Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kannada Learn
Kannada Learn
Table of Contents
1 KANNADA .......................................................................................... 3
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................3
1.2 Kannada language has got .......................................................................................3
1.2.1 Alphabets...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Syllables ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.3 Parts of Speech............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.4 Genders (Linga) ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.5 Numbers (Vachana)...................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.6 Case - (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) ............................................................................................................ 4
1.2.7 Tenses........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.8 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence .................................................................... 4
1.2.9 VAKYA – Kartu, Kriya, Karmani ..................................................................................................... 4
1.2.10 Articles.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.11 Sanskrit Influence ......................................................................................................................... 4
2 Pronouns – (I, You, We, He, She & It).................................................. 6
3 Verbs – Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) ........................... 7
4 Quick Samadhan – English / Kannada / Hindi / Use .......................... 16
4.1 Verbs......................................................................................................................16
4.2 Pronouns ................................................................................................................25
4.3 Relations ................................................................................................................27
4.4 Questions ...............................................................................................................28
4.5 Location - Here, There & Everywhere ..................................................................29
5 Miscellaneous .................................................................................. 34
5.1 Opposites ...............................................................................................................34
5.2 Location .................................................................................................................34
5.3 Courtesy words ......................................................................................................35
5.4 Relations ................................................................................................................35
5.5 Things ....................................................................................................................35
5.6 Questions ...............................................................................................................36
5.7 Persons...................................................................................................................36
5.8 Months ...................................................................................................................36
5.9 Seasons ..................................................................................................................37
5.10 Parts of the Day .....................................................................................................37
5.11 Days of the Week ..................................................................................................37
5.12 Time of the Day.....................................................................................................39
5.13 Day, Week, Month, Year.......................................................................................39
5.14 Here, There and Everywhere .................................................................................39
5.15 Relatives ................................................................................................................39
5.16 Colours – Banna ....................................................................................................40
5.17 Vegetables – Tharakaari ........................................................................................40
5.18 Fruits – Hannugalu ................................................................................................40
6 Cases - Vibhakti Pratyaya ................................................................. 42
7 Cases - Historical .............................................................................. 44
8 Cases - Latin 112/113: ...................................................................... 46
Page 1 of 71
Kannada Class Notes
Page 2 of 71
Kannada Class Notes
1 KANNADA
1.1 Introduction
We often talk of using a language in its correct form. In order to use a language in its correct
form it’s very much essential that you know the grammar of that language. The grammar of a
language can be derived on various theoretical principles and linguistic models that have
already been accepted in that language. However we can obtain a proximate reality by
historical reconstruction and the resulting comparison with cognate
languages.
For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com
Since Kannada has been heavily under Sanskrit influence Kannada grammar too is more or
less similar to Sanskrit grammar. Kavirajamarga of 850 AD can be considered as the first
book on Kannada grammar, the name of the book literally means ‘the main road for a poet’.
This has laid down many principles to be followed by a poet in creating his works. There is a
reference of earlier Sanskrit works of Kalidasa, BanaBhatta and also a call for contemporary
writers to emulate the high standards set by those
works.Kavyavalokana and Karnatabhashabhushana by Nagavarma (12thcentury AD) is
also a notable work on Kannada grammar. Kannada grammar is primarily based
on Shabdamanidarpana (1260AD) by Keshiraja.
1.2 Kannada language has got
1.2.1 Alphabets
50 letters in its alphabet Varnamale
16 vowels Swara)and
34 consonants Vyanjana
1.2.2 Syllables
Syllables (Kaagunita) are formed by combining vowel sounds with the consonants.
1.2.3 Parts of Speech
There are 8 parts of speech;
(1) Noun Naamapada
(2) Pronoun Sarvanaama
(3) Adjective Naamavisheshana
(4) Verb Kriyapada
(5) Adverb Kriyavisheshana
(6) Preposition Sambandha suchaka
(7) Conjunction Samuchhaya suchaka and
(8) Interjection Avadharana suchaka.
1.2.4 Genders (Linga)
Shabdamanidarpana describes 9 different forms of genders (Linga) but in modern Kannada
there are three genders namely,
(1) Masculine gender Pullinga
(2) Feminine gender Strilinga and
(3) Neuter gender Napumsakalinga
1.2.5 Numbers (Vachana)
Numbers (Vachana) are 2,
Page 3 of 71
Kannada Class Notes
Cases vibhakti -
1.2.7 Tenses
Tenses are three, namely
(1) Present Tense Vartamanakala
(2) Past Tense Bhutakala) and
(3)Future Tense Bhavishyatkala
1.2.8 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence
The word (Pada) is a set of letters (Akshara) which has a meaning and in turn a sentence
(Vakya) is a group of words arranged in a sequence to get a proper meaning or that make
sense.
1.2.9 VAKYA – Kartu, Kriya, Karmani
The sentence has in turn
Subject Kartru
Predicate Kriya &
Object Karmani
1.2.10 Articles
The articles are of two types
(1) Definite and
(2) Indefinite articles.
1.2.11 Sanskrit Influence
There is a general debate that due to Sanskrit influence and too much adherence to Sanskrit
hegemony in its earlier days Kannada has blindly adapted some grammatical features that are
not its own. Certain features are derived without any rationality. This intentional emulation
from Sanskrit for sometime had led to a belief that Kannada must have been derived from
Page 4 of 71
Kannada Class Notes
Sanskrit. There is an argument to reconstruct the grammar of Kannada at various levels such
as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics on its Dravidian lineage. It is
opined that reconstruction has to be based on modern models relinquishing the redundant
patterns derived from Sanskrit. This is inevitably a question of political as well as social
will! For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com
Page 5 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – I, You, We, He, She & It
Page 6 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 7 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 8 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 9 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 10 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 11 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 12 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 13 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 14 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
Page 15 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
Page 16 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
चढना
To climb, Betta hatthu (climb hill),
Hatthalu, savari
To ride kudure savari (horse ride)
चलना
To walk, Nadi (walk),
Nadeyalu, Chalisalu
To move Illinda chalisu (move from here)
Page 17 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
चुराना
Kalavu madalu/
To steal Kalla kadda (Robber stole)
Kadiyalu
जबाव दे ना
To reply, Prathyuttara/
Nanage Uttharisu (Answer me)
To answer Uttharisalu
जोडना
To add, Idannu serisu (Add it),
Serisalu, Sambanda
To relate Sambanda irada (Not related)
To quarrel Jagala adalu झगडा करना Avanu jagala maadida (He quarreled)
To tell a lie Ondu sullu helalu. झूठ बोलना Sullu helabaradu(shouldn’t lie)
To walk Nadeyalu टहलना Avanu nadedu mane serida(He reached home by walking)
Page 18 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
तोरना
To break,
Odeyalu/Keelalu Avanu odedu haakida(He broke ), hoovannu keelu(pluck flower)
To pluck
दे खना
To see,
Nodalu, Nodu Nodu/Nodi (respect)
To look
Page 19 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
To take care Aaraike madalu परवाह करना Maguvina araike madu(take care of baby)
To get, Padeyalu,
पाना
Naanu modalane bahumana padede/sveekariside(I got/received first
To find, kanduhidiyalu,
prize)
To receive sveekarisalu
To change, Shift, Badalayisalu, बदलना Ninna daari badalayisu (Change your route)
Page 20 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
Page 21 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
To remember Neneyalu याद करना Naanu ninna nenesi konde (I remembered you)
To put, keep Haakalu, ittukollalu रखना Naanu dustbin ge haakide (I put it to dustbin)
To bring Tharalu लाना Naanu tharakari tharalu hogidde(I went to bring vegetables)
वादा करना
Naanu olle kelasa maadalu pramana maduttene(I promise to do good
To promise Pramana madalu
deeds)
Page 22 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
To decorate Alankaara maadu सजाना Naanu hovinda alankara madide(I decorated with flowers)
To understand Artha madikollalu समझना Naanu paatagalannu artha madikonde(I understood the lessons)
To clean Svaccha maadalu साफ करना Naanu nanna kotadi svaccha maadide(I cleaned my room)
http://quicksamadhan.com/learn-english-to-kannada-verbs.aspx
I Naanu मै
He Avanu वह
Page 23 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.1 Verbs
You(Regards) Neenu आप
They Avaru वे
We Naavu हम
Page 24 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.2 Pronouns
Your(many) Nimma /
(M/F)
Her Avala
Me Nanage मुझे
Them Avarige /
Us Namage
You Neenu
Page 25 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
Page 26 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.3 Relations
Father Thande
Page 27 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
4.4 Questions
Why Yaake
What Enu
Whose Yaradu
When Yavaga कब
Page 28 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
From Inda से
In Lift Liftnalli
In Bharat Bharathadalli
Page 29 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
In Kolkata Kolkatadalli
At Home Manenalli
I am Naanu हू ँ
He/she is Avanu/Avalu वह है
We are Naavu हम है
Extremely Vipareetha
Good Utthama
Page 30 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
Again Matte
So (this) Idarinda
So (that) Adarinda
How Hege
come(why)
For me Nanage
Because Ekendare
Much Thumba
Page 31 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
Less Kadime कम
Try Prayathna
Dirty Kolaku
Friend(M/F) Snehitha/Snehithe
Enemy Vairi(Yri)
Salty Uppuppu
In Olage
Page 32 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
Hurry Athyathura/Bega
Rain male
Papers Kagadagalu
Page 33 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
5 Miscellaneous
5.1 Opposites
Mele Up Olage In Kashta Difficult Hecchu More
Kelage Down Horage Out Sulabha Easy Kadime Less
5.2 Location
Illi Here Alli There
Olage Inside Horage Outside
Dooradalli Over there Ella Dharu Anywhere
Ella Kade Everywhere Mane Home
Ellivu Illa Nowhere
Page 34 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
Dhoora Away
Susvaagatha - Welcome
ShubhashayagaLu- Congratulations
Hrudhayapurvaka shubhashayagalu - Heartly congratulations
Kshamisi ,thada ayitu - Sorry,I am late
5.4 Relations
Amma- -Mother
Appa- -Father
Maga- ಮಗ-Son
Magalu- -Daughter
ANNa- -Elder brother
Akka- - Elder sister
Tamma- -Younger brother
Tangi- -Younger sister
Ajja- -Grandfather
Ajji- -Grandmother
Ganda - ಗಂಡ-Husband
Hendathi- -Wife
Maava- -Uncle/father in law
Atte- -Aunt/mother in law
ALiya- -Son in law
Sose Daughter in law
Chikkappa Father's younger brother /Mother's younger sister's husband
Chikkamma Father's younger brother's wife / Mother's younger sister
Doddappa Father's elder brother / Mother's elder sister's husband
Doddamma Father's elder brother's wife / Mother's elder sister
5.5 Things
Ooru Hometown/Place
Page 35 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
Mane House
Hesaru Name
aagilu Door
Kitak Window
Kurchi Chair
Meju Table
Pustaka Book
Pennu Pen
Pencil Pencil
MaLe Rain
Kathe Story
5.6 Questions
Yaaru Who
Yaavaga When
Yelli Where
Yaake Why
Yenu What
Hege How
5.7 Persons
Naanu Me/I am
Naanage I ,To Me
Nanna My
Neenu You
Neevu You ( with respect )
Namma Ours
Nimma Yours
Avaru He/She ( with respect) ,They / Those people
Ivaru He/She ,This / These
Avanu He
Avalu She
Idu This/It
Adu That
5.8 Months
Month Kannada Kannada English Months
1 caitra March - April
Page 36 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
5.9 Seasons
348. The year is divided into six seasons.
Seasons Kannada Kannada English Months
spring ವಸಂತ ಋತು vasaṃta ṛtu caitra and vaiśākha
Page 37 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
Page 38 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
5.15 Relatives
Appa / Thande Father Amma Thangi Mother
Anna Elder Brother Akka Elder Sister
Thamma Younger Brother Thangi Younger Sister
Maga Son Magalu Daughter
Ajja Grand Father Ajji Grand Mother
Ganda Husband Hendathi Wife
Maava Uncle / F –in law Atte Aunt / M in law
cikkappa F / M younger bro chikkamma F / M younger sis
Page 39 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
Page 40 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Miscellaneous
Dhraakshi Grapes
Maavina hannu Mango
Sapota Chikku
Seethafala Custard Apple
Seebe hannu Guava
Page 41 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Cases
Page 42 of 71
Kannada Class Notes – Cases
The eight historical Indo-European cases are as follows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case:
The nominative case indicates the subject of a finite verb: We went to the store.
The accusative case indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us.
The dative case indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us.
The ablative case indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was unhappy because of
depression.
The genitive case, which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun: John's book
was on the table. and The pages of the book turned yellow.
The vocative case indicates an addressee: John, are you all right? or simply Hello, John!
The locative case indicates a location: We live in China.
The instrumental case indicates an object used in performing an action: We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand.
Page 43 of 71
Cases – Historical
7 Cases - Historical
The eight historical Indo-European cases are as follows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case:
1 Nominative Case indicates the subject of a finite verb We went to the store.
2 Accusative Case indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us.
3 Dative Case indicates the indirect object of a verb The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us
4 Ablative Case indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was
unhappy because of depression.
5 Genitive Case which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case John's book was on the table. and The pages of the book turned
and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun yellow.
6 Vocative Case indicates an addressee: John, are you all right? or simply Hello, John!
8 Instrumental Case indicates an object used in performing an action We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand
All of the above are just rough descriptions; the precise distinctions vary from language to language, and are often quite complex. Case is based
fundamentally on changes to the noun to indicate the noun's role in the sentence. This is not how English works, where word order and prepositions are
used to achieve this.
Modern English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic constructions. The personal pronouns of Modern
English retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive case system of Old English). For other
pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the genitive clitic -'s.
Taken as a whole, English personal pronouns are typically said to have three morphological cases:
Page 44 of 71
Cases – Historical
1 Nominative Case (Subjective Pronouns) such as I, he, she, we), used for the subject of a finite verb and sometimes for the complement of
a copula.
2 Oblique Case (Objective Pronouns) such as me, him, her, us), used for the direct or indirect object of a verb, for the object of a preposition,
for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula.
3 Genitive Case (Possessive Pronouns) such as my/mine, his, her(s), our(s)), used for a grammatical possessor. This is not always considered
to be a case
Though English pronouns can have subject and object forms (he/him, she/her), nouns show only a singular/plural and a possessive/non-possessive
distinction (e.g., chair,chairs, chair's, chairs'). Note that chair does not change form between "the chair is here" (subject) and "I saw the chair" (direct object), a
distinction made by word order and context.
Page 45 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
In Latin, word order is not nearly so central to meaning as it is in English: the grammatical function of an individual noun or
pronoun in Latin is indicated by its form rather than by its position within the sentence. (Contrast English, where "The man bit
the dog" is quite a different thing from "The dog bit the man." On the other hand, modern English still retains some elements of
such a system: that is why one must say, "I go to the store" rather than "Me go to the store.")
Each of the various functions performed by nouns or pronouns in a Latin sentence is associated with one of six cases (the
nominative case, the accusative case, the genitive case, the dative case, the ablative case, and the vocative case) and, according
to the nature of the particular noun or pronoun, each case takes a particular form (as in the difference between English "I" and
"me"). The case of the noun or pronoun, as indicated by its particular form, will tell you whether the noun is the subject of the
sentence (the person or thing performing the action or, in more general terms, the subject under discussion: e.g., in the example
above, whether the dog or the man is doing the biting), thedirect object (the person or thing receiving the action: in the example
above, just who is being bitten), the indirect object, etc.
Below is a brief outline of the basic grammatical functions associated with each case. Over the course of the year, you will need
to develop a more nuanced sense of how each of the cases functions, but this outline should provide you with an initial general
guide to how they tend to be used and the contexts in which they tend to appear. [FN 1]
o Names the subject of the sentence — i.e., the person or thing performing the action or under discussion. Tends
to answer the question, "Who/what did it?"
Page 46 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
o In English, the subject of the sentence tends to come first: the main exception are questions, where the
interrogative word tends to be placed first for emphasis.
Examples:
The lions killed the gazelle.
The crowd went wild.
The girls were frightened.
Jim has been sent to Paris.
Whom did he kill?
o The nominative case is also used when another noun, pronoun, or adjective refers back to the subject of the
sentence. A good example of this is the complement after the verb "to be."
Example:
Jim is president of our club. (Both "Jim" and "president" refer to the subject of the sentence, so both
would be in the nominative case.)
o As a rule of thumb, the nominative will be used whenever you are referring to the subject of the sentence.
a. Names the direct object — the person or thing towards which the action of a transitive verb is directed.
Examples:
The lions killed the gazelle.
Jim assigned homework to the class.
Page 47 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
This is the most common use of the accusative. Note that, generally speaking, leaving out the direct
object will leave you without a complete thought: in the second example above, the statement, "Jim
assigned," doesn't mean very much.
b. Names the goal of motion — the person or thing towards which one is moving.
Examples:
Jim went to the store.
She ran toward the house.
We approached the girls.
It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a wall toward which one is heading.
In a sense, this use is very like the use of the accusative to indicate the direct object: in each instance
the accusative names that person or thing toward which the action is aimed.
c. Indicates the extent to which an action endures, in either temporal or geographical terms.
Examples:
He slept for three days.
We ran six miles.
In each instance, the accusative indicates that the action endured without a break: i.e., for three
whole days and for six continuous miles.
It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a line, indicating the space —
geographical or chronological — throughout which the action endures.
The genitive is best thought of as the "adjectival" case: it is used when one wishes to employ one noun to specify
something about another. There are many different specific uses of the genitive, but most of them will be translated into
English through the use of the preposition "of."
Page 48 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
Examples:
Dorothy and the Scarecrow found a man of tin. (The genitive of material. Notice how "of tin" uses
the noun "tin" to describe the man in more detail: one could just as easily have employed "tin" as an
adjective instead ["a tin man"].)
A person of great intelligence (i.e., "an intelligent person": the genitive of quality or descriptive
genitive)
The house of Euclio [= "Euclio's house"] (the possessive genitive: a very common use)
Three of us (the partitive genitive)
The love of God is not earned but is granted freely. (A subjective genitive: it implies the notion that
"God loves," where "God" is the subject of the verb implied by the abstract verbal noun "love.")
The love of fine wines killed him. (An objective genitive: it implies the notion that "he loved fine
wines," where "fine wines" is the object of the verb implied by the abstract verbal noun "love.")
The dative case is in some ways the most abstract of the cases and one of the hardest for English speakers to
conceptualize. In general, the dative indicates a person or thing who is somehow interested in or affected by the action in
some immediate way.
Consistently, the dative will be translated via the English "to" or "for."
The most concrete (and most common) use of the dative is to indicate the indirect object.
Page 49 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
Example:
He gave the pot to Euclio. (Here, "he" is the subject and "pot" is the direct object; "to Euclio"
indicates the person in whose interest the action was conducted.)
Warning: English speakers, hearing the word "to," will immediately make an association with the idea of
motion. But motion toward something, as we have seen, is the province of the accusative case: the dative
is never used to indicate the goal of motion except in poetic texts (and even there it doesn't literally
indicate motion but rather implies it). In Latin, the sentence in the above example indicates that the action
was undertaken in Euclio's interest or to his advantage or in some way that affected him. The best way to
illustrate this is to consider some other examples:
He took the pot from Euclio. (Here, "from Euclio" would again be in the dative in Latin, indicating
that the action immediately concerned Euclio, this time to his disadvantage. As we will see below, if
the Roman speaker wanted to say literally that the person removed the pot from Euclio's vicinity,
he/she would employ the ablative case.)
He seemed to me to be a fool.
The most abstract use of the dative is the so-called ethical dative, which indicates that the statement is offered for
someone's consideration (often, but not always, with an implication of irony or indignation) or as something that concerns
him/her. Modern English readers would perhaps be most likely to run into this dative in the works of Shakespeare or other
Elizabethan authors.
Example:
I am not yet of Percy's mind, the Hotspur of the North; he that kills me some six or seven dozen of
Scots at a breakfast, washes his hands, and says to his wife, 'Fie upon this quiet life! I want work.' (I
Henry IV II.iv.113-15)
Page 50 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
at tibi repente venit ad me Caninius. ["But — I tell you!/Can you believe it?! — Caninius suddenly
came to me!"]
Examples:
She departed from the station.
They got out of town.
Note that, as in the second example, the idea of separation is often associated with the genitive in
English: hence the use of the word "of." Latin consistently employs the ablative in contexts where
the idea of separation is implied. (For an apparent exception, see above on the so-called "dative of
disadvantage.")
a. The ablative used to indicate location in a specific spot or a rigorously defined area
Examples:
They are in the house.
We sat on the chair.
He slept under the bench.
It is perhaps useful to imagine the ablative in this sense as a specific point or as a point within a well-
defined region.
b. The ablative indicating instrument (or means) or accompaniment
Examples:
They hit me with a stick. (instrument/means)
Page 51 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
Such addresses stand outside of the construction of the sentence and are really a type of interjection.
The vocative is easily recognized: it generally looks exactly like the nominative (the main exception: the vocative singular
of second-declension nouns in -us) and is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Examples:
Get over here, Jim!
Jim, you have got to be the laziest person on the planet.
Jim, they're over here! (Here "Jim" is quite clearly a cry to get Jim's attention, since "Jim" plays no
role in the sentence proper.)
Have you seen the neighbor's cat, Jim? (where it is assumed that the neighbor's cat is not named
Jim)
9 Note on Prepositions
A number of the above case usages involve the use of prepositional phrases in English — that is, the English translation
employs a combination of a preposition and a noun ("to the store," "of tin," "for me," "in the house," "with a stick," etc.).
Page 52 of 71
Cases – Latin 112/113
Latin also uses prepositions, but not as extensively as does English. Often the use of a noun in a specific case all by itself
will indicate a notion that in modern English requires a prepositional phrase. That is, the case of the noun all by itself, in
accordance with the principles set out above, conveys the sense of the modern English prepositional phrase.
English once had such usages but dropped them for the most part. Consider the following expressions:
Page 53 of 71
Vowels
◌ಾ ◌ಿ ◌ೀ ◌ು
अ ಅ a आ ಆ ā ए ಇ i ई ಈ ī उ ಉ u
◌ೂ ◌ೃ ◌ೆ ◌ೇ ◌ೈ
ओಒo ऑಓō ऒ ಔ au ◌ಂ ṃ ◌ಃ ḥ
Page 54 of 71
Consonants
ಕ ka ಖ kha ಗ ga ಘ gha ಙ ṅa
ಚ ca ಛ cha ಜ ja ಝ jha ಞ ña
Page 55 of 71
Consonants
ಟ ṭa ಠ ṭha ಡ ḍa ಢ ḍha ಣ ṇa
ತ ta ಥ tha ದ da ಧ dha ನ na
ಪ pa ಫ pha ಬ ba ಭ bha ಮ ma
Page 56 of 71
Consonants
ಯ ರ ra ಲ la ವ va ಶ śa ಷ ṣa
ya
ಸ sa ಹ ha ಳ ḷa
Page 57 of 71
Ligatures
ಅ ಆā ಇi ಈī ಉu ಊū ಋṛ ಎe ಏē ಐ ai ಒo ಓō ಔ au ◌ಂ (ṃ) ◌ಃ (ḥ)
2 ಖ kha khā khi khī ಖು khu ಖೂ khū ಖೃ khṛ khe khē khai kho khō khau ಖಂ khaṃ ಖಃ khaḥ
4 ಘ gha ghā ghi ghī ghu ಘೂ ghū ghṛ ghe ghē ghai gho ghō ghau ಘಂ ghaṃ ಘಃ ghaḥ
7 ಛ cha chā chi chī ಛು chu ಛೂ chū ಛೃ chṛ che chē chai cho chō chau ಚಂ chaṃ ಚಃ chaḥ
9 ಝ jha jhā jhi jhī ಝು jhu ಝೂ jhū ಝೃ jhṛ jhe jhē jhai jho jhō jhau ಝಂ jhaṃ ಝಃ jhaḥ
12 ಠ ṭha ṭhā ṭhi ṭhī ಠು ṭhu ಠೂ ṭhū ಠೃ ṭhṛ ṭhe ṭhē ṭhai ṭho ṭhō ṭhau ಠಂ ṭhaṃ ಠಃ ṭhaḥ
14 ಢ 15ḍha ḍhā ḍhi ḍhī ಢು ḍhu ಢೂ ḍhū ಢೃ ḍhṛ ḍhe ḍhē ḍhai ḍho ḍhō ḍhau ಢಂ ḍhaṃ ಢಃ ḍhaḥ
17 ಥ tha thā thi thī ಥು thu ಥೂ thū ಥೃ thṛ the thē thai tho thō thau ಥಂ thaṃ ಥಃ thaḥ
Page 58 of 71
Ligatures
ಅ ಆā ಇi ಈī ಉu ಊū ಋṛ ಎe ಏē ಐ ai ಒo ಓō ಔ au ◌ಂ (ṃ) ◌ಃ (ḥ)
19 ಧ dha dhā dhi dhī ಧು dhu ಧೂ dhū ಧೃ dhṛ dhe dhē dhai dho dhō dhau ಧಂ dhaṃ ಧಃ dhaḥ
22 ಫ pha phā phi phī phu phū ಫೃ phṛ phe phē phai pho phō phau ಫಂ phaṃ ಫಃ phaḥ
24 ಭ bha bhā bhi bhī ಭು bhu ಭೂ bhū ಭೃ bhṛ bhe bhē bhai bho bhō bhau ಭಂ bhaṃ ಭಃ bhaḥ
Page 59 of 71
Secondary Forms
Page 61 of 71
Marathi Varnmala
Click on the Alphabets below to see what each alphabet stands for.
Page 62 of 71
Page 63 of 71
Numbers
11 Cardinal Numbers
English Kannada Kannada English
Numerals Numerals Numerals Word Pronunciation
1 ೧ ಒಂದು oṃdu
2 ೨ ಎರಡು eraḍu
3 ೩ ಮೂರು mūru
4 ೪ nālku
5 ೫ ಐದು aidu
6 ೬ ಆರು āru
7 ೭ ēḷu
8 ೮ ಎಂಟು eṃṭu
9 ೯ oṃbhattu
10 ೧೦ hattu
11 ೧೧ hannoṃdu
12 ೧೨ hanneraḍu
13 ೧೩ hadimūru
14 ೧೪ hadinālku
15 ೧೫ hadinaidu
16 ೧೬ hadināru
17 ೧೭ hadinēḷu
P a g e | 64 of 71
Numbers
P a g e | 65 of 71
Numbers
P a g e | 66 of 71
Numbers
P a g e | 67 of 71
Numbers
12 Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers. The ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix anē, to the
Cardinal numbers.
oṃdanē
modalanē
೧ 1st.
eraḍanē ೨ 2nd.
mūranē ೩ 3rd.
nālkanē ೪ 4th.
P a g e | 68 of 71
Numbers
13 Fractions
The principal fractions with their signs are
1/8 bēḷe
¼ kālu
½ are
¾ mukkālu
P a g e | 69 of 71
Months, Seasons, Parts of the Day, Days of the Week
P a g e | 70 of 71
P a g e | 71 of 71