RULE130

RULESOFADMI
SSI
BILI
TY

A.OBJECT(
REAL)EVI
DENCE

 SEC.1.OBJECTASEVI
DENCE.

Obj
ect
sasevi
dencear
ethoseaddr
ess
edt
othesensesoft
hecour
t.Whenanobj
ecti
s
r
elevantt
othef
acti
nissue,i
tmaybeexhi
bit
edt
o,exami
nedorvi
ewedbyt
hecour
t.

B.DOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE

 Sec.2.Document
aryevi
dence.

Document
s as evi
dence consi
stofwr
it
ing orany mat
eri
alcont
aini
ng l
ett
ers,wor
ds,
number
s,f
igur
es,symbol
sorot
hermodesofwr
it
tenexpr
essi
onof
fer
edaspr
oofoft
hei
r
cont
ent
s.

1
.BESTEVI
DENCERULE

 Sec.3.Or
igi
nal
documentmustbepr
oduced;

 except
ions.—Whent
hesubj
ectofi
nqui
ryi
sthecont
ent
sofadocument
,noevi
denceshal
l
beadmi
ssi
bleot
hert
hant
heor
igi
nal
documenti
tsel
f,excepti
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:

a)Whent
heor
igi
nal
hasbeen:

 l
ostor

 dest
royed,or

 cannotbepr
oducedi
ncour
t,

wi
thoutbadf
ait
hont
hepar
toft
heof
fer
or;

b)Whent
heor
igi
nal
is:

 i
nthecust
odyor

 undert
hecont
rol
oft
hepar
tyagai
nstwhom t
heevi
dencei
sof
fer
ed,and
  t
hel
att
erf
ail
stopr
oducei
taf
terr
easonabl
enot
ice;

c)Whent
heor
igi
nal
:

 consi
stsofnumer
ousaccount
sor

 ot
herdocument
swhi
chcannotbeexami
nedi
ncour
twi
thoutgr
eatl
ossoft
imeand

 t
hef
actsoughtt
obeest
abl
i
shedf
rom t
hem i
sonl
ythegener
alr
esul
toft
hewhol
e;
and

d)Whent
heor
igi
nal
:

 i
sapubl
i
crecor
dint
hecust
odyofapubl
i
cof
fi
ceror

 i
srecor
dedi
napubl
i
cof
fi
ce.

 Sec.4.Or
igi
nal
ofdocument
.—

a)Theor
igi
nal
oft
hedocument

֍ i
sonet
hecont
ent
sofwhi
char
ethesubj
ectofi
nqui
ry.

b)Whenadocument

֍ i
sint
woormor
ecopi
esexecut
edatoraboutt
hesamet
ime,wi
thi
dent
ical
cont
ent
s,
al
lsuchcopi
esar
eequal
l
yregar
dedasor
igi
nal
s.

c)Whenanent
ry

֍ i
srepeat
edi
nther
egul
arcour
seofbusi
ness,

* onebei
ngcopi
edf
rom anot
herator

* neart
het
imeoft
het
ransact
ion,

al
ltheent
ri
esar
eli
kewi
seequal
l
yregar
dedasor
igi
nal
s.

2.SECONDARYEVI
DENCE

 Sec.5Whenor
igi
nal
documenti
sunavai
l
abl
e.—

 Whent
heor
igi
nal
document
:

 hasbeenl
ostor
  dest
royed,or

 cannotbepr
oducedi
ncour
t,

 t
heof
fer
or,uponpr
oofofi
ts

 execut
ionor

 exi
stenceand

 t
hecauseofi
tsunavai
l
abi
l
it
y

 wi
thoutbadf
ait
honhi
spar
t,maypr
ovei
tscont
ent
s

 byacopy,or

 byar
eci
tal
ofi
tscont
ent
sinsomeaut
hent
icdocument
,or

 byt
het
est
imonyofwi
tnessesi
ntheor
derst
ated.

 Sec.6.Whenor
igi
nal
documenti
sinadver
separ
ty'
scust
odyorcont
rol
.—

I
fthedocumenti
s:

 i
nthecus
todyor

 undert
hecont
rol
ofadver
separ
ty,

hemusthaver
easonabl
enot
icet
opr
oducei
t.

☻ I
faf
tersuchnot
iceand

☻ af
tersat
isf
act
orypr
oofofi
tsexi
stence,

hef
ail
stopr
oducet
hedocument
,

 secondar
yevi
dencemaybepr
esent
edasi
nthecaseofi
tsl
oss.

(
Read:GR33377Feb.15,1988

 Sec.7.Evi
denceadmi
ssi
blewhenor
igi
nal
documenti
sapubl
i
crecor
d.—

Whent
heor
igi
nal
ofdocument
:
 ֍ i
sint
hecust
odyofpubl
i
cof
fi
ceror

֍ i
srecor
dedi
napubl
i
cof
fi
ce,

i
tscont
ent
smaybepr
oved:

byacer
ti
fi
edcopyi
ssuedbyt
hepubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
ncust
odyt
her
eof
.

 Sec.8.Par
tywhocal
l
sfordocumentnotboundt
oof
feri
t.—

Apar
tywho:

 cal
l
sfort
hepr
oduct
ionofadocumentand

 i
nspect
sthesame

i
snotobl
i
gedt
oof
feri
tasevi
dence.

3.PAROLEVI
DENCERULE

 Sec.9.Evi
denceofwr
it
tenagr
eement
s.—

Whent
het
ermsofanagr
eementhavebeenr
educedt
owr
it
ing,

- i
tisconsi
der
edascont
aini
ngal
lthet
ermsagr
eeduponand

- t
her
ecanbe,bet
weent
hepar
ti
esandt
hei
rsuccessor
sini
nter
est
,noevi
denceof
sucht
ermsot
hert
hant
hecont
ent
soft
hewr
it
tenagr
eement
.

However
,apar
tymaypr
esentevi
dencet
o:

 modi
fy,

 expl
ai
nor

 addt
othet
ermsofwr
it
tenagr
eement

- i
fheput
sini
ssuei
nhi
spl
eadi
ng:

(
a)Ani
ntr
insi
cambi
gui
ty,

mi
stakeor
 i
mper
fect
ioni
nthewr
it
tenagr
eement
;

(
b)Thef
ail
ureoft
hewr
it
tenagr
eementt
oexpr
esst
het
ruei
ntentandagr
eement
oft
hepar
ti
est
her
eto;

(
c)Theval
i
dit
yoft
hewr
it
tenagr
eement
;or

(
d)Theexi
stenceofot
hert
ermsagr
eedt
obyt
hepar
ti
esort
hei
rsuccessor
sin
i
nter
estaf
tert
heexecut
ionoft
hewr
it
tenagr
eement
.

Thet
erm"
agr
eement
"incl
udeswi
l
ls.

4.I
NTERPRETATI
ONOFDOCUMENTS

 Sec.10.I
nter
pret
ati
onofawr
it
ingaccor
dingt
oit
slegal
meani
ng.

Thel
anguageofawr
it
ingi
stobei
nter
pret
ed

- accor
dingt
othel
egalmeani
ngi si
tbear nt
hepl
aceofi
tsexecut
ion,unl
ess
t
hepar
ti
esi
ntendedot
her
wise.

 Sec.11.I
nst
rumentconst
ruedsoast
ogi
veef
fectt
oal
lpr
ovi
si
ons.

 I
ntheconst
ruct
ionofani
nst
rument
,

wher
ether
ear
esever
alpr
ovi
si
onsorpar
ti
cul
ars,

- suchaconst
ruct
ioni
s,i
fpossi
ble,t
obeadopt
edaswi
l
lgi
veef
fectt
oal
l
.

 Sec.12.I
nter
pret
ati
onaccor
dingt
oint
ent
ion;gener
alandpar
ti
cul
arpr
ovi
si
ons.

 I
ntheconst
ruct
ionofani
nst
rument
,

- t
hei
ntent
ionoft
hepar
ti
esi
stobepur
sued;

- andwhenagener
alandapar
ti
cul
arpr
ovi
si
onar
einconsi
stent
,

t
hel
att
eri
spar
amountt
othef
ormer
.So,apar
ti
cul
ari
ntentwi
l
lcont
rolagener
al
onet
hati
sinconsi
stentwi
thi
t.

 Sec.13.I
nter
pret
ati
onaccor
dingt
oci
rcumst
ances.
 Fort
hepr
operconst
ruct
ionofani
nst
rument
,

 t
heci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
chi
twasmade,

 i
ncl
udi
ngt
hesi
tuat
ionoft
hesubj
ectt
her
eof

 andoft
hepar
ti
est
oit
,

maybeshown,sot
hatt
hej
udgemaybepl
acedi
ntheposi
ti
onoft
hosewhol
anguagehei
s
t
oint
erpr
et.

 Sec.14.Pecul
i
arsi
gni
fi
cat
ionoft
erms.

Thet
ermsofawr
it
ing ar
epr
esumedt
ohavebeenusedi
nthei
rpr
imar
yandgener
al
accept
ati
on,

butevi
dencei
sadmi
ssi
blet
oshowt
hatt
heyhavea

- l
ocal
,

- t
echni
cal
,orot
her
wise

- pecul
i
arsi
gni
fi
cat
ion,

- andwer
esousedandunder
stoodi
nthepar
ti
cul
ari
nst
ance,

* i
nwhi
chcaset
heagr
eementmus
tbeconst
ruedaccor
dingl
y.

 Sec.15.Wr
it
tenwor
dscont
rol
pri
nted.

Whenani
nst
rumentconsi
sts

 par
tl
yofwr
it
tenwor
dsand

 par
tl
yofapr
int
edf
orm,

* andt
het
woar
einconsi
stent
,

THEFORMERCONTROLSTHELATTER.

 Sec.16.Exper
tsandi
nter
pret
erst
obeusedi
nexpl
aini
ngcer
tai
nwr
it
ings.

Whent
hechar
act
ersi
nwhi
chani
nst
rumenti
swr
it
tenar
e
  di
ff
icul
ttobedeci
pher
ed,or

 t
hel
anguagei
snotunder
stoodbyt
hecour
t,

- t
heevi
denceofper
sonsski
l
ledi
ndeci
pher
ingt
hechar
act
ers,or

- whounder
standt
hel
anguage,

I
SADMI
SSI
BLETODECLARETHECHARACTERSORTHEMEANI
NGOFTHELANGUAGE.

 Sec.17.OfTwoconst
ruct
ions,whi
chpr
efer
red.

1
.Whent
het
ermsofanagr
eementhavebeeni
ntendedi
nadi
ff
erentsensebyt
he
di
ff
erentpar
ti
est
oit
,thatsense i
sto pr
evai
lagai
nstei
therpar
tyi
n whi
ch he
supposedt
heot
herunder
stoodi
t,and

2.whendi
ff
erentconst
ruct
ionsofapr
ovi
si
onar
eot
her
wiseequal
l
ypr
oper
,thati
sto
bet
akenwhi
chi
sthemostf
avor
abl
etot
hepar
tyi
nwhosef
avort
hepr
ovi
si
onwas
made.

 Sec.18.Const
ruct
ioni
nfavorofnat
ural
right
.

Whenani
nst
rumenti
sequal
l
ysuscept
ibl
eoft
woi
nter
pret
ati
ons,

onei
nfavorofnat
ural
rightandt
heot
heragai
nsti
t,

THEFORMERI
STOBEADOPTED.

 Sec.19.I
nter
pret
ati
onaccor
dingt
ousage.

Ani
nst
rumentmaybe

const
ruedaccor
dingt
ousage,

i
nor
dert
odet
ermi
nei
tst
ruechar
act
er.

C.TESTI
MONI
ALEVI
DENCE
1
.QUALI
FICATI
ONOFWI
TNESSES

Sec.20.Wi
tnesses;t
hei
rqual
i
ficat
ions.

Exceptaspr
ovi
dedi
nthenextsucceedi
ngsect
ion,

(
a)al
lper
sonswhocanper
cei
ve,and

(
b)per
cei
vi
ng,

(
c)canmaket
hei
rknownper
cept
iont
oot
her
s,MAYBEWI
TNESSES.

 Rel
i
giousor

 pol
i
ti
cal
bel
i
ef,

 i
nter
esti
ntheout
comeoft
hecase,orconvi
cti
onofacr
ime

unl
ess ot
her
wise pr
ovi
ded by l
aw, SHALL NOT BE GROUND FOR
DI
SQUALI
FICATI
ON.

Sec.21.Di
squal
i
ficat
ionbyr
easonofment
ali
ncapaci
tyori
mmat
uri
ty.

THEFOLLOWI
NGPERSONSCANNOTBEWI
TNESSES:

(
a)Thosewhosement
alcondi
ti
on,att
het
imeoft
hei
rpr
oduct
ionf
orexami
nat
ion,i
ssucht
hat
t
heyar
eincapabl
eofi
ntel
l
igent
lymaki
ngknownt
hei
rper
cept
iont
oot
her
s;

(
b)Chi
l
drenwhosement
almat
uri
tyi
ssuchast
orendert
hem i
ncapabl
eofper
cei
vi
ngt
he
f
act
srespect
ingwhi
cht
heyar
eexami
nedandofr
elat
ingt
hem t
rut
hful
l
y.

Sec.22.Di
squal
i
ficat
ionbyr
easonofmar
ri
age.

Dur
ingt
hei
rmar
ri
age,nei
thert
hehusbandnort
hewi
femayt
est
if
yfororagai
nstt
heot
her
wi
thoutt
heconsentoft
heaf
fect
edspouse,

excepti
naci
vi
lcasebyoneagai
nstt
heot
her
,ori
nacr
imi
nal
casef
oracr
imecommi
tt
edbyone
agai
nstt
heot
herort
hel
att
er'
sdi
rectdescendant
sorascendant
s.(
20a)

Sec.23.Di
squal
i
ficat
ionbyr
easonofdeat
hori
nsani
tyofadver
separ
ty.

1
.Par
ti
esorassi
gnorofpar
ti
est
oacase,or
 2.per
sonsi
nwhosebehal
facasei
spr
osecut
ed,

(
a)agai
nstanexecut
ororadmi
nist
rat
oror

(
b)ot
herr
epr
esent
ati
veofadeceasedper
son,or

(
c)agai
nstaper
sonofunsoundmi
nd,

- uponacl
aim ordemandagai
nstt
heest
ateof

- suchdeceasedper
sonor

- agai
nstsuchper
sonofunsoundmi
nd,

CANNOTTESTI
FYASTOANYMATTEROFFACTOCCURRI
NG:

 BEFORETHEDEATHOFSUCHDECEASEDPERSON

 ORBEFORESUCHPERSONBECAMEOFUNSOUNDMI
ND.

Sec.24.Di
squal
i
ficat
ionbyr
easonofpr
ivi
l
egedcommuni
cat
ion.

Thef
oll
owi
ngper
sonscannott
est
if
yast
omat
ter
slear
nedi
nconf
idencei
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:

(
a)TheHUSBANDORTHEWI
FE,dur
ingoraf
tert
hemar
ri
age,

CANNOTBEEXAMI
NEDWI
THOUTTHECONSENTOFTHEOTHER

ast
oanycommuni
cat
ionr
ecei
vedi
nconf
idencebyonef
rom t
heot
herdur
ingt
hemar
ri
age

except
:

 i
naci
vi
lcasebyoneagai
nstt
heot
her
,

or

 i
nacr
imi
nal
casef
oracr
imecommi
tt
edby

- oneagai
nstt
heot
her

- ort
hel
att
er'
sdi
rectdescendant
sorascendant
s;
(
b)AnATTORNEYcannot
,

(
wit
houtt
heconsentofhi
scl
i
ent
)

beexami
nedast
o:

- anycommuni
cat
ionmadebyt
hecl
i
entt
ohi
m,or

- hi
sadvi
cegi
vent
her
eon

i
nthecour
seof
,or

wi
thavi
ewt
o,pr
ofessi
onal
empl
oyment
,

norcananat
tor
ney'
s:

 SECRETARY,

 STENOGRAPHER,or

 CLERKbeexami
ned,

(
wit
houtt
heconsentoft
hecl
i
entandhi
sempl
oyer
)

concer
ninganyf
act
,theknowl
edgeofwhi
chhasbeenacqui
redi
nsuchcapaci
ty;

(
c)APERSONAUTHORI
ZEDTOPRACTI
CEMEDI
CINE,SURGERYorOBSTETRI
CScannoti
na
ci
vi
lcase,

(
wit
houtt
heconsentoft
hepat
ient
)

beexami
nedast
o:

- anyadvi
ceor

- t
reat
mentgi
venbyhi
m or

- any i
nfor
mat
ion whi
ch he may have acqui
red i
n at
tendi
ng such pat
ienti
na
pr
ofessi
onal
capaci
ty,

whi
chi
nfor
mat
ionwasnecessar
ytoenabl
ehi
mtoacti
ncapaci
ty,and

whi
chwoul
dbl
ackent
her
eput
ati
onoft
hepat
ient
;
 (
d)AMI
NISTERORPRI
ESTCANNOT,

(
wit
houtt
heconsentoft
heper
sonmaki
ngt
heconf
essi
on)

beexami
nedast
o

- anyconf
essi
onmadet
oor

- anyadvi
cegi
venbyhi
m

֍ i
nhi
spr
ofessi
onal
char
act
er

֍ i
nthecour
seofdi
sci
pli
neenj
oinedbyt
hechur
ch

֍ t
owhi
cht
hemi
nist
erorpr
iestbel
ongs;

(
e)APUBLI
COFFI
CERcannotbeexami
ned

o dur
inghi
ster
m ofof
fi
ceor

o af
ter
war
ds,

- ast
ocommuni
cat
ionsmadet
ohi
minof
fi
cial
conf
idence,

 whent
hecour
tfi
ndst
hatt
hepubl
i
cint
erestwoul
dsuf
ferbyt
hedi
scl
osur
e.

2.TESTI
MONI
ALPRI
VILEGE

Sec.25.Par
ent
alandf
il
ial
pri
vi
lege.

Noper
sonmaybecompel
l
edt
otest
if
y:

1
.agai
nsthi
spar
ent
s,

2.ot
herdi
rectascendant
s,

3.chi
l
drenor

4.ot
herdi
rectdescendant
s.
3.ADMI
SSI
ONSANDCONFESSI
ONS

Sec.26.Admi
ssi
onofapar
ty.

The:

(
a)act
,

(
b)decl
arat
ionor

(
c)omi
ssi
onofapar
tyast
oar
elevantf
act

maybegi
veni
nevi
denceagai
nsthi
m.

Sec.27.Of
ferofCOMPROMI
SENOTADMI
SSI
BLE.

(
ANOFFEROFCOMPROMI
SE)

I
nci
vi
lcases,anof
ferofcompr
omi
se

 i
sNOTanadmi
ssi
onofanyl
i
abi
l
it
y,and

 i
sNOTadmi
ssi
blei
nevi
denceagai
nstt
heof
fer
or.

I
ncr
imi
nal
cases,exceptt
hosei
nvol
vi
ngquasi
-of
fenses(
cri
minal
negl
i
gence)or

t
hoseal
l
owedbyl
awt
obecompr
omi
sed,anof
ferofcompr
omi
sebyt
heaccused

 mayber
ecei
vedi
nevi
denceasanI
MPLI
EDadmi
ssi
onofgui
l
t.

APLEAOFGUI
LTY:

 l
aterwi
thdr
awn,or

 anunaccept
edof
ferofapl
eaofgui
l
tyt
olesserof
fense,

 i
sNOTadmi
ssi
blei
nevi
denceagai
nstt
heaccusedwhomadet
hepl
eaor
 of
fer
.

AnOFFERTO PAYort
hePAYMENTOFmedi
cal
,hospi
talorot
herexpensesoccasi
onedbyan
i
njur
y--

 i
sNOTadmi
ssi
blei
nevi
denceaspr
oofofci
vi
lorcr
imi
nal
li
abi
l
it
yfort
hei
njur
y.

Sec.28.Admi
ssi
onbyt
hir
dpar
ty.

Ther
ight
sofapar
tyCANNOTbepr
ejudi
cedbyan:

(
a)act
,

(
b)decl
arat
ion,or2

(
c)omi
ssi
onofanot
her
,

exceptasher
einaf
terpr
ovi
ded.(
25a)

Sec.29.Admi
ssi
onbyco-
par
tneroragent
.

Theactordecl
arat
ion:

i
. ofapar
tneror

i
i
. agentoft
hepar
ty

a.wi
thi
nthescopeofhi
saut
hor
it
yand

b.dur
ingt
heexi
stenceoft
hepar
tner
shi
poragency,

 maybegi
veni
nevi
denceagai
nstsuchpar
ty

 af
tert
hepar
tner
shi
poragencyi
sshownbyevi
dence

 ot
hert
hansuchactordecl
arat
ion.

Thesamer
ule:

appl
i
est
otheactordecl
arat
ionof
:

a.aj
ointowner
,
 b.j
ointdebt
or,

c.orot
herper
sonj
oint
lyi
nter
est
edwi
tht
hepar
ty.(
26a)

Sec.30.Admi
ssi
onbyconspi
rat
or.

Theactordecl
arat
ionofaconspi
rat
or:

a.r
elat
ingt
otheconspi
racyand

b.dur
ingi
tsexi
stence,

maybegi
veni
nevi
denceagai
nstt
heCO-
CONSPI
RATOR

- af
tert
heconspi
racyi
sshown

֍ byevi
denceot
hert
hansuchactofdecl
arat
ion.(
27)

Sec.31.Admi
ssi
onbypr
ivi
es. PRI
VIES–admi
tt
ed
asoneshar
ingi
n
 Wher
eoneder
ivest
it
let
opr
oper
tyf
rom anot
her
,

- t
heact
,

- decl
arat
ion,or

- omi
ssi
onoft
hel
att
er,

 whi
l
ehol
dingt
het
it
le,i
nrel
ati
ont
othepr
oper
ty,

i
sevi
denceagai
nstt
hef
ormer
.(28)

Sec.32.Admi
ssi
onbysi
l
ence.

 Anactordecl
arat
ion:

 madei
nthepr
esence

 andwi
thi
nthehear
ingorobser
vat
ion

- ofapar
tywhodoesorsaysnot
hing
 - whent
heactordecl
arat
ion

֍ i
ssuchasnat
ural
l
ytocal
lforact
ionorcommenti
fnott
rue,

֍ andwhenpr
operandpossi
blef
orhi
mtodoso,

 maybegi
veni
nevi
denceagai
nsthi
m.(
23a)

Sec.33.Conf
essi
on.

o TheDECLARATI
ONOFANACCUSED:

o acknowl
edgi
nghi
sgui
l
t:

 oft
heof
fensechar
ged,or

 ofanyof
fensenecessar
il
yincl
udedt
her
ein,

o maybegi
veni
nevi
denceagai
nsthi
m.

4.PREVI
OUSCONDUCTASEVI
DENCE

Sec.34.Si
mil
aract
sasevi
dence.

Evi
dencet
hatoneDI
DORDI
DNOTDOACERTAI
NTHI
NGATONETI
ME

i
sNOTADMI
SSI
BLEt
opr
ovet
hathedi
dordi
dnotdot
hesameorsi
mil
art
hingatanot
her
t
ime;

buti
tmayber
ecei
vedt
opr
ove:

 aspeci
fi
cint
entorknowl
edge;

 i
dent
it
y,

 pl
an,

 syst
em,

 scheme,

 habi
t,

 cust
om orusage,
  andt
hel
i
ke.(
48a)

Sec.35.Unaccept
edof
fer
.

Anof
feri
nwr
it
ing:

 t
opayapar
ti
cul
arsum ofmoneyor

 t
odel
i
verawr
it
teni
nst
rumentors
peci
fi
cper
sonal
proper
ty,

i
frej
ect
edwi
thoutval
i
dcause,

i
sequi
val
entt
otheact
ual

 pr
oduct
ionandt
enderoft
hemoney,

 i
nst
rument
,or

 pr
oper
ty.(
49a)

5.TESTI
MONI
ALKNOWLEDGE

Sec.36.Test
imonygener
all
yconf
inedt
oper
sonal
knowl
edge;HEARSAYEXCLUDED.

Awi
tnesscant
est
if
y:

onl
ytot
hosef
act
swhi
chheknowsofhi
sper
sonal
knowl
edge;

- t s,whi
hati char
eder
ivedf
rom hi
sownper
cept
ion,

exceptasot
her
wisepr
ovi
dedi
ntheser
ules.(
30a)

6.EXCEPTI
ONSTOTHEHEARSAYRULE

Sec.37.Dyi
ngdecl
arat
ion.

TheDECLARATI
ONOFADYI
NGPERSON,

 madeundert
heconsci
ousnessofani
mpendi
ngdeat
h,

mayber
ecei
vedi
nanycase

 wher
einhi
sdeat
hist
hesubj
ectofi
nqui
ry,
 asevi
denceoft
hecauseandsur
roundi
ngci
rcumst
ancesofsuchdeat
h.(
31a)

Sec.38.Decl
arat
ionagai
nsti
nter
est
.

 Thedecl
arat
ion:

 madebyaper
sondeceased,orunabl
etot
est
if
y,

 agai
nstt
hei
nter
estoft
hedecl
arant
,

i
fthef
acti
sasser
tedi
nthedecl
arat
ionwasatt
het
imei
twasmadesof
arcont
rar
yto

 decl
arant
'sowni
nter
est
,

 t
hatar
easonabl
emani
nhi
sposi
ti
onwoul
dnothavemadet
hedecl
arat
ion

unl
esshebel
i
evedi
ttobet
rue,

mayber
ecei
vedi
nevi
dence

a.agai
nsthi
msel
for

b.hi
ssuccessor
sini
nter
estand

c.agai
nstt
hir
dper
sons
.(32a)

Sec.39.Actordecl
arat
ionaboutpedi
gree.

 Theactordecl
arat
ion:

 ofaper
sondeceased,orunabl
etot
est
if
y,

 i
nrespectt
othepedi
greeofanot
herper
sonr
elat
edt
ohi
m bybi
rt
hormar
ri
age,

mayber
ecei
vedi
nevi
dence

a.wher
eitoccur
redbef
oret
hecont
rover
sy,

b.andt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
het
woper
sonsi
sshownbyevi
denceot
her
t
hansuchactordecl
arat
ion.

Thewor
d"pedi
gree"i
ncl
udes:

1
. Rel
ati
onshi
p
 2. f
ami
l
ygeneal
ogy

3. bi
rt
h

4. mar
ri
age

5. deat
h

6. t
hedat
eswhenandt
hepl
aceswher
ethesef
astoccur
red,

7. andt
henamesoft
her
elat
ives.

* I
tembr
acesal
sof
act
soff
ami
l
yhi
stor
yint
imat
elyconnect
edwi
thpedi
gree.(
33a)

Sec.40.Fami
l
yreput
ati
onort
radi
ti
onr
egar
dingpedi
gree.

Ther
eput
ati
onort
radi
ti
onexi
sti
ng i
naf
ami
l
ypr
evi
oust
othecont
rover
sy,i
nrespectt
othe
pedi
greeofanyoneofi
tsmember
s,mayber
ecei
vedi
nevi
dencei
fthewi
tnesst
est
if
yingt
her
eon
beal
soamemberoft
hef
ami
l
y,ei
therbycons
angui
nit
yoraf
fi
nit
y.Ent
ri
esi
nfami
l
ybi
blesorot
her
f
ami
l
ybooksorchar
ts,engr
avi
ngsonr
ings,f
ami
l
ypor
trai
tsandt
hel
i
ke,mayber
ecei
vedas
evi
denceofpedi
gree.(
34a)

Sec.41.Commonr
eput
ati
on.

Commonr
eput
ati
onexi
sti
ngpr
evi
oust
othecont
rover
sy,r
espect
ingf
act
sofpubl
i
corgener
al
i
nter
estmor
ethant
hir
tyyear
sol
d,orr
espect
ingmar
ri
ageormor
alchar
act
er,maybegi
veni
n
evi
dence.Monument
sandi
nscr
ipt
ionsi
npubl
i
cpl
acesmayber
ecei
vedasevi
denceofcommon
r
eput
ati
on.(
35)

Sec.42.Par
tofr
esgest
ae.

St
atement
smadebyaper
sonwhi
l
east
art
ingoccur
rencei
staki
ngpl
aceori
mmedi
atel
ypr
ioror
subsequentt
her
etowi
thr
espectt
otheci
rcumst
ancest
her
eof
,maybegi
veni
nevi
denceaspar
t
ofr
esgest
ae.So,al
so,st
atement
saccompanyi
nganequi
vocalactmat
eri
alt
othei
ssue,and
gi
vi
ngi
tal
egal
signi
fi
cance,mayber
ecei
vedaspar
toft
her
esgest
ae.(
36a)

Sec.43.Ent
ri
esi
nthecour
seofbusi
ness.

Ent
ri
esmadeat
,orneart
het
imeoft
ransact
ionst
owhi
cht
heyr
efer
,byaper
sondeceased,or
unabl
etot
est
if
y,whowasi
naposi
ti
ont
oknowt
hef
act
sther
einst
ated,mayber
ecei
vedaspr
ima
f
aci
eevi
dence,i
fsuchper
sonmadet
heent
ri
esi
nhi
spr
ofessi
onal
capaci
tyori
ntheper
for
mance
ofdut
yandi
ntheor
dinar
yorr
egul
arcour
seofbusi
nessordut
y.(
37a)

Sec.44.Ent
ri
esi
nof
fi
cial
recor
ds.

Ent
ri
esi
nof
fi
cial
recor
dsmadei
ntheper
for
manceofhi
sdut
ybyapubl
i
cof
fi
ceroft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes
,
orbyaper
soni
ntheper
for
manceofadut
yspeci
all
yenj
oinedbyl
aw,ar
epr
imaf
aci
eevi
denceof
t
hef
act
sther
einst
ated.(
38)

Sec.45.Commer
cial
li
stsandt
hel
i
ke.

Evi
denceofst
atement
sofmat
ter
sofi
nter
estt
oper
sonsengagedi
nanoccupat
ioncont
ainedi
na
l
i
st,r
egi
ster
,per
iodi
cal
,orot
herpubl
i
shedcompi
l
ati
oni
sadmi
ssi
bleast
endi
ngt
opr
ovet
het
rut
h
ofanyr
elevantmat
tersost
atedi
fthatcompi
l
ati
oni
spubl
i
shedf
orusebyper
sonsengagedi
n
t
hatoccupat
ionandi
sgener
all
yusedandr
eli
eduponbyt
hem t
her
ein.(
39)

Sec.46.Lear
nedt
reat
ises.

A publ
i
shed t
reat
ise,per
iodi
calorpamphl
eton a subj
ectofhi
stor
y,l
aw,sci
ence,orar
tis
admi
ssi
bleast
endi
ngt
opr
ovet
het
rut
hofamat
terst
atedt
her
eini
fthecour
ttakesj
udi
cial
not
ice,
ora wi
tnessexper
tint
he subj
ectt
est
if
ies
,thatt
he wr
it
eroft
he st
atementi
nthe t
reat
ise,
per
iodi
cal
orpamphl
eti
srecogni
zedi
nhi
spr
ofessi
onorcal
l
ingasexper
tint
hesubj
ect
.(40a)

Sec.47.Test
imonyordeposi
ti
onataf
ormerpr
oceedi
ng.

Thet
est
imonyordeposi
ti
onofawi
tnessdeceasedorunabl
etot
est
if
y,gi
veni
naf
ormercaseor
pr
oceedi
ng,j
udi
cialoradmi
nist
rat
ive,i
nvol
vi
ngt
hesamepar
ti
esandsubj
ectmat
ter
,maybe
gi
veni
nevi
denceagai
nstt
headver
separ
tywhohadt
heoppor
tuni
tyt
ocr
oss
-exami
nehi
m.

7.OPI
NIONRULE

Sec.48.Gener
alr
ule.

Theopi
nionofwi
tnessi
snotadmi
ssi
ble,exceptasi
ndi
cat
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsect
ions
.(42)

Sec.49.Opi
nionofexper
twi
tness.

Theopi
nionofawi
tnessonamat
terr
equi
ri
ngspeci
alknowl
edge,ski
l
l,exper
ienceort
rai
ning
whi
chheshownt
oposs
es,mayber
ecei
vedi
nevi
dence.(
43a)

Sec.50.Opi
nionofor
dinar
ywi
tnesses.

Theopi
nionofawi
tnessf
orwhi
chpr
operbasi
sisgi
ven,mayber
ecei
vedi
nevi
dencer
egar
ding
—

(
a)t
hei
dent
it
yofaper
sonaboutwhom hehasadequat
eknowl
edge;

(
b)Ahandwr
it
ingwi
thwhi
chhehassuf
fi
cientf
ami
l
iar
it
y;and

(
c)Thement
alsani
tyofaper
sonwi
thwhom hei
ssuf
fi
cient
lyacquai
nted.

The wi
tness may al
so t
est
if
y on hi
simpr
essi
ons oft
he emot
ion,behavi
or,condi
ti
on or
appear
anceofaper
son.(
44a)

8.CHARACTEREVI
DENCE

Sec.51.Char
act
erevi
dencenotgener
all
yadmi
ssi
ble;except
ions:

(
a)I
nCr
imi
nal
Cases:

(
1)Theaccusedmaypr
ovehi
sgoodmor
alchar
act
erwhi
chi
sper
ti
nentt
othemor
alt
rai
tinvol
ved
i
ntheof
fensechar
ged.

(
2)Unl
essi
nrebut
tal
,thepr
osecut
ionmaynotpr
ovehi
sbadmor
alchar
act
erwhi
chi
sper
ti
nentt
o
t
hemor
alt
rai
tinvol
vedi
ntheof
fensechar
ged.

(
3)Thegoodorbadmor
alchar
act
eroft
heof
fendedpar
tymaybepr
ovedi
fitt
endst
oest
abl
i
shi
n
anyr
easonabl
edegr
eet
hepr
obabi
l
it
yori
mpr
obabi
l
it
yoft
heof
fensechar
ged.

(
b)I
nCi
vi
lCases:

Evi
denceoft
hemor
alchar
act
erofapar
tyi
nci
vi
lcasei
sadmi
ssi
bleonl
ywhenper
ti
nentt
othe
i
ssueofchar
act
eri
nvol
vedi
nthecase.

(
c)I
nthecasepr
ovi
dedf
ori
nRul
e132,Sect
ion1
4

RULE131

BURDENOFPROOFANDPRESUMPTI
ONS

Sec.1.Bur
denofpr
oof
.

Bur
denofpr
oofi
sthedut
yofapar
tyt
opr
esentevi
denceont
hef
act
sini
ssuenecessar
yto
est
abl
i
shhi
scl
ai
m ordef
ensebyt
heamountofevi
dencer
equi
redbyl
aw.(
1a,2a)
Sec.2.Concl
usi
vepr
esumpt
ions.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
einst
ancesofconcl
usi
vepr
esumpt
ions
:

(
a)Wheneverapar
tyhas,byhi
sowndecl
arat
ion,act
,oromi
ssi
on,i
ntent
ional
l
yanddel
i
ber
atel
y
l
edt
oanot
hert
obel
i
eveapar
ti
cul
art
hingt
rue,andt
oactuponsuchbel
i
ef,hecannot
,inany
l
i
ti
gat
ionar
isi
ngoutofsuchdecl
arat
ion,actoromi
ssi
on,beper
mit
tedt
ofal
si
fyi
t:

(
b)Thet
enanti
snotper
mit
tedt
odenyt
het
it
leofhi
slandl
ordatt
het
imeofcommencementoft
he
r
elat
ionofl
andl
ordandt
enantbet
weent
hem.(
3a)

Sec.3.Di
sput
abl
epr
esumpt
ions.

The f
oll
owi
ng pr
esumpt
ionsar
e sat
isf
act
oryi
funcont
radi
cted,butmaybe cont
radi
cted and
over
comebyot
herevi
dence:

(
a)Thataper
soni
sinnocentofcr
imeorwr
ong;

(
b)Thatanunl
awf
ulactwasdonewi
thanunl
awf
uli
ntent
;

(
c)Thataper
soni
ntendst
heor
dinar
yconsequencesofhi
svol
unt
aryact
;

(
d)Thataper
sont
akesor
dinar
ycar
eofhi
sconcer
ns;

(
e)Thatevi
dencewi
l
lf
ull
ysuppr
essedwoul
dbeadver
sei
fpr
oduced;

(
f)Thatmoneypai
dbyonet
oanot
herwasduet
othel
att
er;

(
g)Thatat
hingdel
i
ver
edbyonet
oanot
herbel
ongedt
othel
att
er;

(
h)Thatanobl
i
gat
iondel
i
ver
edupt
othedebt
orhasbeenpai
d;

(
i)
Thatpr
iorr
ent
sori
nst
all
ment
shadbeenpai
dwhenar
ecei
ptf
ort
hel
ateronei
spr
oduced;

(
j)
Thataper
sonf
oundi
npossessi
onofat
hingt
akeni
nthedoi
ngofar
ecentwr
ongf
ulacti
sthe
t
akerandt
hedoeroft
hewhol
eact
;ot
her
wise,t
hatt
hingswhi
chaper
sonpossess,orexer
cises
act
sofowner
shi
pover
,ar
eownedbyhi
m;

(
k)Thataper
soni
npossessi
onofanor
deronhi
msel
ffort
hepaymentoft
hemoney,ort
he
del
i
ver
yofanyt
hing,haspai
dthemoneyordel
i
ver
edt
het
hingaccor
dingl
y;

(
l)
Thataper
sonact
ingi
napubl
i
cof
fi
cewasr
egul
arl
yappoi
ntedorel
ect
edt
oit
;
(
m)Thatof
fi
cial
dut
yhasbeenr
egul
arl
yper
for
med;

(
n)Thatacour
t,orj
udgeact
ingassuch,whet
heri
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesorel
sewher
e,wasact
ingi
nthe
l
awf
ulexer
ciseofj
uri
sdi
cti
on;

(
o)Thatal
lt
hemat
ter
swi
thi
nani
ssuer
aisedi
nacasewer
elai
dbef
oret
hecour
tandpassedupon
byi
t;andi
nli
kemannert
hatal
lmat
ter
swi
thi
nani
ssuer
aisedi
nadi
sput
esubmi
tt
edf
orar
bit
rat
ion
wer
elai
dbef
oret
hear
bit
rat
orsandpas
seduponbyt
hem;

(
p)Thatpr
ivat
etr
ansact
ionshavebeenf
airandr
egul
ar;

(
q)Thatt
heor
dinar
ycour
seofbusi
nesshasbeenf
oll
owed;

(
r)Thatt
her
ewasasuf
fi
cientconsi
der
ati
onf
oracont
ract
;

(
s)Thatanegot
iabl
eins
trumentwasgi
venori
ndor
sedf
orasuf
fi
cientconsi
der
ati
on;

(
t)Thatanendor
sementofnegot
iabl
einst
rumentwasmadebef
oret
hei
nst
rumentwasover
due
andatt
hepl
acewher
ethei
nst
rumenti
sdat
ed;

(
u)Thatawr
it
ingi
str
ulydat
ed;

(
v)Thatal
ett
erdul
ydi
rect
edandmai
l
edwasr
ecei
vedi
nther
egul
arcour
seoft
hemai
l
;

(
w)Thataf
teranabsenceofsevenyear
s,i
tbei
ngunknownwhet
herornott
heabsent
eest
il
ll
ives
,
hei
sconsi
der
eddeadf
oral
lpur
poses
,exceptf
ort
hoseofsuccessi
on.

Theabsent
eeshal
lnotbeconsi
der
eddeadf
ort
hepur
poseofopeni
nghi
ssuccessi
ont
il
laf
teran
absenceoft
enyear
s.I
fhedi
sappear
edaf
tert
heageofsevent
y-f
iveyear
s,anabs
enceoff
ive
year
sshal
lbesuf
fi
cienti
nor
dert
hathi
ssucces
sionmaybeopened.

Thef
oll
owi
ngshal
lbeconsi
der
eddeadf
oral
lpur
posesi
ncl
udi
ngt
hedi
vi
si
onoft
heest
ateamong
t
hehei
rs:

(
1)Aper
sononboar
davessell
ostdur
ingas
eavoyage,oranai
rcr
aftwi
thi
smi
ssi
ng,whohas
notbeenhear
doff
orf
ouryear
ssi
ncet
hel
ossoft
hevessel
orai
rcr
aft
;

(
2)Amemberoft
hear
medf
orceswhohast
akenpar
tinar
medhost
il
i
ti
es,andhasbeenmi
ssi
ng
f
orf
ouryear
s;

(
3)Aper
sonwhohasbeeni
ndangerofdeat
hunderot
herci
rcumst
ancesandwhoseexi
stence
hasnotbeenknownf
orf
ouryear
s;
(
4)I
famar
ri
edper
sonhasbeenabsentf
orf
ourconsecut
iveyear
s,t
hespousepr
esentmay
cont
ractasubs
equentmar
ri
agei
fheorshehaswel
l
-foundedbel
i
eft
hatt
heabsentspousei
s
al
readydeat
h.I
ncaseofdi
sappear
ance,wher
ether
eisadangerofdeat
htheci
rcumst
ances
her
einabove pr
ovi
ded,an absence ofonl
ytwo year
sshal
lbe suf
fi
cientf
ort
he pur
pos
e of
cont
ract
ingasubsequentmar
ri
age.However
,inanycase,bef
oremar
ryi
ngagai
n,t
hespouse
pr
esentmusti
nst
it
uteasummar
ypr
oceedi
ngsaspr
ovi
dedi
ntheFami
l
yCodeandi
nther
ulesf
or
decl
arat
ion of pr
esumpt
ive deat
h of t
he absent
ee, wi
thout pr
ejudi
ce t
o t
he ef
fect of
r
eappear
anceoft
heabsentspouse.

(
x)Thatacqui
escencer
esul
tedf
rom abel
i
eft
hatt
het
hingacqui
escedi
nwasconf
ormabl
etot
he
l
aworf
act
;

(
y)Thatt
hingshavehappenedaccor
dingt
otheor
dinar
ycour
seofnat
ureandor
dinar
ynat
ure
habi
tsofl
i
fe;

(
z)Thatper
sonsact
ingascopar
tner
shaveent
eredi
ntoacont
ractofcopar
tneshi
p;

(
aa)
Thatamanandwomandepor
ti
ngt
hemsel
vesashusbandandwi
fehaveent
eredi
ntoal
awf
ul
cont
ractofmar
ri
age;

(
bb)
Thatpr
oper
tyacqui
redbyamanandawomanwhoar
ecapaci
tat
edt
omar
ryeachot
herand
whol
i
veexcl
usi
vel
ywi
theachot
herashusbandandwi
fewi
thoutt
hebenef
itofmar
ri
ageorunder
voi
dmar
ri
age,hasbeenobt
ainedbyt
hei
rjoi
ntef
for
ts,wor
kori
ndust
ry.

(
cc)
Thati
ncasesofcohabi
tat
ionbyamanandawomanwhoar
enotcapaci
tat
edt
omar
ryeach
ot
herandwhohaveacqui
repr
oper
lyt
hrought
hei
ract
ualj
ointcont
ri
but
ionofmoney,pr
oper
tyor
i
ndust
ry,suchcont
ri
but
ionsandt
hei
rcor
respondi
ngshar
esi
ncl
udi
ngj
ointdeposi
tsofmoneyand
evi
dencesofcr
edi
tar
eequal
.

(
dd)
Thati
fthemar
ri
agei
ster
minat
edandt
hemot
hercont
ract
edanot
hermar
ri
agewi
thi
nthr
ee
hundr
ed daysaf
tersucht
ermi
nat
ionoft
hef
ormermar
ri
age,t
heser
ulesshal
lgover
nint
he
absenceofpr
ooft
othecont
rar
y:

(
1)A chi
l
d bor
n bef
ore one hundr
ed ei
ght
ydaysaf
tert
he sol
emni
zat
ion oft
he subsequent
mar
ri
agei
sconsi
der
edt
ohavebeenconcei
veddur
ingsuchmar
ri
age,event
houghi
tbebor
n
wi
thi
nthet
hreehundr
eddaysaf
tert
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
hef
ormermar
ri
age.

(
2)A chi
l
d bor
n af
terone hundr
ed ei
ght
ydaysf
oll
owi
ng t
he cel
ebr
ati
on oft
he subsequent
mar
ri
agei
sconsi
der
edt
ohavebeenconcei
veddur
ingsuchmar
ri
age,event
houghi
tbebor
n
wi
thi
nthet
hreehundr
eddaysaf
tert
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
hef
ormermar
ri
age.

(
ee)
Thatat
hingoncepr
ovedt
oexi
stcont
inuesasl
ongasi
susual
wit
hthi
ngsoft
henat
ure;

(
ff)
Thatt
hel
awhasbeenobeyed;

(
gg)
Thatapr
int
edorpubl
i
shedbook,pur
por
ti
ngt
obepr
int
edorpubl
i
shedbypubl
i
caut
hor
it
y,
wassopr
int
edorpubl
i
shed;

(
hh)
Thatapr
int
edorpubl
i
shedbook,pur
por
ti
ngcont
ainr
epor
tsofcasesadj
udgedi
ntr
ibunal
sof
t
hecount
rywher
ethebooki
spubl
i
shed,cont
ainscor
rectr
epor
tsofsuchcases;

(
ii
)Thatat
rust
eeorot
herper
sonwhosedut
yitwast
oconveyr
ealpr
oper
tyt
oapar
ti
cul
arper
son
hasact
ual
l
yconveyedi
ttohi
m whensuchpr
esumpt
ioni
snecessar
ytoper
fectt
het
it
leofsuch
per
sonorhi
ssuccessori
nint
erest
;

(
jj
)Thatexceptf
orpur
posesofsuccessi
on,whent
woper
sonsper
ishi
nthesamecal
ami
ty,such
aswr
eck,bat
tl
e,orconf
lagr
ati
on,andi
tisnotshownwhodi
edf
ir
st,andt
her
ear
enopar
ti
cul
ar
ci
rcumst
ancesf
rom whi
chi
tcanbei
nfer
red,t
hesur
vivor
shi
pisdet
ermi
nedf
rom t
hepr
obabi
l
it
ies
r
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
hest
rengt
handt
heageoft
hesexes,accor
dingt
othef
oll
owi
ngr
ules:

1
.Ifbot
hwer
eundert
heageoff
if
teenyear
s,t
heol
deri
sdeemedt
ohavesur
vived;

2.
Ifbot
hwer
eabovet
heagesi
xty,t
heyoungeri
sdeemedt
ohavesur
vived;

3.
Ifonei
sunderf
if
teenandt
heot
herabovesi
xty,t
hef
ormeri
sdeemedt
ohavesur
vived;

4.
Ifbot
hbeoverf
if
teenandundersi
xty,andt
hesexbedi
ff
erent
,themal
eisdeemedt
ohave
sur
vived,i
fthesexbet
hesame,t
heol
der
;

5.
Ifonebeunderf
if
teenoroversi
xty,andt
heot
herbet
weent
hoseages,t
hel
att
eri
sdeemedt
o
havesur
vived.

(
kk)
Thati
fther
eisadoubt
,asbet
weent
woormor
eper
sonswhoar
ecal
l
edt
osucceedeach
ot
her
,ast
owhi
choft
hem di
edf
ir
st,whoeveral
l
egest
hedeat
hofonepr
iort
otheot
her
,shal
l
pr
ovet
hesame;i
ntheabsenceofpr
oof
,theyshal
lbeconsi
der
edt
ohavedi
edatt
hesamet
ime.
(
5a)

Sec.4.Nopr
esumpt
ionofl
egi
ti
macyori
l
legi
ti
macy.

Ther
eisnopr
esumpt
ionofl
egi
ti
macyofachi
l
dbor
naf
tert
hreehundr
eddaysf
oll
owi
ngt
he
di
ssol
uti
onoft
hemar
ri
ageort
hesepar
ati
onoft
hespouses.Whoeveral
l
egest
hel
egi
ti
macyor
i
l
legi
ti
macyofsuchchi
l
dmustpr
ovehi
sal
l
egat
ion.(
6)