PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION SECOND EDITION Kenneth K. Kuo ‘WILEY JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright ‘Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Ine., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at waww.copyright.com. 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For gent! information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 52-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kuo, Kenneth K. Principles of combustion / Kenneth K. Kuo.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-04689-2 (alk. paper) 1. Combustion engineering. I. Title TI254.5.K85 2005 621.402'3—de22 2004007136 Printed in the United States of America. 1098765432To my wife — Olivia (Jeon-lin) and daughters Phyllis and Angela for their love, understanding, patience, and supportCONTENTS Preface xxi Preface to the First Edition xxv Introduction 1 Importance of Combustion in Various Applications / 1 Related Constituent Disciplines for Combustion Studies / 3 General Method of Approach to Combustion Problems / 4 General Objectives of Combustion Modeling / 4 Classification of Combustion Problems / 4 General Structure of a Theoretical Model / 6 Governing Equations for Combustion Modeling (Conservation and Transport Equations) / 6 Some Common Assumptions Made in Combustion Models (Especially for Classical Models) / 6 Several Basic Definitions / 8 1 Review of Chemical Thermodynamics ah Nomenclature / 11 1 Brief Statement of Thermodynamic Laws / 15 2 Equation of State / 17 3 Conservation of Mass / 18 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics; Conservation of Energy / 20 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics / 24 5.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics / 24 5.2 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics / 26 6 Criteria for Equilibrium / 34 7 Conservation of Atomic Species / 36vil CONTENTS: we Various Methods for Reactant-Fraction Specification / 38 8.1 Mole Fraction X and Mass Fraction Y / 38 8.2 Fuel-Oxidant Ratio F/O and Fuel—Air Ratio F/A / 39 8.3 Equivalence Ratio @ / 39 8.4 Mixture Fraction f / 40 Standard Enthalpies of Formation / 43 10 Thermochemical Laws / 47 11 Relationship Between Bond Energies and Heats of Formation / 48 12 Heats of Reaction for Constant-Pressure and Constant-Volume Combustion / 52 12.1 Constant-Pressure Combustion / 53 12.2 Constant-Volume Combustion / 66 13 Energy Balance Considerations for Flame Temperature Calculations / 68 14 Equilibrium Constants / 73 15 Real-Gas Equations of State and Fugacity Calculation / 90 16 More-Complicated Dissociation in the Combustion of Hydrocarbons / 93 17 The Clausius—Clapeyron Equation for Phase Equilibrium / 96 18 Calculation of Equilibrium Compositions with NASA’s CEA Computer Program / 98 18.1 Assumptions and Capabilities / 101 18.2 Equations Describing Chemical Equilibrium / 103 18.2.1 Thermodynamic Equations / 103 18.2.2 Minimization of Gibbs Free Energy / 104 19 Other Well-Established Chemical Equilibrium Codes / 107 References / 109 Homework / 110 Projects / 114 © 2 Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms 116 Nomenclature / 116 I Rates of Reaction and Their Functional Dependence / 118 L.1 Total Collision Frequency / 119 1.2 Equation of Arthenius / 122 1.3 Apparent Activation Energy / 125 1.4 Rates of Reaction / 126 LS Methods for Measurement of Gas-Phase Reaction Rates / 131 1.5.1 Static Methods / 132 1.5.1.1 Flash Photolysis Resonance Fluorescence Technique / 133 1.5.1.2 Relative Rate-Constant Photolysis Technique / 134CONTENTS: 1.5.1.3 Laser Photolysis/Laser Induced Fluorescence Technique / 135 1.5.2 Dynamic Methods for Reactions in Flow Systems / 136 1.5.3 Several Methods for Measuring Rapid Reaction Rates / 137 One-Step Chemical Reactions of Various Orders / 141 2.1 First-Order Reactions / 141 2.2 Second-Order Reactions / 144 2.3 Third-Order Reactions / 147 Consecutive Reactions / 148 Competitive Reactions / 150 Opposing Reactions / 150 5.1 First-Order Reaction Opposed by a First-Order Reaction / 151 5.2 First-Order Reaction Opposed by a Second-Order Reaction / 153 5.3 Second-Order Reaction Opposed by a Second-Order Reaction / 153 Chain Reactions / 154 6.1 Free Radicals / 154 6.2 Lindemann’s Theory for First-Order Reaction / 156 6.3 Complex Reactions / 159 6.3.1 Hydrogen—Bromine Reaction / 159 Chain-Branching Explosions / 162 Chemkin Analysis and Code Application for Gas-Phase Kinetics / 164 8.1 Thermodynamic Properties / 165 8.2 Reaction Rate Expressions / 166 8.3 Brief Description of Procedures in Using Chemkin Code / 169 Surface Reactions / 173 9.1 Surface Adsorption Processes / 174 9.1.1 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm / 176 9.1.2 Adsorption with Dissociation / 177 9.1.3 Competitive Adsorption / 178 9.2 Surface Reaction Processes / 178 9.2.1 Reaction Mechanism / 178 9.2.2 Unimolecular Surface Reactions / 180 9.2.3 Bimolecular Surface Reactions / 181 9.2.4 Desorption / 182 9.3 Kinetic Model of Hydrogen—Oxygen Reaction on Platinum Surface / 183 9.3.1 Simple Kinetic Model of H2/O> Reaction on Platinum Surface / 184 ixx CONTENTS 9.3.2. Kinetic Rates of H2/O> Reaction on Platinum Surface / 186 9.4 Experimental Methods to Study Surface Reactions / 187 9.4.1 Spectroscopic Methods / 187 9.4.1.1 Auger Electron Spectroscopy / 187 9.4.2 Temperature-Controlled Methods / 189 9.4.3 Combination of Spectroscopic and ‘Temperature-Controlled Methods / 190 9.5 Surface Reaction Rate Determination / 190 9.5.1 An Example of Application of LIF Technique in Surface Reaction Rate Determination / 191 9.5.1.1 The Elementary Steps / 192 9.5.1.2 Experimental Setup / 193 9.5.1.3 Experimental Results / 193 10 Rate Laws for Isothermal Reactions Utilizing Dimensionless Parameters / 195 10.1 Equilibrium Constants / 197 10.2 Net Rate of Production of Chemical Species / 199 11 Procedure and Applications of Sensitivity Analysis / 199 11.1 Introduction to Sensitivity Analysis / 200 11.2 The Procedure for Local Sensitivity Analysis / 205 11.2.1 Time-Dependent Zero-Dimensiona Problems / 205 11.2.2 The Procedure for Steady-State One-Dimensional Problems / 208 11.2.3 The Procedure for Time-Dependent Spatial Problems / 209 11.3 The Example of Sensitivity Analysis of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Combustion / 210 11.3.1 Local Sensitivity Analysis in One-Dimensional Flame Fronts / 210 11.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Zero-Dimensional Problems / 210 12 Reaction Flow Analysis / 211 13 Reaction Mechanisms of H2/O2 Systems / 215 13.1 Background Information about H2/Oz Reaction Systems / 216 13.2 Explosion Limits of Hy/O2 Systems / 220 14. Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanisms of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon and Oxygen System / 223 14.1 Specific Mechanisms / 224 14.1.1 Gas-Phase Kinetics of Hz Oxidation / 225 14.1.2 O03 Decomposition Mechanism / 232 14.1.3 CO Oxidation Mechanism / 233 14.1.4 CH2O Reaction / 233CONTENTS — xi 14.1.5 CH, Oxidation / 234 14.1.6 CoHg (Ethane) Oxidation / 236 14.1.7 CoH, (Ethylene) Oxidation / 237 14.1.8 CoH (Acetylene) Oxidation / 238 14.1.9 CH;CO (Ketene) Oxidation / 240 14.1.10 CH3OH (Methanol) Reactions / 241 14.1.11 C)HsOH (Ethanol) Reactions / 242 14.112 CH3CHO (Acetaldehyde) Reaction / 243 14.2 Discussion of More Complex Cases / 244 15 Reduction of Highly Complex Reaction System to Simpler Reaction Mechanisms / 245 15.1, Quasi-Steady-State Assumption (QSSA) and Partial Equilibrium Assumption / 246 15.2. Computational Singular Perturbation Methods for Stiff Equations / 247 15.2.1 Stiff Equations / 248 15.2.2 Chemical Kinetic Systems as Stiff Equations / 248 15.2.3 Formulation of the Problem / 249 15.2.3.1 The Fast Subspace / 249 15.2.3.2 The Equations for f! / 250 15.2.3.3 Determination of m, the Choice of a; and b! / 251 15.2.4 Procedures for Solving the Chain Reaction Problems / 252 15.3 Some Observations of the CSP Method / 252 16 Formation Mechanism of Nitrogen Oxides / 255 16.1 Thermal NO Mechanism (Zel'dovich Mechanism) / 255 16.2 Prompt NO Mechanism (Fenimore Mechanism) / 258 16.3 NO Production from Fuel-Bound Nitrogen / 262 16.3.1 The Oxidation of HCN / 262 16.3.2 The NO — HCN — Nz Mechanism / 264 16.3.3 The Oxidation of NH3 / 265 16.4 NOp Mechanism / 267 16.5 N2O Mechanism / 267 16.6 Overall Remarks on NO, Formation / 269 Formation and Control of CO and Particulates / 270 17.1 Carbon Monoxide / 270 17.2 Particulate Matter / 271 17.2.1 Major Types of Particulates / 272 17.2.2 Harmful Effeets / 272 17.2.3 Particulate Matter Control Methods / 272 References / 274 Homework / 281 I 3gxii. CONTENTS 3 The Conservation Equations for Multicomponent Reacting Systems 285 Nomenclature / 285 Definitions of Concentrations, Velocities, and Mass Fluxes / 287 Fick's Law of Diffusion / 289 ‘Theory of Ordinary Diffusion in Gases at Low Density / 290 Continuity Equation and Species Mass Conservation Equations / 293 Conservation of Momentum / 297 5.1 Momentum Equation in Terms of Stress / 297 5.1.1 Momentum Equation Derivation by Infinitesimal Particle Approach / 298 5.1.2 Momentum Equation Derivation by Infinitesimal Control Volume Approach / 302 5.1.3 Finite Control Volume / 303 5.2 Stress Strain Rate Relationship (Constitutive Relationship) / 304 5.2.1 Strain Rate / 305 5.2.2 Stress Tensor / 307 5.3 Navier-Stokes Equations / 310 Conservation of Energy / 320 Physical Derivation of the Multicomponent Diffusion Equation / 328 Other Necessary Equations in Multicomponent Systems / 331 Solution of a Multicomponent-Species System / 331 10 Shvab-Zel’dovich Formulation / 332 11 Dimensionless Ratios of Transport Coefficients / 336 12 Boundary Conditions at an Interface / 337 References / 350 Homework / 350 Projects / 353 BR e e w ce 18 2 Detonation and Deftagration Waves of Premixed Gases 354 Nomenclature / 354 1 Qualitative Differences Between Detonation and Deflagration / 356 2 The Hugoniot Curve / 357 3 Properties of the Hugoniot Curve / 361 3.1 Entropy Distribution along the Hugoniot Curve / 365CONTENTS: 3.2 Comparison of the Burned-Gas Velocity Behind a Detonation Wave with the Local Speed of Sound / 367 4 Determination of Chapman—Jouguet Detonation Wave Velocity / 373 4.1 Trial-and-Error Method / 373 4.2 The Newton—Raphson Iteration Method / 375 4.3 Comparison of Calculated Detonation-Wave Velocities with Experimental Data / 379 5 Detonation-Wave Structure / 381 5.1 Zel’dovich—von Neumann~Diring (ZND) One-Dimensional Wave Structure / 381 5.2 Multidimensional Detonation-Wave Structure / 384 5.3 Numerical Simulation of Detonations / 386 6 The Mechanism of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) in Gaseous Mixtures / 388 7 Detonability and Chemical Kinetics: Limits of Detonability / 395 7.1 Classical Model of Belles / 395 7.2 Detonability Limits of Confined Fuel Mixtures / 401 7.2.1 Initial Condition Dependence / 402 7.2.2 Boundary Condition Dependence / 402 7.2.3 Single-Head Spin Detonation / 403 7.3 Detonability Criteria and Detonation Cell Size / 405 7.4 Chemical Kinetics of Detonation in H2—Air-Diluent Mixtures / 410 8 Nonideal Detonations / 413 8.1 Definition of Nonideal Detonation and Zel'dovich and Shchelkin’s Detonation Mechanisms in Rough Tubes / 414 8.2. Theoretical Considerations of Energy and Momentum 74s l Pipe Diameter Consideration / 416 8.4 Effect of Several Physical and Chemical Parameters on Detonability / 419 8.5 Possible Measures for Reducing Potential of Detonation Wave Generation / 420 9 Consideration of Spontaneous Detonation Initiation / 422 9.1 Functional Form of Distribution of Ignition Delay / 424 9.2 Experimental Verification of Processes of Nonexplosive Detonation Initiation / 425 9.2.1 Photochemical Initiation of Detonation in Mixtures with Nonuniform Concentration / 425 9.2.2. Gasdynamic Jet as a Method of Creating ‘Temperature-Concentration Nonuniformity / 426 9.3 General Observation and Status of Understanding / 428xiv CONTENTS References / 428 Homework / 434 Project / 435 5 Premixed Laminar Flames 437 Nomenclature / 437 1 Introduction and Flame Speed Measurement Methods / 438 1.1 Bunsen Burner Method / 438 1.2 Constant-Volume Spherical Bomb Method / 442 1.3 Soap-Bubble (Constant-Pressure Bomb) Method / 443 1.4 Particle-Track Method / 445 1.5 Flat-Flame Burner Method / 445 1.6 Diagnostic Method for Flame Structure Measurements / 447 1.6.1 Velocity Measurements / 448 1.6.2 Density Measurements / 448, 1.6.3 Concentration Measurements / 448 1.6.4 Temperature Measurements / 448 2 Classical Laminar-Flame Theories / 449 2.1 Thermal Theory: Mallard and LeChatelier’s Development (1883) / 449 2.2 Comprehensive Theory: The Theory of Zel'dovich, Frank-Kamenetsky, and Semenov / 451 2.3 Diffusion Theory: The Theory of Tanford and Pease / 458 3 Contemporary Method for Solving Laminar-Flame Problems / 461 3.1 Premixed O3/O2 Laminar Flames / 461 3.2 Chemkin Code for Solving Premixed Laminar-Flame Structures / 468 4 Dynamic Analysis of Stretched Laminar Premix Flames / 471 4.1 Definition of Flame Stretch Factor and Karlovitz Number / 471 4.2 Balance Equation for Premixed Laminar-Flame Area / 476 4.3 The Use of Expanding Spherical Flames (o Determine Burning Velocities and Stretch Effects in Hydrogen/Air Mixtures / 477 4.4 Laminar Burning Velocities and Markstein Numbers of Hydrocarbon/Air Flames / 484 4.5 Burning Rates of Ultra-Lean to Moderately Rich Hz/Oz/Nz Laminar Flames with Pressure Variations / 490 5 Effect of Chemical and Physical Variables on Flame Speed / 496 5.1 Chemical Variables / 496 5.1.1 Effect of Mixture Ratio / 496 5.1.2 Effect of Fuel Molecular Structure / 497 5.1.3 Effects of Additives / 499 §.2 Physical Variables / 500 5.2.1 Effect of Pressure / 500CONTENTS xv 5.2.2 Effect of Initial Temperature / 501 5.2.3 Effect of Flame Temperature / 502 5.2.4 Effect of Thermal Diffusivity and Specific Heat / 502 6 Principle of Stabilization of Combustion Waves in Laminar Streams / 503 7 Flame Quenching / 507 8 Flammability Limits of Premixed Laminar Flames / 510 8.1 Flammability Limits Determined from a Standard Glass Tube / 510 8.2. Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Flammability Limits / 512 8.3 Spalding’s Theory of Flammability Limits and Flame Quenching / 513 8.4 Flame Structure near the Flammability Limits of Premixed Hydrogen—Oxygen Flames / 523 References / 528 Homework / 533 Project | 535 6 Gaseous Diffusion Flames and Combustion of a Single Liquid Fuel Droplet 537 Nomenclature / 537 1 Burke and Schumann’s Theory of Laminar Diffusion Flames / 539 1.1 Basic Assumptions and Solution Method / 544 1.2 Flame Shape and Flame Height / 546 2 Phenomenological Analysis of Fucl Jets / 548 3. Laminar Diffusion Flame Jets / 551 3.1 Laminar Jet Mixing / 551 3.2 Laminar Jet with Chemical Reactions / 557 3.3 Numerical Solution of Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Laminar Diffusion Flames / 561 3.4 Effect of Preferential Diffusion of Species and Heat in Laminar Diffusion Flames / 566 4 Evaporation and Burning of a Single Droplet in a Quiescent Atmosphere / 569 4.1 Evaporation of a Single Fuel Droplet / 572 4.2. Mass Burning Rate of a Single Fuel Droplet / 578 5 Fuel Droplet in a Convective Stream / 581 5.1 Correlation Development for Nearly Spherical Droplets in Convective Streams / 581 5.2 Simulation of Deformed Droplet Dynamics / 583 5.3 Effect of Internal Circulation on Droplet Vaporization Rate / 585xvi CONTENTS. 6 Supercritical Burning of Liquid Droplets in a Stagnant Environment / 590 6.1 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties / 593 6.1.1 Extended Corresponding-State Principle / 594 6.1.2 Equation of State / 595 6.1.3 Thermodynamic Properties / 596 6.1.4 Transport Properties / 597 6.2 Vapor—Liquid Phase Equilibrium / 598 6.3 Droplet Vaporization in Quiescent Environments / 603 6.4 Droplet Combustion in Quiescent Environments / 606 6.5 Droplet Vaporization in Supercritical Convective Environments / 610 6.6 Droplet Response to Ambient Flow Oscillation / 613 References / 614 Homework / 618 Projects / 620 Appendix A Evaluation of Thermal and Transport Properties of Gases and Liquids 623 Nomenclature / 623 Introduction / 625 1 Gas Density / 625 1.1 Baseline Method / 627 Ideal-Gas Equation of State / 627 1.2 High-Pressure Correction / 628 ‘Van der Waals Equation of State / 628 Redlich-Kwong Equation of State / 628 Soave (SRK) and Peng-Robinson Equations of State / 628 Virial Equation of State / 629 Beattie~Bridgeman Equation of State / 630 Benedict-Webb~Rubin (BWR) Equation of State / 630 1.3 Mixing Rules / 631 Ideal-Gas Mixing Rules / 631 Mixing Rules for Redlich-Kwong Type of Equation of State / 631 Benedict-Webb~Rubin Mixing Rules / 632 Virial Equation Mixing Parameters / 632 2 Liquid Density / 633 2.1 Baseline Method / 633 Spencer—Danner Correlation and Other Modifications / 633 COSTALD (Hankinson—Thomson Correlation) / 634CONTENTS — xvii 2.2 High-Pressure Correction / 635 Hankinson—Brobst-Thomson (HBT) Model / 635 Generalized COSTALD / 636 Chang~Zhao Equation / 636 Model of Aalto et al. / 637 2.3 Mixing Rules / 638 Mixing Rules for Critical Temperature of Liquid Mixtures / 638 Mixing Rules for Critical Volume V.. and Characteristic Volume V,,* / 639 Mixing Rule for Acentric Factor / 639 Estimation of the Critical Pressure for a Mixture / 640 3 Gas Specific Heat / 641 3.1 Baseline Method / 641 Evaluation of Ideal-Gas Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure, J(mol - K) / 642 Joback Method! / 642 Method of Thinh et al. 7° / 644 3.2 High-Pressure Cortection / 645 3.3 Mixing Rules / 650 4 Liquid Specific Heat / 651 4.1 Baseline Method / 651 Group Contribution Method / 651 Corresponding States Method / 654 4.2 High-Pressure Correction / 654 4.3 Mixing Rule for Liquid Mixtures / 654 5 Gas Viscosity / 654 5.1 Baseline Method / 655 Chapman—Enskog Approach / 635 Method of Corresponding States / 657 5.2 High-Pressure Correction / 658 Reichenberg Method / 658 Lucas Method / 659 53 Mixing Rules / 660 6 Liquid Viscosity / 661 6.1 Baseline Method / 661 Correlating Equations / 662 Low-Temperature Viscosity Estimation Methods / 664 Van Velzen, Cardozo, and Langenkamp’s Group Contribution Method® / 665 Orrick and Erbar’s Group Contribution Method’ / 665xviii, CONTENTS Przezdziecki and Sridhar’s Corresponding States Method® / 666 High-Temperature Liquid Viscosity Estimation Methods / 667 Letsou and Stiel’s Method for Saturated Liquids®” / 667 Brule and Starling’s® and Chung et al. Method / 667 6.2 High-Pressure Correction / 668 Lucas’s Estimation Method*® / 668 6.3 Mixing Rules / 669 Grunberg and Nissan’s Method?! / 669 Teja and Rice’s Method” / 670 7 Gas Thermal Conductivity / 671 7.1 Baseline Method / 671 7.2 High-Pressure Correction / 672 7.3 Mixing Rules / 673 Gas Mixture at Low to Moderate Pressures / 673 Gas Mixture at High Pressures / 673 8 Liquid Thermal Conductivity / 674 8.1 Baseline Method / 674 Miller et al.'s Empirical Correlation®® / 674 Baroncini et al.'s Method / 675 8.2 High-Pressure Correction / 677 8.3 Mixing Rules / 677 9 Gas Diffusivity / 678 9.1 Baseline Method / 678 Chapman and Enskog’s Method? / 678 Wilke and Lee’s Method?! / 680 9.2 High-Pressure Correction / 680 9.3 Mixing Rules / 683 10 Liquid Diffusivity / 684 10.1 Baseline Method / 684 Wilke—Chang Correlation™ / 684 ‘Tyn and Calus’s Method” / 685 Hayduk and Minhas’s Method®* / 686 ‘Tyn’s Method for Higher Temperatures” / 686 10.2 High-Pressure Correction / 687 10.3 Mixing Rules / 687 Perkins and Geankoplis’s Method”? / 687 References / 688 1669CONTENTS: Appendix B Constants and Conversion Factors Often Used in Combustion Appendix C Naming of Hydrocarbons and Properties of Hydrocarbon Fuels Appendix D Melting, Boiling, and Critical Temperatures of Elements Appendix E Periodic Table and Electronic Configurations of Neutral Atoms in Ground States Reference / 711 Author Index Subject Index xix 693 697 705 707 713 718PREFACE ‘The field of combustion has advanced substantially in the past few decades. Major advancements have been made in experimental, theoretical, and computational areas. Newly developed nonintrusive diagnostic techniques allow researchers to explore detailed phenomena associated with ignition and combustion processes. At the same time, increased computational power allows engincers and scientists to simulate detailed reaction mechanisms and transport processes. Highly compre- hensive model simulations can also be conducted with in-depth consideration of many complex physicochemical processes. For example, the thermal and transport properties can be treated as functions of local state variables (like temperature and pressure) in the reacting flow field. Multidimensional time-dependent combustion problems can also be solved with intricate details. Furthermore, new combustible materials have been synthesized and developed. Some of these materials include nano-sized energetic ingredients. It is also feasible to study combustion of mate- rials with complex composition and geometry. In view of rapid expansion of knowledge and capability in the exciting field of combustion, it is impossible to present the basic principles and representative studies of various topics in a single book. Therefore, I have decided to expand the original edition into two books. The added space allows me to include relevant information in many subject areas. For example, in Chapter 2, much more chem- ical kinetic information and reaction mechanisms are now covered in the new edition. Reaction mechanisms of Hz/O2 system, hydrocarbon/O, and hydrocar- bon/air systems are especially covered. NO, formation mechanisms are discussed in detail. Results of many sensitivity analyses are presented. A description of the manage of a very powerful Chemkin code is also included. This book is intended to touch upon many works and include a substantial amount of up-to-date information on basic principles associated with combustion processes. However, it is still impossible to include every aspect of combustion science and engineering development. This book emphasizes the fundamentals of combustion, as follows: + An Introduction shows a global picture of combustion and its applications; + Chapters 1-3 give background information for beginners in chemical ther- modynamics, chemical kinetic and reaction mechanisms, and conservation xxixxii PREFACE equations and boundary conditions for multicomponent chemically reacting systems; + Chapter 4 addresses the differences between gas-phase deflagration and det- ‘nation waves and contains more up-to-date-studies in multidimensional detonation of premixed gases; + Chapter 5 discusses laminar premixed flames with many new approaches and solutions; + Chapter 6 discusses Jaminar diffusion flames and single liquid droplet com- bustion with significant coverage of supercritical combustion; + Appendix A contains a brand new section describing the fundamental rela~ tionships of transport and thermal properties with state variables, high- pressure correction methods, and mixing rules for gaseous and liquid mix- tures. This information can be used to facilitate the evaluation of transport and thermal properties; + Appendixes B, C, D, and E contain useful information for research purposes. ‘A future book, addressing more advanced combustion problems, will be final- ized ata later date and will concentrate on the combustion of condensed-phase material in two-phase flows (such as spray combustion of liquid droplets and combustion of an aggregate of solid particles), fundamentals of turbulent flows, turbulent premixed flames, turbulent diffusion flames of single-phase systems, ignition processes of homogencous gas mixtures and condensed-phase materials, reacting boundary-layer flows, and combustion of nano-sized energetic materials. ‘The second edition of Principles of Combustion is aimed towards graduate (or advanced undergraduate) students who have an interest in combustion. It is also designed for combustion engineers and scientists to be used as a reference book in their research, development, and design work. Based upon my teaching experience at the Pennsylvania State University, the content of this book can be covered in one graduate course if key portions of the first six chapters and Appendix A are selected. Certain portions of the first four chapters can also be used for undergraduate combustion course material. The material covered in the future book is usually taught in a subsequent combustion course, called “Turbulent and Two-Phase Combustion.” T would Jike to thank the many graduate students who took my combustion courses and conducted numerous projects based upon recent published articles in their term papers. Certain portions of selected term papers were modified and expanded to form a part of the new text in the second edition. I would like to acknowledge the contribution of many of my colleagues at The Pennsylvania State University (Prof. Daniel Haworth, Prof. Richard A. Yetter, Prof. Matthew Mench, Prof. Robert J. Santoro, Prof. Michael M. Micci and Prof. Vigor Yang), who have spent their valuable time in reading parts of my manuscripts and providing extremely valuable comments and suggestions for clarifications and modifications. Ragini Acharya, one of my Ph.D. students, has helped in organizing and assembling many technical papers for Chapter 2 and