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Spread Spectrum and OFDM
Spread Spectrum and OFDM
Channel
Spread Spectrum
n Spread-spectrum
n The spectrum is much wider than 1/T
n The spreading is achieved using a “spreading signal” also called a
“code signal” or “spreading code”
n The receiver uses correlation or matched filtering to recover the
original data
+ 4
DSSS Modulation
n The original data stream Data Bit Data In
is “chipped” up into a
pattern of pulses of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
smaller duration
n Good autocorrelation
properties “Spread” Bits
n Good cross-correlation
Spreading
properties with other
Code In
patterns
DSSS details
n The easiest way of creating a DSSS signal is to multiply one period of the
spreading sequence with each data symbol
n Example: IEEE 802.11
n Barker sequence: [1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1]
n To transmit a “0”, you send [1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1]
n To transmit a “1” you send [-1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1]
n Sometimes parts of the spreading sequence are multiplied with
the data symbol
+ 8
Processing gain
Operation of a DSSS
Transceiver
Demodulation involves a
process called “correlation”
+ 10
Original signal
E Autocorrelation
PSD
of Rectangle
⌧ 1 1
fc fc + f
T T
Spread Signal
PSD
E Autocorrelation
of Barker-11
1
fc
Tc
1
fc +
⌧ Tc
f
+ 11
7- Chip M-sequence
Ts
Data Bit
time time
chip
Ts
(a) (b)
[1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 ]
Spreading
Code
7
chip
Periodic
time time
Autocorrelation
-1
(c)
Ts
+ 13
Autocorrelation
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 Result: 1 x -1 + -1 x 1 + -1 x 1 = -3
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 Periodic
autocorrelation
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1
Result: 1 x -1 + -1 x 1 + -1 x 1 + 1 x 1 + -1 x -1 + 1 x -1 + 1 x 1= -1
+ 14
n Two path channel with inter-path delay of 17 chips > bit duration
n Multipath amplitudes
n Main path: 1
n Second path: 1.1
2
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
+ 16
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 20
10
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
15
5
10
0 5
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
-15 -15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
10 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
5
5
0
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
-15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Traditional Transmission
Symbol 1 Symbol 2
Data Bit
time
Intersymbol Interference
Ts
DSSS Transmission
Ts
time Channel
chip Reduced Intersymbol Interference
& In-band Diversity
+ 19
n Observe the peaks in the channel output in the previous slides that are
NOT sampled (Peaks that are not at the green vertical line)
n They contain the “same” information as the sampled peaks – but these
peaks are delayed!
n Steps
n Multiple versions of a signal arrive more than one chip interval apart
n Receiver attempts to recover signals from multiple paths and combine them
More on Eb/It
n Cell breathing
n The boundary of a CDMA cell is not fixed and depends on
where the Eb/It is reached
n Capacity must be offloaded to other carriers to overcome
this effect
+ 26
Multiple CDMA
Cells
n Power control, soft handoff and RSS thresholds play
a very important role in the design
n If too many BSs (or sectors) cover an area, this may create
a “coverage hole”
n Usually, not more than three BSs or sectors should cover
an area
+ 27
Approach
Approach (II)
Approach (III)
n Proceeding further, we get:
Eb S Gp S Gp
= =
It [M/h - 1] vf (S/hc) [(1+f)M-1] vf S/hc
1 Gp hc
M= +
1+f (Eb/It) vf (1+f)
n Cell loading
n A measure of the total interference in the system compared to
thermal noise
n Represented by the quantity r = M/Mmax
n You can show that it is also approximately equal to the ratio of
the total interference to the thermal noise
n Sample calculation
n Let (Eb/It)reqd = 6 dB = 4, R = 9.6 kbps, Rc = 1.2288 Mcps, hc = 0.8,
vf = 0.5, f = 0.67
n Then, the pole point or Mmax will be:
n Mmax = 1 + (1.2288 ´ 106/9.6 ´ 103)(0.8/(4 ´ 0.5 ´ [1+0.67]) = 1 +
30.65 = 32
n If a 3 sector antenna is used, typically, the gain in capacity is by a
factor of 2.55 so that the pole point is: 31.65´ 2.55 = 81
+ 32
Remarks
n Ranges of values
n Power control inefficiency hc varies between 0.7 and 0.85
n Voice activity factor vf varies between 0.4 and 0.6
n The other cell interference f varies between 0.56 and 1.28
for a path loss exponent of 4 and a standard deviation of
shadow fading of 6 to 10 dB
+ 34
Other issues
n Forward Link
n We have to be worried about the pilot, sync, paging and traffic channels in IS-95 and
many more in cdma2000 and UMTS
n The strength of the pilot channel effectively determines the size of the cell
n Interference is from clusters of high power transmitters rather than many distributed low
power transmitters
n Design should try to make the forward and reverse link capacities as close to one another
as possible
n This will reduce the amount of unnecessary interference and enable smooth handoffs
between cells
n PN Sequence Reuse
n How closely should the same pilot offsets be used? (later when we do IS-95)
OR
t0 1 0 0 f4
t1 0 1 0 f2
t2 1 0 1 f5
C B A t3 f6
1 1 0
t4 1 1 1 f7
CLK
t5 0 1 1 f3
f7
One Period of Sequence = 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
t6 f1
f6
0 0 1
frequency channels
t7 1 0 0 f4
f5
f4
f3
f2
f1
time
+
Combatting Time Dispersion
Hop
Frequencies
Received SNR
frequency
Transmission Retransmission
Lost Here Here Successful
+ 41
Example Systems
Collision Different Users
n Slow hopping
1
MHz
n Bluetooth
n Also slow hopping
2.402 2.480 frequencyover 79 frequencies
each 1 MHz wide
GHz GHz
= OFDM!
+ 43
n OFDM enables
n Spacing carriers (sub-channels) as closely as possible
n Implementing the system completely in digital eliminating analog VCOs
+ 44
What is OFDM?
n Modulation/Multiplexing technique
n Usual transmission
n Transmits single high-rate data stream over a single
carrier
n With OFDM
n Multiple parallel low-rate data streams
n Low-rate data streams transmitted on orthogonal
subcarriers
n Allows spectral overlap of sub-channels
+ 45
OFDM Remarks
OFDM Advantages
n Bandwidth efficiency
n Reduction of ISI
n Needs simpler equalizers
Channel
Bc
single carrier
frequency
sub-carrier Sub-Carriers
Amplitude
time
Frequency
4 Carriers Spanning the Bandwidth
of One Carrier
+ 48
OFDM Signal/Symbol
Df
+ 49
OFDM Symbol
n In general
n For N subchannels, the N samples of the i-th transmitted OFDM symbol can be written
as
Complex
IFFT
Number
+ 50
Radio
Channel
+ AWGN
Adaptive OFDM
|H(f)|
frequency
+ 53
Adaptive OFDM
AOFDM Components
Adaptive Loading/Allocation Algorithm
+
Set of Modulation Schemes
+
Channel Quality Estimator*
+ 55
Adaptive Modulation
No transmission (0 bits)
BPSK (1 bit/symbol)
Set of Modulation
Schemes QPSK (2 bits/symbol)
8-QAM (3 bits/symbol)
16-QAM (4 bits/symbol)
+ 56
4 bits
3 bits
2 bits
1 bit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of Subcarriers
+ 57
Subcarrier 1
Bits Subcarrier 2
And Subcarrier 3
Power Allocation
+
Subcarrier N
+ 58
Edholm’s Law
n Phil Edholm
Eventual convergence
n Nortel’s CTO
n Three Telecom
Categories
n Wireline
n Nomadic (Portable)
n Wireless (Mobile)
n Traditional ways
n Reduce the symbol duration
n Needs larger bandwidth
n Leads to a wideband channel and frequency selectivity -
irreducible error rates
n Increase the number of bits/symbol
n Error rates increase with M for the same Eb/N0
n MIMO systems
n There is no need to increase the bandwidth or power
n But what are the limitations?
n Use multiple transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) antennas
n Increases spectral efficiency to several tens of bps/Hz
+ 63
What is MIMO?