Works Cited

Primary Sources

"Blockade-Running." ​Nytimes.com​, New York Times, 21 Aug. 1864,

www.nytimes.com/1864/08/21/archives/blockaderunning.html. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018. I

learned that many runners that were built in England were equipped and manned there.

An English firm with the name of ALEXANDER COLLIE & CO became a respectful

Confederate firm, building boats for the Confederacy. I used this information to show

that England helped the Confederacy during the Civil War.

"The Cargoes of Blockade Runners." ​Web.b.ebscohost.com​, Supplement to the Courant.

11/29/1862, Vol. 27 Issue 24, P187-187. 1/4p.,

web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=48ba336a-f9da-46fb-869a-aaa5d62d

60ae%40sessionmgr120&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=h9k&AN=

80225720. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned that the cargos of the blockade runners

contained different materials. The blockade runners mainly traded cotton and rice. I

used this information to show what the blockade runners traded for the materials that they

needed.

Carroll, Francis. "Diplomats and the Civil War at Sea." ​Eds.a.ebscohost.com/​, U of Toronto P,

2010., 2010,

eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=13&sid=774535e6-ba7c-43b9-a61d-d4d974ba

8474%40sessionmgr4010&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=edspmu.S1710

114X10100038&db=edspmu. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned that Abraham Lincoln

was quick to jump on the idea of a blockade around that major southern ports. The
 Southern diplomats tried to get other countries like Great Britain that the blockade was

illegal. I used this information to show that southern diplomats tried every and anything

in there power to win the war against the Union.

"The Confederate Blockade Runners." ​Www.usni.org,​

www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933-04/confederate-blockade-runners. Accessed

12 Oct. 2018. I learned that driving a blockade runner required a huge amount

maritime skills. The success of the Confederacy depended on the runners. I used this

information show that the Confederacy depended on the blockade runners throughout the

Civil War.

Curry, Angus. "Clyde Built: Blockade Runners, Cruisers and Armoured Rams of the American

Civil War." ​Eds.a.ebscohost.com,​ Journal of Southern History. Feb2008, Vol. 74 Issue 1,

p192-193. 2p.,

eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=21&sid=774535e6-ba7c-43b9-a61d-d4d974ba

8474%40sessionmgr4010&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=29324641&db

=31h. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned that many blockade runners were built in areas

of Scotland. 40% of the blockade runners built were from Scotland. I used this

information to show that Scotland also helped the Confederacy.

Drysdale, Richard. "From 1861-65, Writes Richard Drysdale, during the American Civil War,

Nassau in the Bahamas Thrived on Trade with the Confederacy." ​Www.HistoryToday​,

History Today, 5 May 1977,

www.historytoday.com/richard-drysdale/blockade-running-nassau. Accessed 17 Jan.

2019. I learned that the Bahamas where not a forgotton colony during the 1860s. 7,000
 people lived on Nassau. I used this to show that Bahamas was a trading partner with the

Confederates.

Earnhart, Hugh. "Aboard a Blockade Runner: Some Civil War Experiences of Jerome Dushane."

Eds.a.ebscohost.com,​ North Carolina Historical Review. Oct1967, Vol. 44 Issue 4,

p392-399. 8p.,

eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/results?vid=1&sid=774535e6-ba7c-43b9-a61d-d4d974ba8474%

40sessionmgr4010&bquery=confederate%2bblockade%2brunner&bdata=JmNsaTA9RlQ

xJmNsdjA9WSZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018.

I learned that Jerome DuShane was assigned to a blockade runner due to an injury that he

suffered from when he was part of the Foot Cavalry. Jerome wrote about his time on a

blockade runner and called himself a "Rebel". I used this information to explain that

soldiers that suffered wounds still served in the Confederate army.

Earp, Charles A. "Father John B. Tabb: Aboard Confederate Blockade Runners."

Www.HistoryNet​, History Net, 12 May 2006,

www.historynet.com/father-john-b-tabb-aboard-confederate-blockade-runners.htm.

Accessed 17 Jan. 2019. I learned that John Tabb who is from a famous family in Virginia

joined the Confederate navy. Johnny Tabb had a serious eye problem. I used this

information to show that even people that had disabilities or problems still joined the

Confederate army or navy.

Ekelund Jr, Jackson, Thornton, Robert, John, Mark. "The 'Unintended Consequences' of

Confederate Trade Legislation." ​Eds.a.ebscohost.com​, Eastern Economic Journal;

Spring2004, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p187-205, 19p, 4 Charts, 1 Graph, 2004,

 eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=24&sid=774535e6-ba7c-43b9-a61d-d4d974ba

8474%40sessionmgr4010&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=edb&AN=1385

7326. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned that some ports that traded with other countries

had some unintened consequences. Some ports would lose money instead of gaining

money. I used this infomration to explain that not all ports were successful.

"The End of a Blockade Runner." ​Web.b.ebscohost.com​, Scientific American (New York, NY -

1845-1846). 11/21/1863, Vol. 9 Issue 21, p330-330. 1/5p.,

web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/archiveviewer/archive?vid=7&sid=48ba336a-f9da-46fb-869a

-aaa5d62d60ae%40sessionmgr120&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#kw=

true&acc=false&lpId=divl44&ppId=divp10&twPV=null&xOff=0&yOff=0&zm=fit&fs=

null&rot=0&docMapOpen=true&pageMapOpen=true&AN=60218612&db=h9k.

Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned that some blockade runners either purposefully ran up

onto shore while others were scuttled. Some captured blockade runners were converted

into Union ships. I used this information to show that some runners were not as fast and

stealthy as others.

Jones, Francis. "This Fraudulent Trade: Confederate Blockade-Running from Halifax during the

American Civil War." ​Eds.a.ebscohost.com​, Northern Mariner / Le Marin du Nord.

Oct1999, Vol. 9 Issue 4, p35-46. 12p., 1 Oct. 1999,

eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=17&sid=774535e6-ba7c-43b9-a61d-d

4d974ba8474%40sessionmgr4010. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned that that British

claimed neutrality in the Civil War. Blockade runners often stopped at Halifax to refuel. I
 used this information to show that even though the British claimed neutrality they still

helped the Confederacy.

Myers, Phillip. "[Dispatches from Bermuda]." ​Eds.a.ebscohost.com,​ Journal of Southern

History; November 2010, Vol. 76 Issue 4, p1013-1014, 2p, Nov. 2010,

eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=31&sid=774535e6-ba7c-43b9-a61d-d4d974ba

8474%40sessionmgr4010&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=hus&AN=5100

28811. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned that a U.S. consul was sent to Bermuda and

supplied vital information to the Union. The consul was assigned by Abraham Lincoln. I

used this information to show that the during the Civil War both sides sent spies.

Sullivan, David. "Surviving the Wreck of the Blockade Runner Helen." ​Eds.a.ebscohost.com,​

eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=12&sid=774535e6-ba7c-43b9-a61d-d

4d974ba8474%40sessionmgr4010. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018. I learned the jetties can

cause a blockade runner to crash and break. Jetties are used to help reduce erosion. I used

this information to explain how jetties can be harmful and helpful.

Wise, Stephen R. "Blockade-running 1861—1865." ​Www.scencyclopedia,​ U of South Carolina,

www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/blockade-running/. Accessed 17 Jan. 2019. I learned

that Charleston served as the Confederacy's main port. Thirty-six blockade runners made

125 trips in and out of Charleston harbor. I used this information to show that Charleston

was a main essential in the Civil War.

---. ​Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War​. U of South Carolina P,

1988. In this book I learned how different ports had varying results, some made money

while others lost money. The blockade runners traded from the Charleston South
 Carolina port 214,888 bales of cotton. I used this information to help show that in 5 years

lots of cotton was traded to foreign countries.

Secondary Sources

"Advance (Blockade Running Steamer, 1863-1864) Also Called A.D. Vance." ​Www.ibiblio.org​,

Departmetn of the Navy, 16 Jan. 2001,

www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/sh-us-cs/csa-sh/csash-ag/advance.htm.

Accessed 30 Dec. 2018. I learned that the USS Advance was a major blockade runner.

USS Advance also called the A.D. Vance and was a side-wheeled steamer that was put to

work by running the Federal Blockade. I used this information to help show that different

blockade runners varying levels of success and had many runs through the Union

blockade.

Armintor, Carlos. "Sandbar Spells End of Blockade Runner." ​Thefacts,​ The Facts, 30 June 2003,

thefacts.com/article_e297ba01-a120-572a-99a0-467488e4ed34.html. Accessed 17 Jan.

2019. I learned that a blockade runner with the name of Acadia hit a sandbar and got

stuck. The Acadia was blasted to pieces by the USS Virginia. I used this information to

explain that sandbars were deadly to blockade runners.

Arrington, Benjamin T. "Industry and Economy during the Civil War." ​Nps.gov​, National Park

Service U.S. Department of Interior, 23 Aug. 2017,

www.nps.gov/articles/industry-and-economy-during-the-civil-war.htm. Accessed 20 Dec.

2018. I learned that the North and South had different economies and I learned that the

different economies helped prompt the Civil War. The Confederates were mainly an
 agricultural based economy while the Union was mainly an industrialist economy

allowing the Union to produce more weapons while the Confederates had to go trade

with other countries. I used this information to help show why the Confederates needed

to send out blockade runners to trade with other countries.

"'Avast, Y'all!' — Confederate Pirates of the Civil War." ​MilitaryHistoryNow.com​, 27 May

2012,

militaryhistorynow.com/2012/05/28/avast-yall-confederate-pirates-of-the-civil-war/.

Accessed 14 Jan. 2019. I learned that piracy can be punishable by death during the 1860s.

The South had pirates that attacked Northern merchant vessels. I used this information to

show that pirates were a risk to the Union and Confederates.

Barrett, John. "Blockade-Running." ​Ncpedia.com​, U of North Carolina P, 2006,

www.ncpedia.org/blockade-running. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018. I learned why the

Confederates sent out blockade runners. The Union established the Anaconda Plan to

prevent the Confederates from trading with other countries. I used this information to

help further explain why the Confederates had to send out boats to trade.

Bierle, Sara. "Blockade Runners: If Captured." ​Gazette665,​ Word Press, 6 Dec. 2017,

gazette665.com/2017/12/06/blockade-runners-if-captured/. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018. I

learned that different blockade runners used many tactics when entering the harbor. If

captured the Confederate sailors would burn their cargo. I used this information to show

how the runners escaped the capture of the Union.

"The Blockade of Confederate Ports, 1861–1865." ​History.state.gov,​ United States Department

of States, history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/blockade. Accessed 26 Oct. 2018. I

learned how the Union decided to place the blockade on the South. The Union ships

would seize neutral trading vessels causing controversy among the Union and other

countries. I used this information to show how trade effected other ocuntries economies.

"Blockade Runner." ​Www.civilwaracademy​, www.civilwaracademy.com/blockade-runner.

Accessed 12 Oct. 2018. I learned that the Confederate navy did not have enough ships to

be able to fight the Union's navy head on. The Confederates employed the first submarine

to try and disrupt the Union blockade. I used this information to help show that the

Confederates didn't have as much firepower as the Union.

"Blockade Runners of the American Civil War." ​Www.Revolvy.com​,

www.revolvy.com/topic/Blockade%20runners%20of%20the%20American%20Civil%20

War&item_type=topic. Accessed 30 Dec. 2018. I learned that the Union's Anaconda Plan

extended along the Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico to the lower parts of the

Mississippi River. Many of the Confederate's blockade runners were originally built in

England. I used this information to show how much lengths the Union went through to

try and stop the Confederates from trading.

"Blockade Runners of the American Civil War Facts for Kids." ​Kids.kiddle.co​, Kiddle.co,

kids.kiddle.co/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War. Accessed 30 Dec. 2018.

I learned that two out of every three blockade runners made it out of port successfully.

Later in the Civil War 25% of the runners were successful. I used this information to
 show that as the Civil War progressed the percentage of blockade runners being

successful deteriorated.

Blockade Runners | Walter Edgar's Journal.​ Narrated by Wise, Dr., South Carolina ETV

Commission. ​Know It All​, Toati Creative,

www.knowitall.org/audio/blockade-runners-walter-edgars-journal. Accessed 14 Dec.

2018. I learned that the blockade runners had many tactics to make sure that they are not

spotted going to and from port. In the beginning of the Civil War the runners had a 75%

success rate. I used this information to show the different tactics used to decieve the

Union.

"Blockade Runner USS Banshee Civil War Union Naval Ship." ​AmericanCivilWar,​

www.americancivilwar.com/tcwn/civil_war/Navy_Ships/CSS_Banshee.html. Accessed

14 Dec. 2018. I learned that the USS Banshee was a blockade runner built in Liverpool

England. The USS Banshee was the first steel hulled vessel. I used this information to

show the different technological advancements during the Civil War.

"Blockade Running for the Confederacy." ​Ldhi.library,​ Lowcountry Digital History,

ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/britain-and-us-civil-wa

r/blockade-running. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.

I learned that the Confederates would sneak past the Union blockades in order to

trade cotton with the English. Trading with the English created huge profits for the

merchants and helped the Confederacy pay the cost of equipping and building more

blockade runners. I used this information to show that merchants who wanted

money would invest in blockade runners.

"Blockade! The Blockading of the Southern Seaports in the Civil War."

Www.Civilwarhome.com​, CivilWarHome.com, 15 Feb. 2002,

www.civilwarhome.com/blockade.htm. Accessed 30 Dec. 2018. I learned that the

Confederate government understond its responsibilities and was ready to meet any

demands. The blockade runners must be successful for the government to meet its

demands. I used the information to show that the Confederate government is focused on

trying to win the war against the Union.

Campbell, Thomas. "Last of the Gray Phantoms: The Confederate Blockade Runners."

Warfarehistorynetwork.com,​ Warfare History Network, 16 Nov. 2016,

warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/civil-war/last-of-the-gray-phantoms-the-confederate-bl

ockade-runners/. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.

I learned that the Confederate blockade runners had increasing effectiveness by

having more boats in the water. During the Civil War, the number of Confederate

boats reaching the port increased which created more trade opportunities. I used

this information to show that the more blockade runners that werein use the trading

opportunities increased.

"The Civil War Facts, Events & Information about the American Civil War: 1861-1865."

Www.HistoryNet,​ History Net, www.historynet.com/civil-war. Accessed 5 Jan. 2019. I

learned that about 600,000 people died during the Civil War, 350,000 from the Union

while 250,000 where from the Confederacy. Over 3,100,000 soldiers engaged during this

war. I used this information to show that the Civil War was one of the biggest wars

fought on American soil.

"Civil War Technology." ​Www.civilwaracademy.com,​ Civil War Academy,

www.civilwaracademy.com/civil-war-technology. Accessed 21 Nov. 2018. I learned

about the different technology and weapons created in the Civil War time period.

Different types of technology was created like guns to ironclad ships. I used this

information to explain the different types of technology created during the 1860s.

"Civil War Union Blockade." ​Usmilitary.com​, US Military,

usmilitary.com/civil-war-union-blockade/. Accessed 30 Dec. 2018. I learned that some

blockade runners were supported by sympathetic forces from Britain. The Union

captured or destroyed over 1,500 Confederate blockade runners. I used this information

to show that Great Britain was a main supporter of the Confederates.

Douglas, Stewart. "Secrets of a Confederate Blockade Runner." ​Acws.co.uk,​ ACWS, 2012,

acws.co.uk/archives-history-confederate_blockade_runner. Accessed 30 Dec. 2018. I

learned that the Mary Celestia was built in Liverpool, England. The Mary Celestia was

designed by William C Miller and Sons. I used this information to show that many

runners were made in Liverpool, England.

"Early Blockade Runners." ​Www.minecreek.info​, 24 Aug. 2018,

www.minecreek.info/blockade-runners/early-blockade-runners.html. Accessed 26 Oct.

2018. I learned before the Civil War the southern states had little to none steam-powered

ships. The Confederacy had to rely on foreign operated ships. I used this information to

show that the Confederacy relied heavily on foreign aid.

"Fort Fisher: Running the Blockade." ​Www.NChistoricsites.org,​ North Carolina Historic Sites, 6

Oct. 2015, www.nchistoricsites.org/fisher/blockade.htm. Accessed 30 Dec. 2018. I

learned that Fort Fisher was a popular North Carolinia fort. Lots of battles at sea

happened around Fort Fisher. I used this information to show that blockade runners

participated in battles over forts.

"History: Bermuda and the Blockade Runners." ​Bernews,​ 18 Nov. 2010,

bernews.com/2010/11/history-bermuda-and-the-blockade-runners/. Accessed 18 Jan.

2019. I learned that Bermuda became a centre for Confederate commerce. Blockade

runners carried cotton to English manufactures. I used this information to show that the

blockade runners helped increase foreign trade.

Keenan, Richard C. "Blockade and Blockade Running." ​Www.encyclopedia​, Gale Library of

Daily Life: American Civil War, 2008,

www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/blockade-and-blo

ckade-running. Accessed 17 Jan. 2019. I learned that Fort Sumter was forced to surrender

on April 14. The Union wanted a successful blockade so they could get rid of the rebels. I

used this information to show that the Union has a powerful army and navy.

Laskow, Sarah. "Found: The Wreck of a Confederate Blockade Runner." ​Www.atlasobscura,​

Atlas Obscura, 8 Mar. 2016,

www.atlasobscura.com/articles/found-the-wreck-of-a-confederate-blockaderunner.

Accessed 26 Oct. 2018. I learned that off the coast of North Carolina a blockade runner

was found. The blockade runner found off the coast of North Carolina was one of the best
 preserved one found. I used this information to show that blockade runners went to North

Carolina to get cotton, rice, and to drop needed materials.

Lehnardt, Karin. "101 Interesting Civil War Facts." ​Www.FactRetriever​, Fact Retriever, 6 Jan.

2017, www.factretriever.com/civil-war-facts. Accessed 6 Jan. 2019. I learned that the

Civil War was the bloodiest war fought on American soil. A soldier's chance to survive

was about 1 to 4. I used this information to show that the Civil War was a major war and

had a lot of casualties.

Livingston, Rebecca. "Civil War Cat-and-Mouse Game Researching Blockade-Runners at the

National Archives." ​Www.archives.org​, National Archives and Records Administration,

National Archives and Records Administration,

www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1999/fall/blockade-runners-1.html. Accessed

12 Oct. 2018. I learned that a U.S. Navy Steamer with the name of James Adge chased a

Confederate blockade runner with the name of USS Bansee. The chase went on for 45

minutes until the James Adge gave up. I used this information to show that the blockade

runners had to swift to deter the Union.

Lowry, Thomas P. "The Big Business of Bahamian Blockade Running." ​Www.Historynet​,

History Net, 31 Aug. 2018,

www.historynet.com/big-business-bahamian-blockade-running.htm. Accessed 17 Jan.

2019. I learned that Palm Beach Flordia was a major trading post. The trade route went

from the Confederacy to Great Britain then to the Bahamas and back again. I used this

information to explain the trade route that the blockade runners took.
Simmons, Rick. ​Defending South Carolina's Coast: The Civil War from Georgetown to Little

River.​ History Press, 2009. I learned that defending South Carolina's coast was not a walk

in the park and had many causalities while at war. This book helped me with the

tragedies of the blockade runners and gave other important information about the Civil

War. I used this information to help show that different types of fights happened all over

South Carolina during the Civil War.

Soley, James. "The Blockade Runners." ​Battlefeilds.org,​ American Battlefield Trust, 7 July

2017, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/blockade-runners. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.

I learned that the Confederates war effort relied on a series of boats running past

the Union blockade to go trade with other countries to get the supplies that they

needed for the Civil War. The most successful blockade runners were the steamers.

I used this information to show that different types of runners had different levels of

success.

Steel man, Ben. "State Works to Preserve Artifacts from Sunken Blockade Runners."

Starnewsoline.com​, Gate House Media, 7 Aug. 2011,

www.starnewsonline.com/article/NC/20110807/News/605050009/WM/. Accessed 1

Nov. 2018. I learned many corpses of the blockade runners are being found off the east

coast. Blockade runners mainly carry arms, ammunition,medicine, and other needed

goods. I used this information to show that blockade runners from the Civil War are

being found off the east coast carring materials that the Confederates needed.

"Topics in Chronicling America - Blockade Runners in the Civil War." ​Www.loc.gov​, Blockade

Runners in the Civil War - Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room (Serial and
 Government Publications Division, Library of Congress), 10 July 2014,

www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/blockade.html. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.

I learned that the Confederate blockade runners had to be stealthy, speedy, and

have luck to get past the Union blockades. The Confederate sailors had to have luck

on their side to be successful sometimes. I used this information to show that luck,

speed, and stealth allowed the blockade runners to be able to do what they do.

Welborn, James H., and Richard Houston. "Union Blockade and Coastal Occupation in the Civil

War." ​Www.Georgiaencyclopedia.org​, Georgia Humanities/U of Georgia P/ U System of

Georgia/ Office of the Governor, 23 July 2017,

www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/union-blockade-and-coastal-o

ccupation-civil-war. Accessed 30 Dec. 2018. I learned that the Union forces focused on

securing outlying the coastal islands to counter the Confederate privateers. As the

Confederates changed their defensive strategy which help evolve the Union blockade. I

used this information to show that the Union had a plan to try and defeat the Confederacy

faster.

Wilkinson, John. ​The Narrative of a Blockade-Runner​. BiblioLife, 2007. This book is about the

different narritives of sailors on the blockade runners during the Civil War. I learned

about different blockade runners that were built during the 1860s.I used this book to

show how blockade runners went through differnet senarios that had different outcomes.

York, Jennifer. "Civil War Blockade Runners." ​Www.Serve.Media,​ Vocal, 2018,

serve.media/civil-war-blockade-runners. Accessed 17 Jan. 2019. I learned that Abraham

Lincoln's first goal was to pressure on the Confederacy to join back into the Union.
 Blockade running at first was an easy way to mame a lot of money. I used this

information to show that in the beginning of the Civil War the Union wanted the

Confederacy to join back into the Union.

Young, Matthew. "Blockade Running in the Civil War." ​Www.encyclopediaofalabama,​

Encyclopedia of Alabama, 19 Nov. 2008,

www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1861. Accessed 17 Jan. 2019. I learned

blockade runners were a response to the blockade that Abraham Lincoln issued. The

main southern ports are New Orleans, Louisiana; Charleston, South Carolina,

and Mobile, Alabama. I used this information to show the Confederacy's response to the

Union blockade.