hl CCU UU UU NUNUNNNNVVVVVUUUU ES! SYNOPSIS erature is a relative measure - the degree of hotness or coldness of a body he Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. The direction of heat flow is decided by the difference in Temperatures, 1. Temps 2. The notion of temperature arises from tt 3. ‘Temperature is measured in various scales. Major ones include the Celsius, Fahrenheit, Reumer, Kelvin etc. 4. Thermal expansion is a result of harmonic oscillations of atoms in the solids. Ifthe vibrations were to be harmonic, no thermal expansion would have occurred. 5, The triple point of water is the preferred standard point these days. The absolute zero and triple point make a pair of temperatures, which can be used as a scale. ‘The direct proportionality of change in dimension with change in temperature is accurate only 6 for small change in temperature. This is because a y also vary with temperature 7. Perfectly Black Body ‘A body which absorbs the entire radiations incident on itis called perfectly black body. 8, Absorptive Power (a): Absorptive power of surface is the ratio of the radiant energy absorbed by it ina given time to total radiant energy incident on it. Absorptive power of a black body is maximum i, unity. 9, Emissive Power (e) itis defined as the radiant energy emitted per see per unit area of the surface. 10, Spectral Emissive Power: The radiant energy/sec/area corresponding to a definite wavelength is called spectral emissive power. 1 © is spectral emissive power and cis emissive power then c= foran. 0 11. Emissive power of a surface depends on its nature and temperature, Its units are W/; 12. Kirchhoff’s Law The ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is same for all surfaces at the same temperature, nd is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black body at that temperature - This implies that a good absorber is a good emit () Sand is rough and black. Therefore it is a good absorber as well as good emitter. So in deserts, days are hot and nights are cold. (i) A polished metal plate has a black spot when the plate is heated strongly and taken toa dark room spot will appear brighter than the plate. 43, In sodium absorption spectrum, two dark lines in yellow region are found. If emission spectrum of sodium is observed, it is found to emit the corresponding lines. 114. Fraun hoffer lines are dark lines in spectrum of sun and are formed because, the elements present in outer atmosphere absorb their characteristic wavelengthsALIMS PHYSI ‘Thermal Properties Anomalous expansion of water Water expands upon hee That is what every fluid does, But this happens so only after 4.6°C. It also expands anomalously from 0-4.6°C. ‘That happens due to a weird crystal structure as a consequence of hydrogen bonding, The graph alongside shows that the change in volume w.r.t. temperature (that is the slope) was not constant throughout the range. In fact, the slope Was even zero at 4.6°C. The slope of a V vs T graph Tepresents the expansion coefficient y. So here'is the misconception, The y of water at 4.6°C is zero. Then why should there even be any change of volume? change in volume is given as. AV = Vy AT. So if y itself is zero, AV would also be zero. icabl But the other aspect students tend to forget here is that the formula used above was applicable only if was constant with temperature. In this case, with temperature, the y itself changes and hence change in volume (rather increase is seen). So, y is zero only at that particular temperature and attains a finite value above or below it leading to expansion, Volume af one kg of water (x10 Do not proceed until you understand this Regelation Te he amoes regelation experiment is what you all are familiar with. Take a slab of ice and hang on weights on either side using a metal wire. The wire passes through the slab, but doesn't spit it into halves, This is because the ice just beneath the wire melts it due to pressure applied and the wire sinks in a little. The latent heat required to melt the ice below the wire is taken from the refrozen ice above. Hence the wire slowly proceeds downwards without any issues in heat release or absorption. And the name is aptly given - re - gelation, Another aspect in the same experiment is the time in which the wire culs through the ice. It is faster in copper but slow in poorer conductors of heat. This is because heat has to be conducted from above the wire (which has just frozen) to beneath the wire (which has to melt) Phase transition During phase transition, the state of matter is changed but there is no change in temperature, Let us take an example and proceed. At 0°, ice is converted to water. For this process to occur, the ice-water mix ure takes up heat from the surrounding and finally converts Why i the eat ifow info the system required? According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, heat supplied to i ne plied to the system is used either in doing work Sean feo ees: as sige in volume is negligible, (But for sure yes, ice to system : used up for this bus lately es loes work on the atmosphere, some amount of heat is www.aimdaiims.in 7 SeERFPFPPPRPBPRPPPPPPPPPKRPPPRIBAAAAsR,pe PSOSEULULUVUVUVUVVUUUVUEECCE + A major misconception here is that dU = nCv.dF; so if there is no change there increase internal energy. The answer is that the formula was strictly for . molecules possessed only internal kinetic energy and lacked internal potential energy. Here, the latent heat increases the internal potential energy but docs nothing to the internal kinetic energy. (Hence there is no change in temperature, but yes charge in state) dQ=dU+dw gore es dQ =(dKE +¢PE)= paV dQ =(nC,dT + dPE) + (pdV OQ Cee ea) eae Triple point Students know the fact that the state of a substance is controlled not only by its temperature but also the pressure acting on it. Because many of the experiments are done under atmospheric pressure, the only changing variable is temperature. Hence students do not consider pressure as a major governing factor in determining the state of matter. But yes, itis. ‘The temperature of a substance during phase transition is constant as explained earlier. As said, the phase transition temperatures depend not only on temperature but also on pressure. So, at different values of pressure, we have different transition temperatures. These are plotted on pressure vs. temperature graph for all the 3 states of matter-This yields 3 lines known as the sublimation curve (between gas and solid), vaporization curve (between liquid and gas) and fusion curve (between liquid and solid), Interestingly, the three curves meet at a single point known as the triple point of that substance. The coordinates of triple point are specific for each substance.At the triple point, all three: phases of mater coexist in dynamic equilibrium. Here are two curves for water (a) and COs (b) from NCERT. “Try to differentiate between the two. The major difference actually is that the slope of the fusion curve for water is negative. This can be considered in fact, as an exception (This is mainly because increase in volume when solid water - ice turns into water, it generally happens the other way round in all melting processes) ‘Questions generally asked are based upon the graph. Increase or decrease in pressure or temperature results in shift to which phase from triple point? For answering such questions, a vague idea of both the graphs should be there in mind (Coz and water),