontal ( )
k thermal conductivity (Wm1K1) g surface azimuth angle ( )
M total mass (kg) D declination angle of the sun ( )
Q radiation heat transfer from surface (W) ε emissivity ()
qco convection heat transfer (W) qi angle of incidence ( )
qinf infiltration heat transfer rate (W) qz zenith angle ( )
qkg conduction heat transfer from the soil surface to the r reflectivity of the ground ()
soil sub-layers (W) s StefaneBoltzmann constant (Wm2K4)
qnet
r net thermal radiation rate (W) U hour angle ( )
qsc total solar radiation absorbed by cover (W) Ф latitude angle of a place ( )
qsg total solar radiation absorbed by soil (W)
qsw total solar radiation absorbed by wall (W) Subscripts
R surface resistance (m2) a ambient
Rb the ratio of beam radiation on the tilted surface to c cover
that on a horizontal surface () g ground soil
Rd view factor of tilted surface to the sky () r room air
Rr view factor of tilted surface to the ground () sky sky
Si(t) total solar radiation on various walls and roofs w north wall
(Wm2) wi inner surface of the north wall
Sti total transmitted solar radiations inside the wo outer surface of the north wall
greenhouse (W) 0 underground
St total solar radiation falling on the greenhouse cover
(W)
greenhouse receives the maximum solar radiation at all latitudes. model based on the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM)
Bug et al. [15] investigated the impact of the phase change model for prediction of the temperature in a Chinese solar green-
material (PCM) on greenhouse temperature and humidity. For this house. The results indicated that its predictions of the temperature
propose north wall was made with phase change material (PCM) as were accurate; therefore it was chosen as a suitable method for
a storage medium in eastewest oriented greenhouse. The results predicting the Chinese solar greenhouse temperatures.
indicated that the PMC usage in greenhouse can increase energy The objective of the study was to develop a dynamic thermal
efficiency. Du et al. [16] developed a simulation model of a green- model for estimating internal temperatures in a single span
house equipped with a heat-pipe heating system for estimating the greenhouse. In this model the radiation component of the heat
air and soil temperatures inside the greenhouse. The results transfer was used along with the other heat transfer models. The
showed that the developed model can predict the thermal perfor- model was validated using experimental data acquired from an
mance of the greenhouse in a good agreement with the experi- east-west oriented, single span greenhouse.
mental data. Dynamic greenhouse climate model previously
validated in European greenhouses was used by Mashonjowa et al. 2. Materials and methods
[17] in Zimbabwe. The model was developed based on the heat and
mass balances of the different components of a greenhouse. This This study was conducted in Tabriz city located in the north-
model was found to have a close fit between measured and pre- west part of Iran, at geographical location of 38 100 north latitude
dicted values. Joudi and Farhan [18] presented a dynamic model to and 46180 east longitude. Six shapes of greenhouses including:
predict the internal air and soil temperatures in an innovative uneven span, even span, single span, vinery, quonset and arch type
greenhouse. Their model consisted of five elements by considering were selected for comparison from solar radiation availability point
heat exchange between non-cultivated greenhouse components. of view. The length, width and height of greenhouses were kept the
The resultant model offered a good relationship between the pre- same and they were investigated for both eastewest and
dicted and measured values. Yu et al. [19] developed a prediction northesouth orientation.
90 H.G. Mobtaker et al. / Renewable Energy 135 (2019) 88e97
Ebc Jc qsc ¼ ac St þ act Sti ðð1 Ft Þ 1 ag þ Fn ð1 aw Þ (20)
Qc ¼ ;
Rc
The components of the net thermal radiation rate on the
Ebg Jg greenhouse cover is the radiation heat transfer between green-
Qg ¼ (10)
Rg house cover with soil surface and north wall and the radiation heat
Ebw Jw transfer between greenhouse cover and the sky which can be
Qw ¼ ; written as [15]:
Rw
h i
r:c ¼ sAc εc Tc act εsky Tsky
qnet 4 4
Qc (21)
Ebc ¼ εc sTc4
Ebg ¼ εg sTg4 ; (11)
Ebw ¼ εw sTwi
4 Tsky ¼ 0:0552ðTa Þ1:5 ; Ta in ðKÞ (22)
1 εc
Rc ¼ ; hco:ca ¼ 2:8 þ 3ðVÞ (26)
Ac εc
1 εg
Rg ¼ ; (13)
A g εg
1 εw 2.4.3. North wall
Rw ¼ ;
A w εw Energy balance equation for north wall is given below
[31,34,35]:
1
Rcw ¼ ; dTwi
Ac Fcw ¼ qsw þ qnet
Mw Cw r;w qco:wr qco:wa (27)
dt
1
Rcg ¼ ; (14)
Ac Fcg
qsw ¼ aw Fn Sti (28)
1
Rwg ¼ ; h i
Aw Fwg
r:w ¼ sAw εw Two awt εsky Tsky
qnet 4 4
Qw (29)
According to Eqs. (10)e(14) the net thermal radiation rate on the
greenhouse floor can be written as: qco; wir ¼ Aw hco:wr ðTwi Tr Þ (30)
qnet
r:g ¼ Qg (15)
qco; woa ¼ Aw hco:wa ðTwo Ta Þ (31)
The energy absorbed in soil surface by convection and loosed by
conduction is expressed as [18,32]: hco:rw ¼ 2:8 (32)
qco:rg ¼ Ag hco:rg Tr Tg (16)
Two Ta 0:25
hco:wa ¼ 1:42 (33)
x
kg Ag Tg T0
qkg ¼ (17)
z
0:33
hco:rg ¼ 1:52 Tr Tg (18)
2.4.4. Greenhouse air
For inside air, only the convective heat transfer between inside
air and greenhouse components and heat loss due to ventilation or
infiltration were considered. Accordingly the flowing Eq. was used
2.4.2. Greenhouse cover [35]:
The energy balance equation for greenhouse cover is:
dTr
Mr Ca ¼ qco;rg þ qco;rg þ qco;rc qinf (34)
dTc dT
Mc Cc ¼ qsc þ qnet
r;c þ qco:rc qco:ca (19)
dt A computer program in MATLAB was development to solve the
The total solar radiation received by the greenhouse cover is energy equations. Initial input values for these equations are the
consisted of the solar radiation directly absorbed in outer surface of measured temperature of ambient, cover, soil and wall, wind ve-
the cover and the reflected solar radiation from the soil surface and locity and solar radiation on a horizontal surface. Also the constant
north wall. This equation can be written as [18]: terms in Table (1) were used for solution [31].
92 H.G. Mobtaker et al. / Renewable Energy 135 (2019) 88e97
Table 1
Constants used for solution of thermal model.
1X k
MBE ¼ T Ti;m (36)
Parameter Value Parameter Value k i¼1 i;c
Ac 31.25 Mg 7360
Ag 15.36 Mr 26.8 " #0:5
Aw 11.52 Mw 2777.5 1X k 2
Ca 1009 z 0.5 RMSE ¼ T Ti;m (37)
Cc 840 ac 0.1
k i¼1 i;c
Cg 880 act 0.95
Cw 795 ag 0.86 Pk
Fc-g 0.39 aw 0.91 i¼1 Ti;c Tc;ave Ti;m Tm;ave
r ¼ rhffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (38)
Fc-w 0.27 awt 0.85 Pk 2 ihPk 2 i
Fg-c 0.79 εc 0.94 i¼1 Ti;c Tc;ave i¼1 Ti;m Tm;ave
Fw-g 0.28 εg 0.93
kg 1 εsky 0.8
Mc 537.82 εw 0.94
Table 2
Total solar radiation availability (MJ) outside of different greenhouse cover in typical day of each month.
Month Even span Uneven span Vinery Single span Arch Quonset
E-Wa N-S E-W N-S E-W N-S E-W N-S E-W N-S E-W N-S
17 Jan 479 434 503 482 448 431 539 511 529 468 458 448
16 Feb 550 558 583 572 516 517 628 605 612 601 531 535
16 Mar 654 676 686 691 604 626 743 730 730 741 634 648
15 Apr 772 792 782 809 765 803 843 846 849 865 736 760
15 May 976 1050 986 1075 987 1044 1109 1134 1107 1137 970 1008
11 Jun 1128 1164 1073 1183 1069 1153 1198 1251 1220 1260 1070 1117
17 Jul 1024 1042 975 1059 1001 1039 1101 1121 1099 1132 971 1000
16 Aug 944 964 932 986 918 959 1046 1048 1030 1053 894 927
15 Sep 884 939 926 965 833 920 1037 1027 991 1026 848 901
15 Oct 680 699 740 712 682 686 811 750 790 772 665 669
14 Nov 524 506 559 512 526 498 605 534 577 560 502 487
10 Dec 446 428 468 435 454 429 501 457 491 477 426 410
a
E-W: East-West, N-S: North-South.
E-W N-S
1000
Inside solar radiation availability (MJ)
800
600
400
200
Fig. 4. Effect of orientation on total solar radiation availability for single span greenhouse.
Papadakis et al. [42] reported that for the latitude of 37 580 N during The fraction falling on the north wall is the most important
the winter time, the east-west orientation is preferable to the compared to the other face, which gives the idea of storing this
north-south alignment. Sethi [14] reported that east-west orien- energy in a phase change material north wall [15]. Gupta and Tiwari
tation intercepts more solar radiation by moving to higher latitudes [21] reported that in east-west oriented greenhouses which built in
in winter months as compared to north-south orientation due to higher latitudes, solar radiation loss from north wall was high;
the proper greenhouse roof shape matched well with the local sun accordingly in higher latitudes such as Tabriz, using of brick wall on
altitude. north wall of greenhouse can be suggested. Using concept of Fn and
Ft effect of north wall on solar radiation availability and radiation
3.2. Solar fraction for north wall loss for each selected shape in east-west orientation were investi-
gated. It was revealed that using brick wall on the northern side of
Using concept of Fn and Ft, solar radiation loss from north wall single span greenhouse can reduce radiation energy loss by an
and other sections were computed. The result showed that the average of 68%.
value of Fn and Ft were maximum in winter months due to low The daily global solar radiation on north wall and Fn of the single
altitude angel of the sun. Fig. 5 shows total solar fraction for various span greenhouse in a typical day of each month is shown in Table 3.
shapes of east-west and north-south oriented greenhouses at a As can be seen from this Table, in winter months due to low altitude
particular time of typical clear days of winter and summer. The angle of the sun, solar radiation availability on north wall is low.
results showed that, the value of Ft was higher in the winter than Furthermore solar fraction for north wall in these months is high.
the summer; in other word less solar radiation is available for This means that use of brick wall on the north wall can reduce
thermal heating of the greenhouse in winter period. According to energy loss and increase energy availability inside the greenhouse.
section (3.1), though the single span shape received the maximum Moreover the north wall plays an important role in thermal insu-
solar radiation, the value of total solar fraction for this greenhouse lation of greenhouse and use of insulated wall reduces total energy
was higher than the other shapes. demand for greenhouse production.
94 H.G. Mobtaker et al. / Renewable Energy 135 (2019) 88e97
1.0 0.8
Even Uneven
Even Uneven
0.8 Vinery Singel
Total solar frac on
0.4
(a) 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0
8 10 12 14 16 0.0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time of day
Time of day
Winter Summer
1.0 0.8
Even Uneven Even Uneven
Vinery Singel Vinery Singel
0.8
Total solar frac on
0.2
0.2
0.0 0.0
8 10 12 14 16 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time of day Time of day
Winter Summer
Fig. 5. Total solar fraction for various shapes of greenhouse in east-west (a) and north-south (b) orientation.
Table 3 To sum it up, EeW orientation can best suit the regions located
Solar radiation availability and solar fraction for north wall (MJ) for single span at high latitudes like Tabriz provided that reduction in radiation
greenhouse in typical day of each month.
loss was done via implementing some effective strategies held by
Month Solar radiation availability Solar fraction for Energy growers. This can be achieved for instance, selecting brick wall or
on north wall (MJ) north wall (MJ) saving (MJ) applying reflecting surface on the north wall.
17 Jan 58 206 148
16 Feb 60 195 135
16 Mar 81 180 99 3.3. Thermal model results
15 Apr 102 128 26
15 May 110 102 8
Fig. 6 shows the time courses of total solar radiation incident on
11 Jun 133 75 58
17 Jul 113 82 31 outside and inside the greenhouse cover on 29-11-2014 in a clear
16 Aug 94 130 36 sky condition estimated using Liu and Jordon formula. The
15 Sep 71 214 143 maximum solar radiation on the horizontal surface was measured
15 Oct 60 242 182 as 475 Wm-2. The solar intensity on the horizontal surface was used
14 Nov 49 245 196
10 Dec 56 204 148
to calculated solar radiation on the cover. The average value of the
cover transmittance was estimated to be 0.76 during the period of
the experiment. Several previous studies use an average value of
the cover transmittance. As mentioned before, the transmission of
In last column of Table 3 the amount of energy saving which can solar radiation through the greenhouse cover is a function of the
be achieved by using north brick wall is shown. It shows that the incoming radiation, cover thickness, refractive index, and extinc-
amount of energy saving was the highest in November and October. tion coefficient of the cover. It is clear that assuming an average
Tiwari et al. [43] reported that for greenhouses built in the northern value for cover transmittance would lead to a large error in the
hemisphere, solar radiation falling on the north wall inside the estimation of the solar radiation transmission into the greenhouse
greenhouse decreases particularly during the winter months and it [41].
might be compensated using brick wall at north side of the green- The variation of the measured values of inside air, soil surface,
house. In another study, covering the north wall with a reflecting inner surface of the north wall and ambient temperatures are
surface reduced the rate of radiation loss from this wall [27]. shown in Fig. 7. The results showed that the internal temperatures
H.G. Mobtaker et al. / Renewable Energy 135 (2019) 88e97 95
50
Calculated Measured
40
Temperature (°C)
30
20
10
0
8 10 12 14 16
Time of day (h)
Fig. 8. Predicted and measured values of inside air temperatures.
96 H.G. Mobtaker et al. / Renewable Energy 135 (2019) 88e97
50
Calculated Measured
40
Temperature (°C)
30
20
10
0
8 10 12 14 16
Time of day (h)
Fig. 9. Predicted and measured values of soil surface temperatures.
4. Conclusion
60 Calculated Measured
In the current study, the amount of total solar radiation that can
50 be captured by the different greenhouses was investigated. For this
Temperature (°C)
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