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    Hookworms 鉤蟲: Distribution between

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    Zulfan Rifqiawan
    The document discusses hookworms, which infect approximately 9 billion people between 45 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude. Two main species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, can cause clinical manifestations in over 20 million infected people. Hookworms are transmitted when infective filariform larvae penetrate the skin, then migrate through the lungs before reaching the small intestine where they mature into adult worms, feeding on host blood and causing anemia. Symptoms range from skin irritation to coughing and lung inflammation during migration, and abdominal pain, diarrhea and iron-deficiency anemia in long-term infections. Diagnosis involves finding hookworm eggs or larvae in stool smears or cultures.

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    Hookworms 鉤蟲: Distribution between

    Uploaded by

    Zulfan Rifqiawan
    9 views14 pages
    The document discusses hookworms, which infect approximately 9 billion people between 45 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude. Two main species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, can cause clinical manifestations in over 20 million infected people. Hookworms are transmitted when infective filariform larvae penetrate the skin, then migrate through the lungs before reaching the small intestine where they mature into adult worms, feeding on host blood and causing anemia. Symptoms range from skin irritation to coughing and lung inflammation during migration, and abdominal pain, diarrhea and iron-deficiency anemia in long-term infections. Diagnosis involves finding hookworm eggs or larvae in stool smears or cultures.

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    The document discusses hookworms, which infect approximately 9 billion people between 45 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude. Two main species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, can cause clinical manifestations in over 20 million infected people. Hookworms are transmitted when infective filariform larvae penetrate the skin, then migrate through the lungs before reaching the small intestine where they mature into adult worms, feeding on host blood and causing anemia. Symptoms range from skin irritation to coughing and lung inflammation during migration, and abdominal pain, diarrhea and iron-deficiency anemia in long-term infections. Diagnosis involves finding hookworm eggs or larvae in stool smears or cultures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views14 pages

    Hookworms 鉤蟲: Distribution between

    Uploaded by

    Zulfan Rifqiawan
    The document discusses hookworms, which infect approximately 9 billion people between 45 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude. Two main species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, can cause clinical manifestations in over 20 million infected people. Hookworms are transmitted when infective filariform larvae penetrate the skin, then migrate through the lungs before reaching the small intestine where they mature into adult worms, feeding on host blood and causing anemia. Symptoms range from skin irritation to coughing and lung inflammation during migration, and abdominal pain, diarrhea and iron-deficiency anemia in long-term infections. Diagnosis involves finding hookworm eggs or larvae in stool smears or cultures.

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    Hookworms 鉤蟲

    Distribution between 45oN and 30oS


    Approximately 9 billion people infected
    Over 20 million showed clinical manifestations

    Necator americanus 美洲鉤蟲


    Ancylostoma duodenale 十二指腸鉤蟲

    Ancylostoma caninum 犬鉤蟲


    Ancylostoma braziliense 巴西鉤蟲
    Ancylostoma ceylanicum 鍚蘭鉤蟲
    Ancylostoma malayanium 馬來亞鉤蟲
    Between 45oN and 30oS
    A. duodenale 十二指腸鉤蟲 N. americanus 美洲鉤蟲
    Middle East Far East
    Mediterranean countries South Asia
    North China Pacific Islands
    Africa Tropical Africa
    South-East Asia Central and South America
    South America
    Pacific Islands
    N. americanus 美洲鉤蟲 A. duodenale 十二指腸鉤蟲

    附齒
    腹齒板 腹齒

    次腹
    齒刀
    Posterior end of N. americanus

    雌美洲鉤蟲 7~9 x 0.3 mm


    Anus

    雄美洲鉤蟲 9~11 x 0.4 mm

    Bursa 交尾囊
    Copulatory bursa 交尾囊

    externo-dorsal
    ray 外背側枝 ventral ray
    腹面枝
    dorsal ray externo-lateral
    背面枝 ray
    postero-
    latero ray Spicules
    後側枝 medio-lateral 交尾刺
    ray 內側枝
    Transmission

    Active penetration of skin by infective filariform larvae (L3)


    Ingesting of infective larvae in A. duodenale
    Transmammary transmission of larvae in A. duodenale

    infective
    filariform larvae (L3)
    1 wk
    Swallowed Attached to
    Pharynx small intestine
    2~3 wks
    Trachea
    Lungs

    Circulation 4~6 wks


    3 days MAN
    Penetrates skin

    Filariform larva (L3) 絲狀幼蟲 Egg in faeces

    Infective EXTERNAL Diagnostic


    stage ENVIRONMENT stage
    感染期 診斷期
    Rhabditiform larva
    hatches (L1) 桿狀幼蟲

    2nd stage
    larva (L2) in soil
    Clinical Pathology
    Pentration of skin by F- form larvae (L3)

    Gound itch
    Skin reaction (uritcaria 蕁痲疹 )at the site of larval pentration
    Stinging sensation followed by irration, erythea,
    oedema and papulovesicular eruption

    Creeping eruptions 匍行性疹


    A. braziliense and A. caninum wandering through the
    cutaneous layer (cutaneous larva migrans) cause
    intense irritation and iflammaton.
    Most of the larva die in the skin.
    Clinical Pathology
    Migration of F-form larvae (L3)

    During invasion of the circulation: Usually no ill-effects


    During migration through the lungs: Pneumonitis (肺炎) with
    cough (咳嗽), wheeze (哮喘), fever (發燒 ), transient X-ray shadows
    (Not as severe as Ascaris)

    In lungs
    Haemorrhages and leukocytic or
    eosinophilic infiltrations
    In respiratory tract
    Coughing due to irritation of the
    bronchial and
    tracheal mucous membranes
    Clinical Pathology
    Established intestinal infection by adult worms
    Epigastric duodenal-type pain, indigestion, loss of appetite or diarrhoea

    Hookworm anaemia (HWA)


    Losses of blood, iron and proteins
    Occassionally associated with folate deficiency

    Adult worms attach to duodenum and jejunum by


    teeth or cutting plates (mechanical)
    Worms move every 4-6 hours (blood leaking)
    Worrms feed on blood from cut vessels and
    mucosal tissue (chronic blood loss)
    Clinical Pathology
    Clubbed Fingers & Ascites
    Laboratory Diagnosis

    Direct smear for eggs


    Egg culture for 1st stage larva (L1)

    Colourless with a thin shell which appears as a black line aroung the ovum
    Oval in shape, measuring about 65 x 40 µm
    Contains an ovum which usually appears segmented
    Larva may be seen inside in some specimen
    Early stage Advanced stage

    Gastrula stage Embryonated stage


    Hookworm
    Rhabditiform
    Larva (L1)

    Hookworm Filariform Larva (L3)

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