AZ he MASS-TRANSFER OPERATIONS ‘McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering Series Editorial Advisory Board James J. Carberry, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Notre Dame James R. Fair, Director, Engineering Technology, Monsanto Company, Missouri Max S. Peters, Dean of Engineering, University of Colorado William R. Schowalter, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University James Wei, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology BUILDING THE LITERATURE OF A PROFESSION Fifteen prominent chemical engineers first met in New York more than 50 years ago to plan a continuing literature for their rapidly growing profession. From industry came such pioneer practitioners as Leo H. Baekeland, Arthur D. Little, Charles L. Reese, John V. N. Dorr, M. C. Whitaker, and R. S. McBride. From the universities came such eminent educators as William H. Walker, Alfred H. White, D. D. Jackson, 3. H. James, Warren K. Lewis, and Harry A. Curtis. H. C. Parmele, then editor of Chemical and’ Metallurgical Engineering, served as chairman and was joined subsequently by S. D. Kirkpatrick as consulting editor. After several meetings, this commitice submitted its report to the McGraw-Hill Book Company in September 1925. In the report were detailed specifications for a correlated series of more than a dozen texts and reference books which have since become the McGraw-Hill Series in Chemical Engineering and which became the cornerstone of the chemical engineering curriculum. From this beginning there has evolved a series of texts surpassing by far the scope and longevity envisioned by the founding Editorial Board. The McGraw-Hill Series in Chemical Engineering stands as a unique historical record of the development of chemical engineering education and practice. In the series one finds the milestones of the subject's evolution: industrial chemistry, stoichiometry, unit operations and processes, thermodynamics, kinetics, and transfer operations. Chemical engineering is a dynamic profession, and its literature continues to evolve. McGraw-Hill and its consulting editors remain committed to a publishing policy that will serve, and indeed lead, the needs of the chemical engineering profession during the years to come.THE SERIES Bailey and OUiis: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals Bennet and Myers: Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer Beveridge and Schechter: Optimization: Theory and Practice Carberry: Chemical and Catalytic Reaction Engineering Churchill: The Interpretation and Use of Rate Daia—The Rate Concept Clarke and Davidson: Manual for Process Engineering Calculations Coughanowr and Koppel: Process Systems Analysis and Control Danekwerts: Gas Liquid Reactions Gates, Katzer, and Schuit: Chemistry of Catalytic Processes Harriott: Process Control Johnson: Automatic Process Control Johnstone and Theing: Pilot Plants, Models, and Scale-up Methods in Chemical Engineering Katz, Cornell, Kobayashi, Poettmann, Vary, Elenbaas, and Weinaug: Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering King: Separation Processes Knudsen and Katz: Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer Lapidus: Digital Computation for Chemical Engineers Luyben: Process Modeling, Simulation, and Control for Chemical Engineers McCabe and Smith, J. C.: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering Mickley, Sherwood, and Reed: Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering Nelson: Petrolewn Refinery Engineering Perry and Chilton (Editors): Chemical Engineers’ Handbook Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering Peters and Timmerhaus: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers Reed and Gubbins: Applied Statistical Mechanics Reid, Prausnitz, and Sherwood: The Properties of Gases and Liquids Sherwood, Pigford, and Wilke: Mass Transfer Slattery: Momentum, Energy, and Mass Transfer in Continua Smith, B. D.: Design of Equilibrium Stage Processes ‘Smith, J. M.: Chemical Engineering Kinetics Smith, J, M,, and Van Ness: Introduction 10 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Thompson and Ceckler: Introduction 10 Chemical Engineering Treybal: Liquid Extraction Treybal: Mass Transfer Operations Van Winkle: Distillation Volk: Applied Statistics for Engineers Walas: Reaction Kinetics for Chemical Engineers Wei, Russell, and Swartztander: The Structure of the Chemical Processing Indusiries Whitwell and Toner: Conservation of Mass and EnergyMASS - TRANSFER OPERATIONS Third Edition Robert E. Treybal Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Rhode Island McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY Auckland Bogota Guatemala Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico New Delhi Panama Paris San Juan Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney TokyoMASS-TRANSFER OPERATIONS. INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1981 Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Book Co — Singapore, for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill, 345678920 KKP 9654 Coy by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechan photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior writen permission of the publisher. ‘This book was set in Times Roman by Science Typographers, Inc, ‘The editors were Julienne V. Brown and Madelaine Eichberg ‘The production supervisor was Charles Hess. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ‘Treybal, Robert Ewald, date Mass-transfer operations. (McGraw-Hill chemical engineering series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Chemical engineering. 2. Mass transfer. I. Tide. TP156.M3T7 1980 —660.2'842278-27876 ISBN 0-07-065176-0 When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07-066615-6 Printed in SingaporeThis book is dedicated to the memory of my dear wife, Gertrude, whose help with this edition was sorely missed.CONTENTS Preface xiti 1 The Mass-Transfer Operations 1 Classification of the Mass-Transfer Operations 2 Choice of Separation Method 7 Methods of Conducting the Mass-Transfer Operations 8 Design Principles n Unit Systems. 12 Part 1 Diffusion and Mass Transfer 2 Molecular Diffusion in Fluids 2 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Fluids at Rest and in Laminar Flow 26 Momentum and Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow 38 A Mass-Transfer Coefficients 4s Mass-Transfer Coefficients in Laminar Flow 50 Mass-Transfer Coefficients in Turbulent Flow 54 Mass-, Heat-, and Momentum-Transfer Analogies 66 Mass-Transfer Data for Simple Situations n Simultaneous Mass and Heat Transfer B 4 Diffusion in Solids 88 Fick’s-Law Diffusion 88 Types of Solid Diffusion 3 / 5 Interphase Mass Transfer 104 © Equilibrium 104 Diffusion between PhasesX CONTENTS Material Balances 17 Stages 123 Part 2 Gas-Liquid Operations 6 Equipment for Gas-Liquid Operations 139 Gas Dispersed 139 Sparged Vessels (Bubble Columns) 140 Mechanically Agitated Vessels 146 Mechanical Agitation of Single-Phase Liquids 146 Mechanical Agitation, Gas-Liquid Contact 153 Tray Towers 158 Liquid Dispersed 186 Venturi Scrubbers 186 Wetted-Wall Towers 187 Spray Towers and Spray Chambers 187 Packed Towers 187 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers 202 Cocurrent Flow of Gas and Liquid 209 End Effects and Axial Mixing 209 ‘Tray Towers vs, Packed Towers 210 A Humidification Operations 220 . Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium and Enthalpy for a Pure Substance 220 Vapor-Gas Mixtures 227 Gas-Liquid Contact Operations 241 Adiabatic Operations 242 Nonadiabatic Operation: Evaporative Cooling 263 8 Gas Absorption 275 Equilibrium Solubility of Gases in Liquids 275 One Component Transferred; Material Balances 282 Countercurrent Multistage Operation; One Component Transferred 289 Continuous-Contact Equipment 300 Multicomponent Systems 322 Absorption with Chemical Reaction 333 9 Distillation 342, Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 343 Single-Stage Operation—Flash Vaporization 363 Differential, or Simple, Distillation 367 Continuous Rectification—Binary Systems am Multistage Tray Towers—The Method of Ponchon and Savarit 374 Multistage Tray Towers—Method of McCabe and Thiele 402 Continuous-Contact Equipment (Packed Towers) 426 Multicomponent Systems 431 Low-Pressure Distillation 460