úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.

%yh

brKu keu;s uDÿldx.h ,shk

mß.Kl NdIdj fodai;rhs

mß.Klhla hkq bf,lafg%dkslj l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk hka;%hla jYfhka

y÷kajdÈh yelsh' fuu hka;%h m%Odk jYfhka fCIa;% ;=kl l%shd;aul
fjhs' tkï" oDVdx." uDÿldx. iy iÔù ueÈy;alrejl= jYfhka th
yiqrejkakd fmkajdÈh yelsh'

 oDVdx. - mß.Klfha w;ska we,a,sh yels Wmdx. Hardware

 uDÿldx. - mß.Klfha l%shdldÍ;ajh Software
 iÔù ueÈy;alre - th yeisrùu Live-ware

fuu m%Odk fCIa;% ;=fkys m<uq fCIa;%h jvd;a mokï ldhH_Ndrhla bgq
lrkq ,nhs' th wdodk ^Input&" ieliqï ^Processor& yd m%;sodk ^Output&
jYfhka fldgia ;=klska hq;= fjhs' fuys § wdodk tallh o;a; mß.Klh
fj; ,dn§fï ke;fyd;a m%fõY lrùfï ldhH_fhys kshq;= fjhs' ieliqï
tallh tu o;a; úfYaIs; ;¾lK Wmdhhka weiqre lr.ksñka iÔù
ueÈy;alre úiska ,ndfok úOdkhka wkqj l%shd;aul fjhs' m%;sodk tallh
u.ska tfia ilid .kq ,nk o;a; mokï f;dr;=re jYfhka ksIamdÈ;hka
f,iska t<solajhs'

mß.Klfha fuu wdodk tallh úúO o;a; mß.Klh fj; m%fõY lrhs'
Y%jH o;a; ke;skï ñksidf.a Y%jfkakaøsh u.ska .%yKh l< yels o;a;"
oDIH o;a; fkdfyd;a ñksia weiska .%yKh lrk fõohs;h iy ñksia
ukig f.dapr jk iakdhq wdõ.i fyda¾fudakuh úoHq;a Odrd ix{d jYfhka
mj;sk iEu o;a;hla u wdodk tallh u.ska mß.Klhg fhduql< yelsh'
we;eï úg ukfia fyda¾fudakuh úoHq;a Odrd ix{djka fla;kh l< yelsii
o@ hk meKh Tng we;súh yelsh'

weußldfõ f*vr,a nqoaê wxYh u.ska w;awvx.=jg .kq ,nk hï

iellrefjl= m%Yak lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk m%Yak lsÍï l=áh we;=<;ska
msg; fkdfmfkk ùÿrej,ska wdjrKh lr we;s tlls' tys msg;ska
fiajfhys kshq;= úYd, lKavdhula fjhs' tla mqoa.,fhl= muKla m%Yak
lsÍï isÿ lrk w;r ;j;a msßila mß.Khla wdOdrfhka wfOdarla; leurd
Wmfhda. lr .ksñka Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a fud,fha ridhksl m%;sl%shdjka
ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ta wkqj m%lafCIams; o;a; úYaf,aYkh lsÍfuka Tyq fyda
weh mjik oE i;H f;dr;=re o ke;skï wi;H f;dr;=re o hkak ks¾Kh
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

lrkq ,nhs' fï iu. wuqKd we;s flá ùäfhda la,smh keröfuka Tng th
ikd: lr .; yelsh'

fuu flá ùäfhda la,smh Tng ukfia fyda¾fudakuh úoHq;a Odrd ix{djka
fla;kh l< yels nj f;areï .ekSug lÈu ksoiqkls'

m%Odk jYfhka mß.Klfha bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx. l%shd;aul lrùug wjYH

úoHq;a Odrd ix{d jYfhka m%Odk wjia:d follska hq;=j l%shd;aul fjhs'
tajd we; iy ke; hk wjia:d foflys mj;shs' fuh" úoHq;a Odrd ix{dj
mej;Su iy ì|jeàu olajd,hs' mß.Klfha CIqø bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx.hkag
f;areï .; yels tlu NdIdj fuu uQ,sl wjia:d foliii muKla nj
ie,lsh hq;=h' kuq;a fuu wjia:d fol Wmfhda. lr .ksñka úúO ;¾lK
Wmdhhka u;ska Tn iÔùj mß.Kl ;srh u; olsk iEu w;=re uqyqK;lauiv
ksueù we;s nj Wola isyshg .; hq;=h'

mß.Kl ;srh u; uefjk mslai,hlav ksuefjk ;s;la mjd úoHq;a Odrd

ix{djkays we;s m%Odk wjia:d fol wkqj l%shd;aul jk nj meyeÈ<s l<
yelsh'

mß.Kl NdIdjla hkq mß.Klhg wdodk o;a; m%fõY lrùfï § hka;%

NdIdjvi jk 0 iy 1 ke;skï úoHq;a Odrd ix{dj ì|jeàu iy mej;Su hk
fla;hka fol njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ^Encode -fla;kh& fukau
hka;% NdIduh fhÿul w¾:h idudkH jHdjydßl NdIdkqhqla;j wre;a
.ekaùu ^Decode -úfla;kh& i|yd yelshdj we;s uQf,damdhsl ixcdkk"
bf.kqï yd ;¾lk isoaOdka; moaO;shla jYfhka fmkajdÈh yelsh'

mß.Kl uDÿldx. jYfhka o fuu mß.Kl NdIdjka l%shd;aul fjhs'

úfYaIs; ldhH_hka bgqlr.ekSu i|yd fjkuu ks¾udKh lrk ,o fhojqï
uDÿld.vii kñka jHjydr lrkq ,nk uDÿldx. fldgila o mß.Kl wdY%s;j
l%shd;aul fjhs' iuia: hka;%h moaO;shla jYfhka wfkHdakH ine¢hdjlska
hq;=j l%shd;aul lrùu i|yd wjYH yeisÍfï ms<sfj, ks¾Kh lrk ,nk
moaO;s uDÿldx.viii kñka jHjydr lrk uDÿldx. fldgila o mß.Kl
wdY%s;j l%shd;aul fjhs'
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

mqoa., brKu keue;s mrs.Kl uDÿldx.h

fuu l%shdj,shg k;== jk mrs.Klh iy tys l%shd;aul uDÿldx. ks¾udKh
ù we;s wdldrh Tn fuu ,smsfha m<uq fldgiska ukdj wjfndaO lr.kakg
we;ehs wm is;uq'

uDÿldx.hla fla;kh lsÍfï ke;fyd;a hï úOdkhla iemhsh hq;= wdldrh

flfia úh hq;= o hkak mß.Klhg y÷kajd §fï l%shdj,sh flfia
isÿjkafka o lshd úuid n,uq'

m<uqfjkau hï isÿùula wjYH fõ' tu isÿùug wod< lreK l=ula o hkak

meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu m%:ufhkau isÿ l< hq;= fjhs' ñksid hk i;ajhd wod<
lreK f,iska bÈßm;a l< yelsh' úúO od¾Yksl yd wd.ñl u;jdohkag
wkqrEmj ñksid hkq w;s ixlS¾K m%mxphla jYfhka fmkajdÈh yelsh' fuu
w;s ixlS¾K m%mxph l%shd;aul jk wdldrh ie<ls,a,g .ekSfï § th
iajdNdúl udkisl l%shdj,Ska iuqodhla ;=<ska fufyhjk fN!;sl
YÍrhlska iukaú; jk nj oel .; yelsh'

fN!;sl jYfhka ñksid bkaøsh moaO;shl tl;=jla jYfhka .; yelsh' th

úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § muKla fjka fjka jYfhka mj;shs' tfia fkdue;s
wjia:djkays § Tyq fyda weh mqoa.,fhla jYfhka y÷kd.; yels fN!;sl
YÍrhlska fmkS isáhs'

fN!;sl YÍrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh udkisl l%shdldÍ;ajh u; isÿfjhs' udkisl

l%shdldÍ;ajfhka fN!;sl YÍrh w;a ñÿk úfgl § ke;fyd;a fN!;slfhka
udkisl;ajh úikaê ùula isÿjk úgl § fN!;sl YÍrh l%shd úrys; fjhs'
fï ms<sn|j isÿ lrk ,o .eUqre úYaf,aYkhka ;=<ska mqoa.,hdf.a fN!;slh
yd udkisl;ajh hk tajd tlaj mj;sk wjia:djkays § tu foflysu
wfkHdakH ine¢hdjlska f;drj mqoa., fN!;slhg fukau udkisl;ajhg o
n,mdk wdldrfha Yla;Ska l%shd;aul jk nj ta ms<sn|j lrk ,o m¾fhaIK
;=<ska meyeÈ<s lr f.k we;'

fuu ;;ajh wd.ñl meyeÈ,s lsÍul § foúhka jykafia kï jQ

mqoa.,fhl=f.a ndysr ueÈy;aùula jYfhka w¾:ksrEmKh lr we;s nj
oel.; yelsh' fn!oaO ú.%yhg wkqj mqoa.,fhl= fyda i;ajfhl= jYfhka
.; yels fohla ke;s nj lshefõ' kuq;a iïu;h ;=< ñksid" mqoa.,hd iy
i;ajhd hk jHjydrh l%shd;aul nj nj nqoaO foaYkdj ;=<ska lreKq
meyeÈ<s lr .; yelsh'

fn!oaO ú.%yhg wkqj ñksid" mqoa.,hd iy i;ajhdg isÿjk fuu ndysr

ueÈy;alrKh jYfhka wjia:d 5 la Wmfhdackh jk nj fmkajd § we;'
th kshdu O¾u jYfhka l%shd;aul jk nj meyeÈ<s lr we;'
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

 îc - jDCI,;dÈfhys meje;au
 iD;= - ld,.=Ksl ;;ajhkaf.a n,mEu
 Ñ;a; - ñksia uki
 lïu - ñksia ukfia l%shdldÍ;ajh
 Oïu - we;sùu" mej;Su" ke;sùu" f,dal md,k O¾u;djka" f,dalfha
iy tys mj;sk pl%Sh iajNdjh ;=< ks¾Kdhl

fuu f,dal O¾u;djka wjia:d 8l l%shd;aul fjhs' ,dN" w,dN" hi" whi"
kskaod" m%ixid" iem" ÿla jYfhka l%shd;aul fjhs' fuys,d iD;= yd îc
wjia:d folg wu;rj ;jo wjia:d ;=kla l%shd;aul fjhs' tkï" Ñ;a;"
lïu iy Oïu hk wjia:d ;=khs'

fuhska o Ñ;a; iy lïu hk wjia:d fol jvd;a .eUqßka meyeÈ<s lsÍulg

,la lr we;' fï ;;ajh Lqoaol ksldfha ldKav 15ka tlla jk Oïu mofha
Ñ;a; j.a.h ;=<ska oel.; yelsh' óg by; wm úiska ,shk ,o fcHd;sIh
yd l¾ufha ffojh ms<sn| u;jdo" p¾hd iy wdfõ.hkaf.a .;s ixl,kh
^ffoj iskafv%duh& ;=< isrùu hk ,smsh kej; lshjd n,k f,i isysm;a
lrñ' mqoa., Ôú;h keue;s iskud mgfha mqoa.,hdf.a iy udkisl
l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka l¾uh iy l¾u M,h hk wjia:d foflys
jxpl O¾u;djfhka hq;=j u;=jk l¾u M,h keue;s m%Odk pß;fha
wdêm;Hhg" .%yKhg mqoa.,hd f.dÿrejk wdldrh uekúka fmkajd §
we;af;uq'

fuu ,smsfha § wm mqoa., Ôú;h keue;s iskud mgfha m%Odk pß;h jk

ffojh ke;fyd;a brKu hkak mß.Kl uDÿldx.hla jYfhka l%shd;aul
jk wdldrh fmkajd §ug woyia lr we;s nj fuu ,smsfha ud;Dldfjka
meyeÈ<s lr we;' tfiau tu uDÿldx.h ks¾udKh lrk ke;fyd;a th
rpkd lrk mß.Kl NdIdj f;areï lr §ug W;aidy .ksuq'

mqoa.,hd i;ajhd hk m%mxph flfrys n,mdk ffojh ke;fyd;a brKu

hkak fjk;a lsisjla fkdj" mqoa.,hd úiska u lrk ,o fÉ;kd;aul
l%shdjkaf.a m%;sM,h jYfhka fmkakajd Èh yelsh'

mqoa., we.hqï" Ñka;k rgd" is;=ï me;=ï" wej;=ï mej;=ï" Nj.dó p¾hd iy
mqoa., Ôú;h yd noaO iEu lreKla u tys,d fcHda;sIh u.ska meyeÈ<s lr
.; yels fiau wjfndaO lr .; yelsh'

fuys § mß.Kl uDÿldx.hla f,iska mqoa.,hdg n,mdk brKu l%shd;aul

jk wjia:djl § tu uDÿldx.fha iajNdjh ljr wdldrfha tlla o hkak
úuid ne,sh hq;=h' mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg th fjia fjhs' tys mqoa.,
wkkH;djhla oel.; yelsh' tfia kï fuu brKu hkak újD;
uDÿld.hla f,iska fmkajd Èh yelsh'
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

fuu újD; uDÿld.h mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia jk w;r tfia we;s

jk fjkiaùu ljr idOl u; isÿjkafka o hkak úuish hq;= B<Õ
lreKhs' mqoa., we.hqï" Ñka;k rgd" is;=ï me;=ï" wej;=ï mej;=ï
mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia fjhs' th Nj.dó p¾hdjla f,iska
mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul ùfï § Nj wka;r ld,h ke;fyd;a Njdka;rh
keue;s ;sñrfhka w÷frka jeiS mej;Su fya;=fjka" j¾;udk mqoa.,hdg ish
mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau oel .; fkdyelsh'

fuh we;af;kau mß.Kl NdIdjlska ,shk ,o mß.Kl uDÿldx.hlah' hï

uDÿldx.hla mß.Kl NdIdjla weiqre lr ,sùfï § wkq.ukh lrk mshjr
lsysmhla fjhs' tu mshjr w;r mj;sk tla mshjrla kï úOdk ieliquix
ixfla;khx fldg oelaùuhs' túg tu ixfla;k l%shdj,sh u.ska úOdk
ieliqu ;ksj l%shd;aul úh yelsxi tlla njg mßj¾:kh lrhs' tfiau tu
uDÿldx.h f.dKqjla jYfhka mj;sk wjia:dfõ § meyeÈ<sju th BtlaiaB
f.dKqjla njg yrjd,hs' tu f.dKqj iDcq újD; lr ne,Sul § úOdk
ieliqu hka;%NdIjg b;d ióm NdIdjlska ,shd we;s fla;dxl /ila
muKla oel.; yelsh'

Nj.dó p¾hdjla f,iska mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul fuu mqoa., we.hqï" Ñka;k

rgd" is;=ï me;=ï" wej;=ï mej;=ï wdÈfhys mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdj
úfla;k l%shdjlg ,la fldg mQ¾j l¾u m:fha iajNdjh oel .; yelsh' ta
i|yd kj uDÿldx.hla jYfhka fmkajd Èh yels fcHda;sIh bÈßm;a lr ,sh
yelsh'

tfiau fuu kj uDÿldx.h mß.Kl NdIdjla jYfhka o y÷kajd Èh yelsh'

ta flfia o h;a" uDÿldx. ix.Dys; lÜg, jYfhka iy NdIdjka jYfhka xii
mj;sk nejeks'

fï wldrhg ixfla;kh ù we;s úOdk ieliqu foi ne,Sfï § Njdka;rh

keue;s ;sñrfhka w÷frka jeiS mj;sk mqoa., mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl
Odrdfõ .,d tau oel .ekSug kï ixfla;kh ù we;s úOdk ieliqu
úfla;k l%shdj,shlg ,la l< hq;=h' ta i|yd YlH;djh we;s NdIdj
fcHda;sIhhs'

mqoa., mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau úfla;k l%shdj,shla u.ska
mÍCIdjg ,la l< hq;af;a wehs o@ hk m%Yakh jeo.;a tlls' máÉp
iuqmamkak wd¾h i;Hh ;=< oel.; yels oajd oi fya;= m%;Hhka wúoHdj
keu;s fuu pl%fha iajNdjh fkdoel ys¢u jgd pl%hl wdldrfhka
l%shd;aul fjhs' —wúÊcd mÉphd ixLdrd" ixLdr mÉphd ú[a[dKx" ''';kayd
mÉphd Wmdodkx" Wmdok mÉphd Nfjda" Nj mÉphd cd;s" cd;s mÉphd crd
urK fidal mßfoaj ÿlaL fodaukiaiqmdhdid ixNjka;s'''˜
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

fuu ;;ajh f;areï .; hq;af;a wehso hk m%Yakh ke;fyd;a úfla;k

l%shdj,shla u.ska mqoa., mQ¾j l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau mÍCId
l< hq;af;a wehso hk m%Yakhg ksjerÈu ms<s;=r jYfhka fuu ;;ajh
fmkajdÈh yelsh'

yqÿ Ôjk m,dM, l:khlg muKla fcHd;sIh iSud lr ;eîu wm wkqu;

fkdlruq' fuhg fya;=j kï" mqoa., l¾u m:fha úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau
mÍCId l< hq;af;a brKu ,sheù we;s wdldrh n,d.ekSu i|yd fkdfõ'

tfiakï brKu keue;s mß.Kl uDÿldx.fhka wm isÿlsÍug wfmaCIs;

m%Odk b,lal .; m%;sM,h l=ula úh hq;= o@ ngysr úoHd{hska ld,
hka;%hlaxiii iE§ug W;aydi .;af;a tu.ska w;S;hg f.dia w;S;fha wmg
lr.; fkdyels jQ foa iy wmg jerÿk ;eka ilid .ekSfï m%Odk
wfmaCIdfjks' kuq;a wmg ld, hka;% wjeis ke;' wm i;=j fuu mqoa.,
brKu keue;s mß.Kl uDÿldx.h ,shk ,o mß.Kl NdIdj ;sfí'

tu.ska fcHda;sIh keue;s mß.Kl NdIdj weiqre fldg mqoa., l¾u m:fha
úmdl Odrdfõ .,d tau mÍCIdjg ,lalr fuu újD; uDÿldx.fha mj;sk
fodIyrKhxiv l< yelsh'

brKu keue;s mrs.Kl uDoqldx.fha fodaIyrK l%ufõoh ms<sn|j ó<Õ

,smsfhka lreKq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

brKu keue;s mrs.Kl uDÿldx.fha fodaIyrK l%ufõoh

mrs.Kl wdY%s;j l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk uDoqldx.hkaf.a mj;sk fodaIyrK
l%shdj,shlaxv we;' idudkHfhka uDÿldx.hl mej;sh yels fodaI j¾.hka
ljf¾oehs m%:ufhka y÷kd.; hq;=h'

 úOdk fla;k fodI - Syntax Errors

 jeros o;a; we;=,a lsrSu - Invalid Data Input
 l%shd;aul ùfï § we;sjk fodaI - Executable Errors

uDÿldx. wdY%s;j mj;sk fodaY ksYapfha oS idudkHfhka isÿ lrk l%shdj,sh

kï tys wjika m%;sM,h u; ke;skï Output tflys osiajk frda.
ixl+,;djhka wkqj th ksYaph lrkq ,eîuhs' tys oS we;sjk frda. ,CIK
uQ,slj ;=ka wdldrhla .kS' tu ;=ka wdldr frda. ,CIK wkqj ksYaph l<
yels fodaIhka o ;=ka wdldrhla .kshs'

by; fmkajd ÿka úOdk fla;k fodI - Syntax Errors hkq uDÿld.xh
ks¾udKh lsrSfï oS we;sjk wkjfndaOh u; iy moaO;s úOdk - System
Commands ms<sn| wjfndaOhlska f;drj uDÿld.h ks¾udKh lsrSfuka
we;sjk fodaIhs'

mqoa.,fhl= ish ffojh ke;skï brKu ms<sn|j ie,lSfï oS j;auka

osúfhys wkd.;h i|yd n,mdk Tyq fyda weh úiska fmr Njhkays isÿ
lrk ,o l%shdjka ys m%;sM,h" l%shdjkag wkqrEmj úldYh fjhs' ta wkqj
wkqkag fukau ;ukag o hym;a m%;sM, we;s lrk l¾u iy wkqkag fukau
;ukag o whym;a m%;sM, we;s lrk l¾u hkqfjka l%shdjka fowdldrhlg
j¾. l< yelsh'

fuu fowdldrfha l%shdjka wkqj tajdfha m%;sM,h o fowdldr fjhs' fuu

fowdldr m%;sM, we;s lsÍu i|yd mqoa.,hd úiska fÉ;kd;aulj isÿ lrk
l%shdjka wkqj mqoa., Ôú;h keu;s moaO;sfha ixl+,;djka yg.kS' fuu
ixl+,;djka yd >Gkd;aul ixisoaëka mqoa., fÉk;dj wkqj l%shd;aul
fjhs' kuq;a fuu fÉ;kd;aul l%shdjka foi ne,Sfï § tajdfha úOdkuh
fÉ;kd;aul Ndjh w;a;ínHdndOdh ^;uqkag wys; msKsi mj;sk& yd
mrínHdndOdh ^wkqkag wys; msKsi mj;sk& hk ;;ajhka u; isÿlrk
l%shdj,Ska u;ska we;sjk tajd f,i y÷kd.; yelsh'

l< hq;a; yd fkdl< hq;a; hk oE u;ska we;sjk ixl+,;djka jeros o;a;

we;=,a lsrSfï - Invalid Data Input fodaI jYfhka y÷kd .; yelsh' fuu
;;ajhka u; we;sjk ixl+,;djka fndfyd úg wmg je,elaùug we;s bv
wyqrd,hs' fïjd fn!oaO ú.%hg wkqj fmkajd § we;af;a wdkka;ßh l¾u
jYfhks' fuu wdkka;ßh l¾u hym;a yd whym;a hk fowdldrfhkau
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

mj;sk w;r ta ta l%shdjkaf.a mj;sk ;;ajhka wkqj tajdg wod<

ixl+,;djka mqoa., Ôú;fhys fmkakqï lrhs'

l%shd;aul ùfï § we;sjk fodaI - Executable Errors fndfyda úg

we;sjkafka mdßißl idOl u;h' fuh mdßißl mokï fodaY - Platform
Errors jYfhka o wmg y\qkd.; yelsh' fuu mdßißl mokï fodaY -
Platform Errors fndfyda úg mqoa.,hd Ôj;ajk mdßißl jgdmsgdj u;
;SrKh jk tajdh'

fmdÿfõ .;a l, fulS fodaIhka yrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ;=< m%uqL;dj

.kafka fï i|yd ke;skï fuu fodaIhka ;yjqre lr .ekSug Ndú; lrk
l%ufõoh l=ula o hkak u;h'

fuys§ mqoa., ffojh keu;s uDÿldx.h ixfla;kh ù we;s tlla jk neúka

úfla;k l%shdjla i|yd Ndú; l< hq;= ixfla;k l%shdj,shg wod< ke;skï
th ks¾udKh lrk ,o úOdkhkaf.a úp,Hhka - Variables ks¾Kh l< hq;=
fjhs'

fuu úp,Hhka Variables ks¾Kh lsÍfï § th úp,Hhla nj oelaùu"

úp,Hhg wod< fhÿu l=ula o hkak meyeÈ<s lsÍu iy úp,Hh ks¾Kh lr
ke;skï ks¾jpkh lr oelaùu hk m%Odk mshjr ;=k wkqj isÿ l< hq;=
fjhs'

we;af;kau mqoa., ffojh hk uDÿldx.h úfla;k - Encryption

l%shdj,shlg fhduq lsÍfï § tys mj;sk ixfla;k - Composed iajNdjh
f;areï .; hq;= lreKls' fuu ixfla;k l%shdj,sfha § ixfla;kfha
iajNdjh ljr idOl wkqj isÿ ù we;af;a o hkak m%:ufhka úu¾Ykh l<
hq;= fjhs'

Njdka;rh kue;s ixfla;kh mqoa., ffojh hk uDÿldx.fha mj;sk

neúka tys mj;skafka w÷rls' iajNdjfhkau mß.Kl NdIdjla hkq
mß.Klhg wdodk o;a; m%fõY lrùfï § hka;% NdIdjxvi jk 0 iy 1
ke;skï úoHq;a Odrd ix{dj ì|jeàu iy mej;Su hk fla;hka fol njg
mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ^Encode -fla;kh& fukau hka;% NdIduh
fhÿul w¾:h idudkH jHdjydßl NdIdkqhqla;j wre;a .ekaùu ^Decode -
úfla;kh& i|yd yelshdj we;s uQf,damdhsl ixcdkk" bf.kqï yd ;¾lk
isoaOdka; moaO;shla jYfhka fmkajdÈh yels nj wm l<ska oelaùuq'

úoHq;a Odrd ix{dj ì|jeàug m%;súreoaO ÈYdfõ l%shd;aul jkafka úoHq;a

Odrd ix{dj mej;Suhs' Njdka;rh kue;s ixfla;kfha mj;sk w÷rg
m%;súreoaO ÈYdfõ mj;skafka wdf,dalhhs' w÷f¾ iajNdjh úYaf,aIkh l<
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

yelafla wdf,dalh u; mokïjh' ta w÷r mj;skafka wdf,dalh u; mokïj

ke;skï Bg idfmaCIj neúks'

tfia kï fuu Njdka;rh kue;s ixfla;kfhka hq;= mqoa., ffojh hk

uDÿldx.fha úfla;k YlH;dj wdf,dalh mokï lr .;a tlla úh hq;=h'
we;af;kau fcHda;S¾úoHdj ke;skï fcHda;sIh hkak wdf,dalh mokï
lr.;a úIh Odrdjls'

wdf,dal m%Njhka iy m%;sìïN jia;+kaf.ka iukaú; fcHda;sIh m%Odk;ajh

§ we;af;a iajdNdúl wdf,dal m%Njhla jk iQ¾hhdgh' tfiau m%;sìïN
jia;=jla fia ie,lk pkaøhd fojeks ;ek ;nd we;' mqoa.,hdg n,mdk
ffojh ke;skï brKu úuid nef,k l%shdj,sfha flakaøia:dkh mqoa.,hd
jk neúka Tyq jgd ke;skï Tyq bmÿk Èkh" fõ,dj yd ia:dkh hk
idOl ;=k flakaølr úYaj wdf,dal jia;+kaf.a msysàu is;shï .; lrkq
,nhs' th Tn ljqre;a okakd y÷kk mqoa., flakaø igykhs'

fuu mqoa., flakaø igyk u.ska tu mqoa.,hd WmÈk Èkh" fõ,dj yd

ia:dkh j¾;udkh fia i,ld Tyq fyda weh úiska is\qlrk ,o fÉ;kd;aul
l%shdj,sfha Nj.dó p¾hdjka f,iska mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul mqoa., we.hqï"
Ñka;k rgd" is;=ï me;=ï" wej;=ï mej;=ï wdÈfhys mQ¾j l¾u m:fha
m%jdyl úmdl Odrdj ms<sn| úp,Hhka f.dvk.kq ,nhs' fuu úp,Hhkaf.a
ks¾Kdhl ;SrKh lr we;s iajNdjhka criterion iïu; lr we;af;a
hf:dala; úfla;k l%shdj,sh i|yd wjYH lrk moku u; msysgdf.kh'

fuu úp,Hhkaf.a ks¾Kdhl ;SrKh lr we;s iïu; úIh Odrdjkays

wka;¾.; úIhSl {dkh yd iïnkaO ù we;s wfkl=;a iudchSh úIhhka
ljf¾o hkak y÷kd.ekSu l< hq;= fjhs' tu úIhhka my; ±lafjk whqßka
fm< .id ±laúh yelsh'

 ;drld úμdj Astronomy

 .Ks; úμdj Mathematics
 m%lafCIamK úμdj Projection
 mß.Kl úμdj Computer Science
 WmfoaYkh Counseling
 wdpdr úμdj Ethics
 wdhq¾fõo ffjμlrKh Ayurvedic Medicine
 ufkda úμdj Psychology
 wêufkda úμdj Para-Psychology
 wNspdr Ritual
 YíO úμdj Audio-logy
 uka;%" ;ka;%" Yaf,dal" hdÈks" ieye<s" lú
 mxp ;+¾h kdo Ndú;h
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

 mQcd úëka Worship Patterns

 uQ¾;slrKh Sculpture
 leghï Carvings
 Ñ;% yd j¾K ixfhdackh Paintings and Colourings
 ieris,s Decoration
 k¾;kh Dancing
 wdf,dallrKh Lightings

mqoa., ffojh ke;skï brKu kue;s uDÿldx.fha úp,Hhkaf.a ks¾Kdhl

;SrKh lr we;s iïu; úIh Odrdjkays wka;¾.; úIhSl {dkh yd
iïnkaO ù we;s wfkl=;a iudchSh úIhhka pl%dldr fyda b,smaidldr
.ukam:hl fhfok úYaj jia;+kaf.a iajNdjhka" iajrEmhka" p,s;hka yd
p¾hdjka wkqj iyiïnkaê;j f.dKqlrkq ,nk ;¾lK WmkHdi .;lr
tlS WmkHdi Tmamq lr oelaùu i|yd f.dvk.k ,o úYaf,aIK l%ufõo
weiqre lr .ksñkA mqoa., ffojh ke;skï brKu kue;s uDÿldx.fha
m%;sOdkh ljr wdldrhla .kafka o hkak ;SrKh l< yelsh'

tfiau mqoa., ffojh ke;skï brKu kue;s uDÿldx.fha m%;sOdkfha

iajNdjh y÷kd.ekSu ;=<ska tys mj;sk fodaI bj;a lr .ekSu i|yd
wkq.ukh l< yels WmfhdacH;d;aul p¾hdjka ljf¾o hkak ksYaph lr
.; yelsh' fodaI bj;a lr .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels
WmfhdacH;d;aul p¾hdjka fndfyda úg mqoa., Ôú;h yd noaOj isÿ l< hq;=
tajd fjhs' tkï mqoa.,hdf.a is;sú,s mdol lr isÿ lrk fÉ;kd;aul
l%shdjka uki" w¾:dkaú; YíO l%shdj ke;skï jpkh iy ndysr YdÍßl
l%shdjkaf.a tlñ;slNdjfhka hq;= p¾hd rgdjka" is;=ï me;=ï" wdfõ.hka
yd ixcdkk mqoa., we.hqïys Okd;aul" m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul fjkia
lï isÿ lsÍu ;=<ska mqoa., ffojh ke;skï brKu kue;s uDÿldx.fha
m%;sOdkhkays mj;sk fodaI bj;a lr.; yelsh'

we;eïúg fuu ,smsfhka meyeÈ,s lr we;s ixl,am yd we;eï jpkj,

mj;sk w¾:fhys we;s .eUqre nj hful=g ,smsfhka mejfikafka l=ula o
hkak f;areï .ekSug ndOdjla úh yels nj ,smsh ilid wjidkfha th
kej; lshjd ne,Sfuka miqj wmg wjfndaO úh' kuq;a ud;Dldjg wod<j
mejish hq;= lreKqj, h:d¾:h meyeÈ,s lsÍug Ndú; ixl,am yd ;dCIKsl
jpkj,ska f;drj mejiSfuka tys w¾:h kshudldrfhka fkdlshfjk
neúka th ;j;a ir< lsÍug woyia fkdlf<uq'

,smsh lshjk Tng hï .eg¿ iy.; ixl,am yd jpk yuqjqjfyd;a Bg

wod<j m%;spdrhla wm fj; fhduq lsÍfuka tajd meyeÈ<s lr Èh yels nj o
m%ldY lr isáñ'
i
Neuron Impulse
 úoHd;aul fcHd;sIh( úoHd;aul fcHd;sI ,sms ix.%yh

ii
Encryption
iii
Binary Code
iv
Graphics
v
Pixel
vi
Machine Language
vii
Application Software
viii
System Software
ix
Source Code
x
Compose
xi
Self Executable
xii
Packages and Languages
xiii
Time Machine
xiv
Error Handling
xv
Error Handling Process
xvi
Machine Language