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Sodium: Na+: Hyponatremia: Below 135
Sodium: Na+: Hyponatremia: Below 135
Sodium: Na+: Hyponatremia: Below 135
Sodium: Na+
Serum: 135-145 for adults Panic: <115
Function:
SX:
TX:
replace Na and fluid loss through diet or When below 125, bring up the value
IV fluid quickly to 125 then let it increase slowly
to normal levels
Isotonic saline, lactated ringers.
SX:
irritability, fever,
sometimes interspersed with lethargy, excessive dieresis,
altered senses, oligoanuria
seizures,
TX:
Function:
Hypokalemia:
Below 3.5
Causes: alkalosis, GI, renal loss, high perspiration, poor dietary intake
SX:
fatigue, N&V,
muscle weakness, irritability,
DIMINISHED DEEP TENDON sensitivity to digitalis,
REFLEXES, EKG changes
anorexia,
TX:
Conditions that can cause: renal failure, burns, crush injuries, acidosis, diuretics
SX:
3 Electrolytes
TX:
restrict dietary in mild cases incl. IV bicarbonate (alkalize plasma and shift
discontinue supplements K to cells)
IV Ca gluconate for cardio if necc, Peritoneal dialysis
Hypophosphatemia
Below 2.7
From: malnutrition, some antacids, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, ETOH w/drawl,
ketoacidosis, resp. alkalosis
SX:
Severe: IV
Hyperphosphatemia
SX:
neuromuscular irritability, angle of jaw, usually twitch at mouth or
muscle weakness, nose on same side of face)
hyperactive reflexes, or positive Trousseau’s sign (flexion at
tetany, the wrist, flexion at the
positive Chvostek’s (facial twitch when metacarpophalangeal joints, extension
stimulate facial nerve by tapping at of the interphalangeal joints, adduction
of the thumbs and fingers)
TX:
Identify underlying pathology Adm. Phosphate binding gels
Restrict dietary intake
Function:
Works with Ca, K, Na (they can’t work Bone health and structure,
w/o Mg) assists with glucose to energy
Muscle control, transformation
Hypermagesemia:
Associated with renal dysfunction or large quantities of antacids, laxatives or analgesics
SX:
Flush, hallucinations,
lethargy, bradycardia,
sedation, hypotension,
decreased reflexes, coma,
shallow breathing, cardiac arrest
muscle weakness,
TX:
Hypomagnesmia:
Associated with chronic ETOH, malabsortion, malnutrition, starvation, prolonged diarrhea, acute
pancreatitis, prolonged Mg free solution, prolonged nasogastric suctioning
SX:
Hyperactive reflexes Muscle Cramps
Coarse tremors Parathesia (legs)
5 Electrolytes
TX:
Functions:
Functions:
Reciprocal with Phosphate (an increase in Ca leads to a decrease in phosphorus, and an increase in
phosphorus leads to a decrease in calcium)
3 forms in plasma: 1. Ionized (50% total ca) 2. Bound (less than 50%) and 3. Complexed (small
portion that combines with phosphate).
Hypocalcemia:Below 8.5
Can be caused by some loop diuretics, dilantin, Phenobarbital, antieoplastics, some radioactive
materials, corticosteroids, heparin, antacids.
SX:
SX:
TX:
Function:
SX:
A deficiency in CL reflects deficiency in K. When replacing K use KCl, when serum drops to 80 or
lower, sever mentation, hypotension and Cardio dysrhythmias.
TX:
From: head injury and other trauma causing retention of Na and Cl. Hormones, severe dehydration,
acidosis.
SX
Drowsiness Tachypnea
Lethargy Kussmaul respiration
HA Hyperventilation
Weakness Dysrrythmias
Tremors Cardiac dysrrythmias
Dyspnea,
TX: