THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN INDIA: THEIR GROWTH AND

CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW

INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL PARTIES IN INDIA

India - with a populace of a billion and a quarter and an electorate of 814 million (2014) is the
world's biggest majority rules system. India is a longstanding parliamentary majority rules system
with a bicameral parliament1. In spite of the fact that 29 states governments have essential
obligation regarding keeping up lawfulness, the focal government gives direction and backing
through the utilization of parliament any strengths all through the nation. Political gatherings are
a piece of any majority rules system. Political gatherings have had numerous parts all through
history which incorporate the ascent of majority rule governments, development of established
outlines, discretionary legislative issues, the making and working of government, the elected
sharing of political forces and mediators of social divisions in the enclosure of equitable legislative
issues. Political gatherings and the gathering framework in India have been incredibly affected by
social differing qualities, social, ethnic, standing, group and religious pluralism, customs of the
patriot development, differentiating style of gathering administration, and conflicting ideological
points of view.

The two noteworthy classes of political gatherings in India are National and State, and are so
perceived by the Election Commission of India on the premise of certain predefined criteria. In
today's date, there are six national gatherings and 38 territorial gatherings perceived all things
considered by the Election Commission of India. The National gatherings are Indian National
Congress (INC) , Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Communist Party of India, Communist Party of
India (Marxist), Bahujan Samaj Party, and Janata Dal. The Republican Party of India have been
served notification of de-acknowledgment.

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 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

The Indian National Congress which is the oldest Indian political party was established in 1885.
The Indian National Congress or INC2 played a major role in the independence of India. Even after
independence the party held power for most of the years. The Indian National Congress won the
2004 general elections beating National Democratic Alliance led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The
United Progressive Alliance led by Congress Sonia Gandhi nominated Sonia Gandhi for the post
of the next Prime Minister. However, she requested Dr. Manmohan Singh, former Union Finance
Minister and senior Congress leader to take hold and on 22 May 2004 he was sworn in as the Prime
Minister of India. The history of the Indian National Congress can be categorized into two eras:

 Pre-independence era - The INC stayed at the forefront and fought for India's struggle for
independence.
 Post-independence era - In Indian politics, the party has always enjoyed a prominent position.
Out of the 60 years since independence, the INC has been in power for 48 years.

The United Front government is coalition of 13 gatherings came to control as a minority

government with the backing of the Congress Party. In any case, as the biggest single gathering
in restriction in parliament after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; Indian People's Party), the
Congress Party was fundamental in both making and vanquishing the United Front. In
November 1997 the Congress Party pulled back its backing from the United Front, provoking
races in February 1998. To help its ubiquity among the masses and enhance the party's execution
in the pending decisions, the Congress Party pioneers asked Sonia Gandhi the Italian-conceived
dowager of Rajiv Gandhi to expect the administration of the gathering. In spite of the fact that
a BJP 3drove coalition government came to control, the Congress Party and its accomplices had
the capacity deny the BJP a flat out greater part in the Lok Sabha. The party's better expected
execution in the national decisions was ascribed by numerous spectators to Sonia Gandhi's

2
http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/indian-national-congress.html#sthash.3336g1fD.dpuf
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http://www.elections.in/political-corner/role-of-political-parties-in-india-before-and-after
independence/sthash.2h9zdFoW.dpuf

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 appeal and energetic crusading. After the 1998 decisions, Kesri surrendered as gathering
president, and Sonia Gandhi expected the initiative of the gathering.

National parliamentary races were again held in 1999, when one of the BJP's real associates,
the All India Dravidian Progressive Federation. Regardless of forceful crusading by the pioneers
of the Congress Party, the gathering endured a more terrible constituent execution than it had in
1996 and 1998, winning just 114 seats. All things considered, in the 2004 national decisions the
gathering scored an astonishing triumph and came back to control. Gandhi, on the other hand,
declined a welcome to end up leader and rather bolstered Manmohan Singh, a previous money
clergyman, who in May 2004 turned into the nation's first Sikh head administrator. The
gathering again shocked intellectuals in the 2009 parliamentary decisions by expanding its
number of seats in the Lok Sabha from 153 to 206, its best appearing following 1991. By the
2014 Lok Sabha surveying, be that as it may, the gathering had lost a lot of its well known
backing, essentially due to quite a long while of poor financial conditions in the nation and
developing discontent over a progression of debasement embarrassments including government
authorities. It was the party's most noticeably bad ever execution in a national decision and
tossed into inquiry on the off chance that it would keep on being distinguished as an
authoritatively perceived gathering in parliament or if its status would be lessened to that of a
"perceived gathering."

BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY (BJP)

English Indian People’s Party, pro-Hindu political party of post-independence India. The party
has enjoyed broad support among members of the higher castes and in northern India. It has
attempted to attract support from lower castes, particularly through the appointment of several
lower-caste members to prominent party positions. The BJP4 traces its roots to the Bharatiya
Janata Sangh (BJS; Indian People’s Association), which was established in 1951 as the political
wing of the pro-Hindu group Rashtriya Swayamseva Sangh (RSS; “National Volunteers Corps”)
by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The BJS advocated the rebuilding of India in accordance with
Hindu culture and called for the formation of a strong unified state. In 1967 the BJS gained a

4
Dreze Jean and Amartya Sen (2002) India: Development and Participation. Delhi: Oxford University Press.pp.102

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 substantial foothold in the Hindi-speaking regions of northern India. Ten years later the party, led
by Atal Bihari Bajpayee, joined three other political parties to form the Janata Party and took over
the reins of government. Plagued by factionalism and internal disputes, however, the government
collapsed in July 1979. The BJP was formally established in 1980, following a split by dissidents
within the Janata coalition, whose leaders wanted to prohibit elected BJS officials from
participating in the RSS. The BJS subsequently reorganized itself as the BJP under the leadership
of Vajpayee, Lal Krishan Advani, and Murali Manohar Joshi.

The BJP pushed hindutva ("Hindu-ness"), a philosophy that looked to characterize Indian society
as far as Hindu qualities, and it was profoundly incredulous of the mainstream strategies and
practices of the Congress Party. The BJP started to have discretionary accomplishment in 1989,
when it gained by against Muslim calling so as to feel for the erection of a Hindu sanctuary in a
territory in Ayodhya considered consecrated by Hindus yet around then involved by the Babri
Masjid (Mosque of Babur). By 1991 the BJP had significantly expanded its political request,
catching 117 seats in the Lok Sabha (lower assembly of the Indian parliament) and taking force in
four states.

The obliteration of the Babri Masjid in December 1992 by associations seen to be connected with
the BJP brought on a noteworthy reaction against the gathering. The mosque's annihilation
additionally prompted viciousness all through the nation that left more than 1,000 dead. The
gathering was respected with incredulity and suspicion by numerous focused on secularism in
contemporary India. To lighten dread among people in general, restore trust in the gathering, and
extend its base, the BJP's pioneers attempted a progression of rath yatra5, or political walks, in
which the Hindu god Rama was typically summoned as the image of social renaissance.

In races in 1996 the BJP developed as the biggest single gathering in the Lok Sabha and was
welcomed by India's leader to shape a legislature. In 1998 the BJP and its partners had the capacity
frame a lion's share government with Vajpayee as leader. In May of that year, atomic weapons
tests requested by Vajpayee drew across the board global judgment. As the 2014 Lok Sabha races
became close, notwithstanding, the BJP's fortunes started to rise, generally on account of

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developing discontent with Congress Party principle. Narendra Modi, the long-lasting boss
clergyman (head of government) of Gujarat. Soon after race results were reported, Modi was
named leader of the gathering individuals in parliament, and he started shaping an administration
that included senior BJP authorities as well as a few pioneers from gatherings united with the
coalition. Modi was confirmed as head administrator on May 26.

RECENT TRENDS IN THE GROWTH OF PARTIES

The paradox of Indian democracy is that enlightened middle class has shown indifferent attitude
towards electoral process. This raises the question that when the most educated and enlightened6
group will fail to fulfill their national obligation then how can we expect our political system to
improve automatically. In western majority rule government, exceptionally taught and fruitful
gatherings join in discretionary procedure as well as put weight on government through different
weight bunches furthermore by shaping common society bunches on a vast scale, while in India,
individuals having a place with center and high society keep up detached mentality and individuals
fitting in with lower social, monetary, instructive foundation enroll their support in extensive
number. In the event that the overall pattern in Indian majority rule government is to be broke
down, the outcomes demonstrates that the one hand appointive procedure has raised the level of
political mindfulness and then again it has additionally expanded the abuse of constituent
procedure by political gatherings for their restricted closures. Winning decision has turned into the
sole criteria for political gatherings. In order to win election, political parties compromise with
values, ethics and morality which is use to associate with it. The kind of tactics applied by political
parties for winning election has promoted casteism , communalism, regionalism, sectarianism7 and
above all use of money, muscle power and criminalization of politics.

6
http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b1-8.htm

7
Adhering or confined to the dogmatic limits of a sect or denomination; partisan.

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It has weakened the base of Indian politics. In fact, this has become an accepted feature of Indian
politics. No political party is ready to discuss this issue that what should be done to do away with
such malpractices. Even, Indian public too cannot escape from its responsibility as they are
electing people who are of uncertain credentials. Chase for power has laid down to the erosion of
values from Indian politics. In Indian competitive party system, political party’s gains power
through competitive electoral battle. In order to win election, political parties, indulge in all sorts
of manoeuvrability8. In fact, political parties have compromised with ideology in order to gain
power. Over the years, one finds a marked change in the way party system operates in India.

The party system is now said to be moving from a one party dominance system to a multi-party
competition, from social cohesion to fragmentation, from a stable pattern to fluidity, from order to
chaos as the principle of party competition. One gathering predominant has been supplanted by
coalition government. It has prompted the development of local focuses of force. Provincial
political gatherings are assuming extremely pivotal part in the national governmental issues. At
first, Congress gathering assumed an exceptionally basic part in forming Indian party framework.
In any case, it can't escape from the obligation of rot that hosts set in Indian get-together framework
as it is the most seasoned political gathering in India. Gandhi's appearance on the political guide
of India was under unprecedented circumstances. It re-established one- party dominance.
However; his support base started dwindling once his name appeared in Bofors9 deal. Congress to
post- Congress transformation was never an easy process. However, it led to the establishment of
coalition government. The emergence of NDA followed by UPA led to the changed pattern of
representation. Those regions/ communities which were feeling deprived, their sentiment was used
by regional leaders to form regional parties. These regional parties now have become so strong
that they are playing deciding role in the formation of central government.

The most important factor responsible for the change in federal political arrangement is
nationalization of regional issues and regionalization of national issues and it is largely because
modernization, politicization and economic development10 and on the other hand because of

8
The ability to perform a strategic plan.
9
Bofors is a Swedish company. The name has been associated with the iron industry for morethan 350 years.
10
http://adrindia.org/media/relevant-news/emerging-trends-indian-electoral-politics-and-party-system-part-2

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mandal-mandir controversy. In post 1989 period we observe a new trend towards regionalization
of Indian politics and it reflects the representative character of Indian polity. It has also brought
those into the center stage of Indian politics who were left on the margins.

In fact, regional parties have mushroomed in Indian politics in large numbers in recent years.
However barring few states, they have not brought about substantial change and in many states,
state governments were replaced by national parties. However some regional governments like the
one in Bihar and Orissa have shown the path.

In India, party system has covered a long journey from one party dominance to coalition
government. And in this process democracy has further got consolidated. Coalition governments,
which are generally associated with instability, inordinate delay are after initial interval run
successfully. Change is imminent in party system and Indian democracy is no exception to this.
However the question arises as to whether it has consolidated democratic roots or it reflects the
misuse of political system for narrow selfish purpose.

EMERGING TRENDS

Democracy has deepened further in the last sixty years in India and its credibility has vindicated
itself. Participation of weaker section especially S.C. and S.T. has increased manifold thereby
consolidating democratic process11. The pattern of representation to Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
reflects that every segment of the population is getting represented. Prior, just instructed white
collar class used to persuade opportunity to be chosen as individuals' illustrative. In any case,
lately, the pattern has changed and ladies, S.C., S.T. what's more, agriculturists as well, are
inspiring opportunity to challenge and win decision.

Territorial gatherings are administering in numerous states furthermore some portion of decision
partnership at the focal government. Absconding, President Principle, decision related brutality

11
http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/1937/emerging-trends-in-indian-electoral-politics-and-party-system--
part-2.htm , By Dr Shashikant Pandey.

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and soon have turned into an irregularity. Right to data, Right to instruction, Panchayati Raj act
have truly engaged and edified the regular open. On the other hand it doesn't imply that every one
of the progressions had positive effect just. In the event that we minutely investigate Indian
constituent legislative issues and also party framework, we find that alongside some positive
changes there is some negative improvement too. The vote bank governmental issues had laid to
the decrease of good values from our legislative issues. Standing, district, religion still assumes
unequivocal part in discretionary governmental issues.

Vote based system guarantees general grown-up establishment as well as guarantees support in
political procedure. The inquiry is whether Indian majority rule government has really guaranteed
the support of each portion of the populace in discretionary procedure. Unless the products of law
based achievement are not imparted to denied and poorer segment of the populace, the objective
of vote based system can't be said to be figured it out. In Indian connection, the stressing
perspective is that pace of advancement is moderate. Foundations which are viewed as key for its
effective working have declined throughout the years. For instance, constituent framework,
regardless of genuine exertion has neglected to concoct any gadget to check the passage of hostile
to social components in going into discretionary procedure which addresses its authenticity.
Political gatherings still include themselves in improper practices with a specific end goal to win
race which conflicts with the vote based soul. With a specific end goal to increase political force,
they generally make utilization of primordial loyalties like rank, religion, area and so on. The
fundamental work issues like unemployment, destitution destruction and other such issues have
gone to the backburner.

Normally in a healthy democratic setup, elections are contested on issues relating to problems
affecting people. However, in Indian democracy, it seems as a daydream. On the whole, Indian
democracy is passing through a transitional phase and the pace of change is very fast.

ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN INDIA BEFORE AND AFTER INDEPENDENCE

Contemporary Indian political history is categorised into pre-independence and post-independence

era. There is a stark contrast in the way politics used to be played out during the freedom movement
days and the shape it has taken after independence. In all these years, India polity has seen a drastic
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change. It’s fair to say that Indian National Congress dominated the political landscape of India
during the pre-independence era. Ever since it was formed in 1885, the party dedicated itself
towards strengthening the nationalist movement against the British rule. It set the wheel in motion
by organizing national and regional campaigns and protest movements. The party embarked upon
a policy of boycotting imported British goods and promoting swadeshi goods. In 1907, the
Congress party was split into two. While the moderates such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal
Krishna Gokhale wanted reform within the framework of British governance, the radicals such as
Bal Gangadhar Tilak emphasized on civil agitation to overthrow the British Empire. Under the
aegis of other radical leaders, states like Maharashtra, Punjab and Bengal became the frontrunners
in shaping the aspirations of the people. It continued to operate from the underground till 1942 and
propagated the ideas of Marxism through weeklies and journals. Despite its cadres being
persecuted and repressed by the British, CPI played a seminal role in mobilizing the people for the
sake of independence12.

Simultaneously, a handful of other political parties and social organizations emerged between the
20s and 40s, which included Jammu and Kashmir National Conference and Rashtriya Swayam
sevak Sangh (RSS). While J&K National Conference is remembered for launching an intensive
agitation against the state government and the slogan of “Quit Kashmir”, the RSS presented itself
as a social movement. The priorities of the political parties in the post-independent era have
witnessed a major paradigm shift. Terrorism, insurgency, religious violence, and naxalism are
seeping into body politic. The trickle-down effect of corruption is also felt across the parties and
that’s unlikely to change any time soon. With multiple parties came an equally diverse set of
agenda. The equation between the ruling and the opposition has not turned out to be symbiotic.
Instead of becoming “effective partners in the process of governance”, these political entities are
cashing in on their ‘populist postures.’ The rise of regional parties and a somewhat sidelining of
national parties remains a challenge. That has resulted in fragmented votes and fractured mandate,
barring the 2014 General Elections.

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india/#sthash.RBZCLgnI.dpuf

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 RELEVANT ACTS

1. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

In order to effectively eradicate poverty, the Central Government formulated the National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2005. The legal framework and rights-based
approach, MGNREGA13 provides employment to those who demand it and is a standard shift
from earlier programmes. It is notified on September 7, 2005, MGNREGA aims at enhancing
livelihood security by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a
financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual
work. The Act covered around 200 districts in its first phase, implemented on February 2, 2006,
and was extended to 130 additional districts in 2007- 2008. It is the framework for adult members
of a rural household willing to do unskilled manual work. The time bound guarantees 15 days for
provision of employment and allowance upto 100 days in a financial year per household
depending on the actual demand. The labour intensive works is 60:40 wage and material ratio for
permissible works. It also aims at women empowerment as at least one-third of beneficiaries
should be women. Under Sec 3, States are responsible for providing work in accordance with the
Scheme. Under Sec 4, every state government is required to make a scheme for providing not less
than 100 days of guaranteed employment in a financial year, to those who demand work funding.
The Central Government guarantees 100% of wages for unskilled manual work, 75% of material
cost of the schemes including payment of wages to skilled and semi skilled workers where as
State Government guarantees 25% of material including payment of wages to skilled and semi
skilled workers cost. Only Job Card holders can be employed as MGNREGA workers. The
Programme Implementation and Outcomes in LWE Districts: The Ministry is also continually
reviewing the implementation of MGNREGA in LWE districts. In the First year of
implementation 2008-09, the average person days of employment per household was 48 days for
the year 2008-09 and 2009-10 and 47 days for 2010-11. 93% of rural households have been
provided job cards against the national average of 68% upto FY 2009-10 and over 9% households
completed 100 days in FY 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 as compared to 10 % households in

13
http://nrega.nic.in/rajaswa.pdf

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 FY 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11. The women participation rate in these districts is 45%. It has
created employment opportunities for the people and lessen the suicidal tendency among the
unemployed people.

The Right to Information Act

The basic object of the Right to Information Act14 is to empower the citizens, to promote
transparency and accountability in the working of the Government, to contain corruption, and to
enhance people’s participation in democratic process thereby making our democracy work for the
people in a real sense. It goes without saying that an informed citizen is better equipped to keep
necessary vigil on the instruments of governance and make the government more accountable to
the governed. The Act is a big step towards making the citizens informed about the activities of
the Government. The Information is any material in any form. It includes records, documents,
memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports,
papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form. It also includes information
relating to any private body which can be accessed by the public authority under any law for the
time being in force. A "public authority" is any authority or body or institution of self government
established or constituted by or under the Constitution; or by any other law made by the
Parliament or a State Legislature; or by notification issued or order made by the Central
Government or a State Government. The bodies owned, controlled or substantially financed by
the Central Government or a State Government are also public authorities. Non-Government
organizations substantially financed by the Central Government or a State Government also fall
within the definition of public authority. The substantial financing by the Central Government or
a State Government may be direct or indirect. The Act does not define substantial financing.
Public authorities have designated some of its officers as Public Information Officers. They are
responsible to give information to a person who seeks information under the RTI Act. A citizen
has a right to seek such information from a public authority which is held by the public authority
or which is held under its control. It is important to note that only such information can be supplied
under the Act that is available and existing and is held by the public authority or is held under the
control of the public authority. A citizen has a right to get ‘material’ from a public authority which

14
http://rti.gov.in/rti-act.pdf

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 is held by or under the control of that public authority. This has enabled citizens to know various
information which they had right to know.

Right to Education Act, 2005

Present Act has its history in the drafting of the Indian constitution at the season of Independence
yet is all the more particularly to the Constitutional Amendment of 2002 that incorporated the
Article 21A in the Indian constitution making Education a central Right. This alteration,
notwithstanding, indicated the requirement for an enactment to depict the method of execution of
the same which required the drafting of a different Education Bill15. A work in progress of the bill
was created in year 2005. It got much restriction because of its required procurement to give 25%
reservation to distraught kids in non-public schools. The sub-council of the Central Advisory
Board of Education which arranged the draft Bill held this procurement as a noteworthy essential
for making a popularity based and libertarian culture. Indian Law commission had at first proposed
half booking for burdened understudies in non-public schools. The law happened in the entire of
India aside from the condition of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 April 2010, the first run through in
the historical backdrop of India a law was brought into power by a discourse by the Prime Minister.

The RTE Act provides for the: Right of children to free and compulsory education till completion
of elementary education in a neighbourhood school. It clarifies that ‘compulsory education’ means
obligation of the appropriate government to provide free elementary education and ensure
compulsory admission, attendance and completion of elementary education to every child in the
six to fourteen age group. ‘Free’ means that no child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or
charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary
education. It makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age appropriate class.
It specifies the duties and responsibilities of appropriate Governments, local authority and parents
in providing free and compulsory education, and sharing of financial and other responsibilities
between the Central and State Governments. It provides for rational deployment of teachers by
ensuring that the specified pupil teacher ratio is maintained for each school, rather than just as an
average for the State or District or Block, thus ensuring that there is no urban-rural imbalance in
teacher postings. It also provides for prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational

15
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 notified". Press Information Bureau. 3
September 2009.

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work, other than decennial census, elections to local authority, state legislatures and parliament,
and disaster relief.

The Act makes education a fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 and 14 and
specifies minimum norms in elementary schools. The Act also provides that no child shall be held
back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary
education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par
with students of the same age. However, in mid 2010, this figure was upgraded to Rs. 2310 billion,
and the center agreed to raise its share to 68%. There is some confusion on this, with other media
reports stating that the centre's share of the implementation expenses would now be 70%. At that
rate, most states may not need to increase their education budgets substantially. A critical
development in 2011 has been the decision taken in principle to extend the right to education till
Class X. This policy helped the poor children of the country to enlighten their future and betterment
for the society.

2. BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY (BJP):

National Institute of Transforming India Aayog, 2015

NITI Aayog16 (National Institution for Transforming India) is to be the institution to give life to
these aspirations. It is being formed based on extensive consultation across the spectrum of
stakeholders, including inter alia state governments, relevant institutions, domain experts and the
people at large.

As Indian nationhood has matured and deepened, we have embraced a greater measure of pluralism
and decentralization. This necessitates a paradigm shift in how the Central government approaches
governments at the State as well as local levels. They must be made equal partners in national
development. Their developmental needs and aspirations understood as well as supported. This
will be by means of systematic and structured interactions between the Union and State
Governments, to better understand developmental issues, as well as forge a consensus on strategies
and implementation mechanisms. The above would mark the replacement of the one-way flow of

16
http://pmindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/NITI-08.02.2015.pdf

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policy from centre-to-state, with a genuine and continuing Centre-State partnership. This
Cooperation would be further enhanced by the vibrancy of Competitive Federalism; with the
Centre competing with the States and vice versa, and the States competing with each other, in the
joint pursuit of national development. Restructure the planning process into a bottom-up model,
empowering States, and guiding them to further empower local governments; in developing
mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level, which are progressively aggregated
up the higher levels of government.

Design medium and long-term strategic frameworks of the big picture vision of India’s future -
across schemes, sectors, regions and time; factoring in all possible alternative assumptions and
counterfactuals. The same would need to be intrinsically dynamic with their progress and efficacy
constantly monitored for necessary mid-course recalibration; and the overall environment
(domestic and global) continuously scanned for incorporating evolving trends and addressing
emerging challenges. The above would mean a fundamental transition from merely planning for
where the Nation’s money goes, to planning where we want the Nation to go. And given its unique
position as the aggregator and integrator of all developmental initiatives of the Government of
India and States, the NITI Aayog would be ideally suited for the same.

Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana

(PMJDY)17 is National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services,
namely Banking Savings & Deposit Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance, Pension in an
affordable manner. This final inclusion campaign was launched by the Prime Minister Narendra
Modi on 28 August 2014. He had announced this scheme on his first Independence Day speech on
15 August 2014. As Indian nationhood has matured and deepened, we have embraced a greater
measure of pluralism and decentralization. This necessitates a paradigm shift in how the Central
government approaches governments at the State as well as local levels. They must be made equal
partners in national development. Their developmental needs and aspirations understood as well
as supported. And their varied local realities incorporated into national policies and programs, with
the required flexibility. This will be by means of systematic and structured interactions between
the Union and State Governments, to better understand developmental issues, as well as forge a

17
http://www.pmjdy.gov.in/Pdf/PMJDY_BROCHURE_ENG.pdf

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consensus on strategies and implementation mechanisms. The above would mark the replacement
of the one-way flow of policy from centre-to-state, with a genuine and continuing Centre-State
partnership. This Cooperation would be further enhanced by the vibrancy of Competitive
Federalism; with the Centre competing with the States and vice versa, and the States competing
with each other, in the joint pursuit of national development. There is thus a need to separate as
well as energize the distinct ‘strategy’ element of governance from the usual ‘process’ and
‘implementation’ element. These would be the drivers of the national reforms agenda, especially
focused on identifying critical gaps and harnessing untapped potentialities. The progress and
efficacy constantly monitored for necessary mid-course recalibration; and the overall environment
(domestic and global) continuously scanned for incorporating evolving trends and addressing
emerging challenges.

CONCLUSION

It is evident from the facts that India is developing at fast pace, which is prevailing multiple trends
and changes occurred during the period. The effectiveness and growthness of the policies
implemented by the political parties strengthens only when some stringent rules are followed by
the ruling party. The Acts is followed effectively when the particular political party implemented
that in the time period of the party. But every political parties ensure that they contribute most
towards the law apart from the acts and policy making, they have amended the constitution with
reference to the society. The growth of the political party is always related to the implementation
and sanctions done towards the society. There are many other acts and laws which were framed
by the political parties but not implemented or extinct after implementation.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.elections.in/political-corner/political-parties-formed-since-independence-in-
india/#sthash.RBZCLgnI.dpuf

 http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/indian-national-
congress.html#sthash.3336g1fD.dpuf

 http://www.elections.in/political-corner/role-of-political-parties-in-india-before-and-after
independence/sthash.2h9zdFoW.dpuf

 http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/indian-national-
congress.html#sthash.3336g1fD.dpuf

 http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b1-8.htm

 http://adrindia.org/media/relevant-news/emerging-trends-indian-electoral-politics-and-
party-system-part-2

 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 notified". Press
Information Bureau. 3 September 2009.

 http://pmindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/NITI-08.02.2015.pdf

 http://www.pmjdy.gov.in/Pdf/PMJDY_BROCHURE_ENG.pdf

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