PARTEA A II-A

&21752/8/&$17,7$7,9ù,&$/,7$7,9
1
$/352'8& ,,/25$1,0$/(/25'20(67,&(

CUPRINS:
3URGXF LDGHODSWH

3URGXF LDGHFDUQHúLJU VLPH

3URGXF LDGHOkQ úLSLHOLFHOH

3URGXF LDGHRX

2%,(&7,9(850 5,7(

¾ FXQRDúWHUHDLPSRUWDQ HLúLDFRPSR]L LHLFKLPLFHSHQWUXILHFDUHSURGXVDQLPDOLHU

¾ FRQúWLHQWL]DUHDúLUHVSHFWDUHDQR LXQLLGH³FRQWURO´ODSURGXVHOHDQLPDOLHUH

¾ DVLPLODUHDQR LXQLORUGHFDQWLWDWHDVSHFWFDUHUHIOHFW DVSHFWXOHFRQRPLFDOSURGXFWLYLW LLúL

FDOLW L i.

&89,17( ù, (;35(6,, &+(,( : control global – LQGLYLGXDO SURGXF LHPHGLH SH FDS GH YDF 

IXUDMDW SURGXF LHPHGLH SHFDSGH YDF vQODFWD LHODSWHVWDQGDUGSXQFWHGH PDQLDPHQWFDORX

FDUFDV UDQGDPHQWODVDFULILFDUHUDQGDPHQWFRPHUFLDOUDQGDPHQWODVS ODUH

REZUMAT:
2PXOIRORVHúWHDQLPDOHOHSHQWUXDWUDQVIRUPDvQODSWHFDUQHRX HWFSURGXVHOHYHJHWDOH

SHFDUHQXOHSRDWHIRORVL GLUHFWIkQXO S úXQHDSDLHOHXQHOHFHUHDOHúLUH]LGXXUL GHODLQGXVWULD

DOLPHQWDU 

'LQDFHHDúLFDQWLWDWH GHKUDQ FRQVXPDW XQHOHDQLPDOH SURGXFPDLPXOWDOWHOHPDLSX LQ

XQHOHDXFDSDFLWDWHDGHDWUDQVIRUPDPDL HILFLHQWKUDQDFRQVXPDW  DQLPDOHOHFDUH SURGXFPDL

PXOWúLPDLLHIWLQDXYDORDUHPDLPDUH

3URGXF LD GHSLQGH GH FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH SURSULH DQLPDOXOXL úL GH FDQWLWDWHD GH KUDQ 

SHFDUHRSULPHúWHGHFRQGL LLOHGHvQJULMLUHúLH[SORDWDUH

3URGXF LD XQXL DQLPDO SRDWHIL SRWHQ LDO  SURGXF LD PD[LP  SH FDUH R SRDWH GD vQFRQGL LL

RSWLPH GH PHGLX úL UHDO  SURGXF LD RE LQXW  vQ FRQGL LLOH H[LVWHQWH FDUH QX VXQW vQWRWGHDXQD

cele optime).
&DSDFLWDWHD SURGXFWLY  úL UDQGDPHQWXO HFRQRPLF GHSLQG úL GH PRGXO FXP HVWH DOF WXLW

FRUSXO DQLPDOXOXL FH VH UHIOHFW  vQ DQXPLWH DVSHFWH H[WHULRDUH FD úL vQ XQHOH SDUWLFXODULW L GH

PLFURVWUXFWXU úLIL]LRORJLFHvQVXúLULGHFRQVWLWX LH – unele din acestea fiind tratate anterior.

1
/DDFHDVW WHP DFRODERUDWGULQJ&RQVXHOD5RLEX
 Lucrarea nr. 2.1
352'8& ,$'(/$37(

Cca. 90 -  GLQ SURGXF LD PRQGLDO  GH ODSWH VH RE LQH GH OD ERYLQH /DSWHOH GH YDF 

HVWH FRQVLGHUDW VXE UDSRUW QXWULWLY XQ DOLPHQW FRPSOHW FRPSRQHQ D VD LQFOX]kQG FFD 

aminoacizi, 25 de vitamine, 45 de elemente PLQHUDOHDFL]LJUDúLHWF

&RPSR]L LDFKLPLF DODSWHOXLVHSUH]LQW vQWDEHOXO

Tabelul 2.1
&RPSR]L LDFKLPLF DODSWHOXLODGLIHULWHVSHFLL

5XVX6úLFRODE

6XEVWDQ H 6 UXUL
Specia 6XEVWDQ DXVFDW *U VLPH /DFWR]
proteice minerale
9DF 12,50 3,80 3,30 4,70 0,70
%LYROL 17,30 7,50 4,70 4,30 0,80
Yac 18,00 6,50 5,00 5,60 0,90
Zeb 16,87 7,70 4,80 3,60 0,77
Oaie 17,92 6,70 5,80 4,60 0,82
&DSU 13,65 4,50 3,80 4,50 0,85
,DS 10,00 1,00 2,00 6,70 0,30
0 J UL 9,97 1,40 1,90 6,20 0,47
6FURDI 16,90 5,60 7,10 3,10 1,10
Ren 36,70 22,50 10,30 2,50 1,40
& HD 2,80 8,50 7,40 3,70 1,20
3LVLF 17,60 5,00 7,00 5,00 0,60
,HSXURDLF 32,20 16,00 12,00 2,00 2,20
Balen 53,20 44,00 - 1,80 0,50
Femeie 12,60 3,80 1,60 7,00 0,20

&RQWUROXOFDQWLWDWLYDOSURGXF LHLGHODSWH

a) Controlul global FRQVW  GLQ DSUHFLHUHD úL vQUHJLVWUDUHD FDQWLW LL GH ODSWH RE LQXW  vQ ]LXD GH
control, luna, trimestrul sau anul respectiv, de la WRDWH YDFLOH H[LVWHQWH G  R LPDJLQH JHQHUDO 
DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL SURGXFWLY GLQ XQLWDWH IDSW SHQWUX FDUH VH IRORVHúWH PDL PXOW vQ IHUPHOH GH

SURGXF LH

&X DMXWRUXO GDWHORU VH SRW VWDELOL SURGXF LD PHGLH SH FDS GH YDF  IXUDMDW  úL SURGXF LD

medie pe cap deYDF vQODFWD LH

3URGXF LD PHGLH SH FDS GH YDF  IXUDMDW  UHIOHFW  LQGLUHFW DVSHFWXO HFRQRPLF DO

SURGXFWLYLW LL DUDW  FkW DQXPH GLQ SURGXF LD JOREDO  UHYLQH SH ILHFDUH YDF  IXUDMDW  LQGLIHUHQW

GDF YDFDHVWHvQODFWD LHHVWHJHVWDQW VDXvQSHULRDGDGHUHSDXVPDPDUFKLDUúLVWHDUS 

3URGXF LDPHGLHSHFDSGHYDF vQODFWD LHVHUDSRUWHD] QXPDLODYDFLOHFDUHDXGDWODSWH

(au fost mulse).

&RPSDUkQG FHOH GRX  SURGXF LL UH]XOW  FRUHFWLWXGLQHD FX FDUH V D GHVI úXUDW SURFHVXO GH
-
UHSURGXF LH HúDORQDUHD PRQWHL úL D I W ULORU UHVSHFWDUHD UHSDXVXOXL PDPDU FRPEDWHUHD

VWHULOLW LLHWF

&DOFXOXOSURGXF LHLPHGLLSHFDSGHYDF IXUDMDW :

-SURGXF LDPHGLH]LOQLF 0 FYI

-SURGXF LDPHGLHOXQDU 0 FO]I[W

-SURGXF LDPHGLHDQXDO 0 FD]I[W

în care:
M PHGLDSURGXF LHLGHODSWHSH]LOXQ VDXDQO
 c FDQWLWDWHDGHODSWHWRWDO SH]LO

cl FDQWLWDWHDWRWDO GHODSWHSHOXQ O

ca FDQWLWDWHDWRWDO GHODSWHSHDQO
vf QXP UXOde vaci furajate;
zf QXP UXOGH]LOHIXUDMDWHGLQSHULRDGDSHQWUXFDUHVHIDFHFDOFXOXO
t = perioada de timp, zile.

&DOFXOSURGXF LHLPHGLLGHODSWHSHFDSGHYDF vQODFWD LH :

-SURGXF LDPHGLH]LOQLF  M = c/vl

-SURGXF LDPHGLHOXQDU  M = (cl/zl)xt
-SURGXF LDPHGLHDQXDO  M = (ca/zl)xt

în care:
vl QXP UXOGHYDFLvQODFWD LHvQ]LXDUHVSHFWLY 

zl QXP UXO]LOHORUGHODFWD LHSHSHULRDGDGHWLPSOXQ DQHWF

Datele necesare se culeg din:

-FDUQHWXOSURGXF LHLGHODSWHFDQWLWDWHDGHODSWHSH]LOXQ DQFFOFD

-ILúDGHPLúFDUHDHIHFWLYXOXLYIYO]OúL]I

b) Controlul individual VHSRDWHIDFH]LOQLFúLSHULRGLF

1.Controlul individual zilnic VHLQGLF vQSURFHVXOGHVHOHF LHúLFRQVW vQGHWHUPLQDUHDúL
înregisWUDUHD FDQWLW LL GH ODSWH RE LQXW  GH OD ILHFDUH YDF  SH SDUFXUVXO ODFWD LHL GLQ ]LXD I W ULL
SkQ vQ]LXDvQ UF ULL

2.Controlul individual periodic VH IDFH OD  GH ]LOH SURGXF LD GLQ ]LXD GH FRQWURO ILLQG
FRQVLGHUDW GUHSWPHGLHSHvQWUHDJDSHULRDG 

ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH ODSWH HVWH H[SULPDW  vQ NJ VH YD IDFH WUDQVIRUPDUHD vQ OLWUL

GXS IRUPXOD

G
V=
D
în care:
V = volumul laptelui, l ;
G = greutatea laptelui, kg ;
D = densitatea laptelui .

&DOFXODUHDFDQWLW LLGHOD pte standard:

Lst = (cl x p) / P
în care:
Lst = cantitatea de lapte standard, l;
cl FDQWLWDWHDUHDO GHODSWHO

p SURFHQWXOUHDOGHJU VLPHDOFDQWLW LLUHVSHFWLYH

P SURFHQWXOVWDQGDUGGHJU VLPHDODSWHOXL

Exemplu6 VHFDOFXOH]HFDQWLWDWHDGHODSWHVWDQGDUGSHQWUXOLWULGHODSWHFXJU VLPH

Lst = (7000 x 4) / 3,5 = 8000 litri.

 &RQWUROXOFDOLWDWLYDOSURGXF LHLGHODSWHODWDXULQH

3ULQDQDOL]HOHODSWHOXLVHSRWIDFHXQHOHDSUHFLHULúLDQXPH

- FXQRDúWHUHDFRPSR]L LHLFKLPLFH

- stabilirea valorii alimentare;

- VWDELOLUHDGHVWLQD LHLFRQVXPVXEIRUP SURDVS W SHQWUXLQGXVWULDEUkQ]HWXULORUHWF

- GHVFRSHULUHDHYHQWXDOHORUIDOVLILF UL

- vQDPHOLRUDUHDWDXULQHORUvQYHGHUHDVHOHF LHLGXS DFHVWFULWHULX

&RQWUROXOFDOLWDWLYFRQVW vQHIHFWXDUHDXUP WRDUHORUDQDOL]H

- GHWHUPLQDUHDSURFHQWXOXLGHJU VLPH

- GHWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLW LLODSWHOXL

- GHWHUPLQDUHDDFLGLW LLGLQODSWH

- GHWHUPLQDUHDSURFHQWXOXLGHSURWHLQ 

- DQDOL]DPLFURELRORJLF 

- GHWHUPLQDUHDVXEVWDQ HLXVFDWHGLQODSWH

SarciQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6  VH FDOFXOH]H SURGXF LD GH ODSWH SH FDS GH YDF  IXUDMDW  GLQ IHUPD YL]LWDW  úL V  VH

DGXF ODVWDQGDUG
 Lucrarea nr. 2.2
352'8& ,$'(&$51(ù,*5 6,0(

 5HFHS LD FDOLWDWLY  úL FDQWLWDWLY a animalelor se face loco furnizor, indiferent de
VXUVDGHSURYHQLHQ  QDEDWRUGXS VRVLUHDDQLPDOHORUVHIDFHUHFHS LDFDOLWDWLY úLFDQWLWDWLY 
Î
inclusiv stabilirea caloului de transport.
5HFHS LD FDOLWDWLY  VH IDFH OD ERYLQH úL RYLQH SH ED]D FULWHULLORU GH DSUHFLHUH D FDOLW LL

DQLPDOHORU vQ YLD  LDU UHFHS LD FDQWLWDWLY  VH IDFH SULQ QXP UDUH úL VWDELOLUHD PDVHL FRUSRUDOH D

DQLPDOHORU YLL SULQ FkQW ULUH $VWIHO OD UHFHS LD vQ YLX ERYLQHOH úL RYLQHOH VXQW vQFDGUDWH vQWUHL

clase de calitate: calitatea I, calitatea a II-D úL VXEFDOLWDWHD D ,,-D vQ FDGUXO FDOLW LORU , úL D ,, -a
UHFHS LDVHIDFHSHJUXSHGHPDV FRUSRUDO YLH

/DSRUFLQHvQUDSRUWFXPDVDFRUSRUDO H[LVW XUP WRDUHOHVWUXFWXULSRUFLGHJU VLPHSHVWH

130 kg viu, porci peste 12NJYLXSRUFLvQWUHNJúLNJYLXSRUFLvQWUHúLNJYLX

5HFHS LD DQLPDOHORU GHVWLQDWH VDFULILF ULL VH YD IDFH FX UHVSHFWDUHD OHJLVOD LHL  VDQLWDU -
veterinare.
6H PHQ LRQHD]  F  VXQW DFFHSWDWH OD W LHUH DQLPDOHOH FDUH DX vQ YLX R PDV 

coUHVSXQ] WRDUH VWDELOLW  vQ IXQF LH GH VSHFLH FDWHJRULH YkUVW  úL UDV  SHQWUX D DVLJXUD R

HILFLHQ HFRQRPLF ULGLFDW ODYDORULILFDUH

ÌQDIDUDVLVWHPXOXLGHUHFHS LHDDQLPDOHORUvQYLXVHPDLSRDWHDSOLFDGXS FD]úLXQDOW

VLVWHP SRWULYLW F UXLD UHFHS LD úL UHVSHFWLY SODWD DQLPDOHORU YLL VH IDF vQ UDSRUW FX UH]XOWDWHOH vQ

FDUQHRE LQXWHGXS W LHUH

&ULWHULLOHGH DSUHFLHUHDFDOLW LLDQLPDOHORUGHVWLQDWHW LHULL VHUHIHU vQ SULQFLSDO OD

JUDGXOGHGH]YROWDUHDPDVHLPXVFXODUHúLDGHSXQHULORUGHJU VLPHSHFRUSXODQLPDOXOXLFDUHvQ

JHQHUDOHVWHGLIHULWvQUDSRUWGHVLVWHPXOGHFUHúWHUHúLH[SORDWDUHJUDGXOGHVSHFLDOL]DUHQLYHOXO

GHDOLPHQWD LHGDUúLGXS YkUVW VH[UDV úLVSHFLH

La bovine DSUHFLHUHD FDOLW LL DQLPDOHORU SH YLX VH IDFH GXS  JUDGXO GH GH]YROWDUH vQ

DQVDPEOX D FRUSXOXL FkW úL D GLIHULWHORU UHJLXQL DQDWRPLFH ÌQ DFHVW VFRS VH IDFH FHUFHWDUHD

GHSXQHULORUGHJU VLPHVXEFXWDQDW DPDQLDPHQWHORU

3ULQFLSDOHOHGHSXQHULGHJU VLPHODWDXULQHVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQILJXUD .

)LJ3XQFWHOHGHPDQLDPHQWODWDXULQHúLPRGXOORUGHSDOSDUH

1 - pliul cozii; 2 - pliul iei; 3 - maniamentul scrotal; 4 - sale (lombar); 5 –XOWLPDFRDVW 

6 - maniamentul spetei; 7 - capul pieptului; 8 - cerbice; 9 –VDOE

3RSHVFX*KúL&hiriac Gh. , 1992).
 La porcineDSUHFLHUHDFDOLW LLSHYLXVHUHDOL]HD] SULQFHUFHWDUHDFRQIRUPD LHLFRUSRUDOH

úLDJUDGXOXLGHDFRSHULUHDFDUFDVHLFX HVXWJUDVODSRUFLLGHJU VLPHSUHFXPúLSULQFkQW ULUHD

pe viu pentru determinarea structurilor de greutate.

3RUFLL GH JU VLPH JUHXWDWHD SHVWH  NJ) DX FRUSXO ELQH GH]YROWDW úL DFRSHULW SH WRDW 

VXSUDID DFXXQVWUDWJURVGHJU VLPHFXVO QLQ SHVSLQDUHFHDI FUXS IHVHSXIRDV ODSLS LW

3 U LOH RVRDVH QX WUHEXLH V  VH VLPW  OD SLS LW FRDGD V  ILH DGkQFLW  vQWUH IHVH PHUVXO JUHRL vQ

WLPSXOF UXLDV QXVHREVHUYHPLúFDUHDVSHWHORU

Porcii de carne (greutatea de 90 kg)VXQWDQLPDOHvQJU úDWHLQFRPSOHWFXFRUSXOGH]YROWDW

úL ³SOLQ GH FDUQH´ &RUSXO HVWH DFRSHULW FX XQ VWUDW VXE LUH GH JU VLPH FDUH RSXQH UH]LVWHQ  OD

SLS LW GHúL S U LOH RVRDVH DOH FRUSXOXL VXQW DFRSHULWH FX FDUQH 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD VWUDWXOXL GH

JU VLPHODSRUFLLDIOD LvQYLD VHIRORVHVF QXPHURDVHPHWRGHGLQWUHFDUHDPLQWLP GRDUFX WLWOX

LQIRUPDWLY XUP WRDUHOH VWDELOLUHD JURVLPLL VO QLQLL FX ULJOD FX DMXWRUXO FRQGXFWLELOLW LL

FXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFFXXOWUDVXQHWHFXPHWRGDUDGLRJUDILF 

La ovine FDOLWDWHD SH YLX HVWH DSUHFLDW  SH ED]D FRQIRUPD LHL FRUSXOXL úL GXS  SUH]HQ D

JU VLPLLFXWDQDWHvQVSHFLDOvQUHJLXQHDORPEDU úDOHúLODED]DFR]LLILJXUD

)LJ=RQHOHúLSDOSDUHDPDQLDPHQWHORUODRYLQH

3RSHVFX*KúL&KLULDF*K

$SUHFLHUHD FDOLW LL DQLPDOHORU SULQ SDOSDUHD GHSXQHULORU GH JU VLPH VXEFXWDQDW  úL

constatarea formelor de dezvROWDUH D PDVHL PXVFXODUH SH DQVDPEOXO FRUSXOXL HVWH R PHWRG 

FXUHQWIRORVLW vQSUDFWLF GHúLDUHXQHOHLQFRQYHQLHQWHHVWHODERULRDV úLG UH]XOWDWHUHODWLYH

0DL VXQW FXQRVFXWH úL DOWH PHWRGH ED]DWH vQ JHQHUDO SH P VXU WRUL vQ DQXPLWH ]RQH DOH

corpulXL DQLPDOHORU úL VWDELOLUHD PDVHL ORU GXS  YROXPXO FRUSXOXL FDOFXODW VDX SULQ FLWLUH GLUHFW 

vQWDEHOHDPDVHLFRUSRUDOHILJXUDúLWDEHOXO

La metoda E.F.L i s k u n SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD JUHXW LL YLLD DQLPDOXOXL VHDX vQ YHGHUH

GRX  HOHPHQWH SHULPHWUXO WRUDFLF úL OXQJLPHD REOLF  D WUXQFKLXOXL GLPHQVLXQL OD D F URU

vQWUHW LHUHVHSRDWHFLWLJUHXWDWHDYLHDDQLPDOXOXLUHVSHFWLY

Prin metoda T u h a n o v s c h i se poate determina greutatea vie a animalului luându-se

vQFRQVLGHUDUHGRX GLPHQVLXQLFRUSRUDOHOXQJLPHDVXSHULRDU DFRUSXOXL/6& P VXUDW GHOD
-
PLMORFXOJUHE QXOXLODED]DFR]LLúLSHULPHWUXOWRUDFLFWRWXOvPS U LWODDVWIHO

LSC × perimetrul toracic

Greutatea corporal =
50
3. Transportul animalelor GH OD ORFXO GH FUHúWHUH úL vQJU úDUH OD DEDWR r este foarte
LPSRUWDQWSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDFDOLW LLúLFRQVHUYDELOLW LLF UQLLvQSURFHVXOGHLQGXVWULDOL]DUH

'H UHJXO  WUDQVSRUWXO DQLPDOHORU VH IDFH FX PLMORDFH DXWR VSHFLDOH VDX vQ FD]XO

GLVWDQ HORUPDLOXQJLSHFDOHDIHUDW FXYDJRDQHVSHFLDOH În timpul transportului animalele sunt

VXSXVH XQHL VW UL GH vQFRUGDUH GH DJLWD LH úL GH RERVHDO  VWUHVV FX DWkW PDL LQWHQVH FX FkW

FRQGL LLOHGHWUDQVSRUWVXQWPDLJUHOH
 )LJ'LPHQVLXQLOHFRUSRUDOHFXDMXWRUXOF URUDVHGHWHUPLQ JUHXWDWHDFRUSRUDO EDULPHWULF

SUHFXPúLSXQFWHOHGHUHSHUXQGHDFHVWHDVHP VRDU  ( L i s k u n ).

Tabelul 2.1
*UHXW LOHFRUSRUDOHODWDXULQHGHWHUPLQDWHEDULPHWULF(E.F. L i s k u n)

'DF WUDQVSRUWXOVHUHDOL]HD] vQFRQGL LLQHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHDWXQFLVH pot înregistra mari

SLHUGHULLDUFDUQHDRE LQXW GXS W LHUHHVWHGHSUHFLDW FDOLWDWLY

ÎQPRGQRUPDOvQWLPSXOWUDQVSRUWXOXLVHvQUHJLVWUHD] RVF GHUHvQJUHXWDWHDDQLPDOHORU

GHQXPLW vQSUDFWLF  calou de transportúLFDUHVHH[SULP DVWIHO

Gs × 100
C= úL Gs=G1-G2
G1
în care:
C = caloul de transport, %;
G1 = greutatea în viu la producãtor, kg;
G2 = greutatea în viu la intrarea în abator, kg;
Gs = scãderea in greutate, kg.
)LLQG R SLHUGHUH FDQWLWDWLY  GLQ PDVD YLH D DQLPDOHORU FDO oul este normat, din punct de
YHGHUHWHKQLFvQUDSRUWGHGLVWDQ úLUHVSHFWLYGHGXUDWDWUDQVSRUWXOXLP ULPHDDFHVWXLDYDULLQG

vQIXQF LHúLGHDOWHHOHPHQWHFDGHH[HPSOXVWDUHDGHIXUDMDUHDDQLPDOHORUQDWXUDIXUDMHORUHWF

(maximum admis 5 - 7/R]LQF 'úL/XQJX6

4. Aprecierea carcaselor VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ H[DPLQDUHD DVSHFWXOXL JHQHUDO DO

FRQIRUPD LHL FDUFDVHL JURVLPHD úL PRGXO GH UHSDUWL]DUH D JU VLPLL FXORDUHDF UQLL úLD JU VLPLL

SUHFXPúLFRQVLVWHQ DúLILEUDMXOF UQLL .

De exempluWUDQúDUHDFDUFDVHLODRYLQHHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJXUD

)LJ7UDQúDUHDFDUFDVHLODRYLQH

Calitatea I: 1-jigou; 2-cotlet;

3-antricot; 4-VSDW -EUD -torace.
Calitatea aII-a: 5-cap de piept; 6-IOHLF
Calitatea aIII-a: 7-gât; 8-rasoale;
3RSHVFX*KúL/XQJX6

&DUFDVD WUHEXLH V  DLE  IRUPD XQXL FLOLQGUX ODUJ úL FX SURILOXO LQWHUQ DO MLJRXOXL vQ IRUP 

de U. Formele de carcase la ovine sunt prezentate în figura 2.5.

Fig. 2.5. Forme GHFDUFDV ODRYLQH

a –FDUFDV LQFRUHFW vQIRUP GH9E
–FDUFDV FRUHFW vQIRUP GH8

3RSHVFX*KúL/XQJX6

2 FDUFDV  GH FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU  WUHEXLH V  vQGHSOLQHDVF  XUP WRDUHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL V 

DLE  PDVD PXVFXODU  GH]YROWDW MLJRXO V  ILH VFXUW ODUJ PXVFXORV úL FX SURILOXO LQWHUQ vQ IRUP 

GH8VSLQDUHDúLúDOHOHIRDUWHODUJLúLIRDUWHELQHvPEU FDWHvQPXVFXODWXU VSHWHOHERPEDWHúLFX

PXVFXODWXU GH]YROWDW 
 &XORDUHD F UQLL HVWH vQ IXQF LH GH YkUVW  DVWIHO OD WLQHUHW FXORDUHD F UQLL HVWH UR] LDU OD

DGXOWHHVWHURúX vQFKLVJU VLPHDVHXODOE FUHWDFHHODWLQHUHWSkQ ODJDOEHQODDQLPDOHOHDGXOWH

- -
&D PHWRGH RELHFWLYH vQ DSUHFLHUHD FDUFDVHORU VH SUDFWLF  FkQW ULUHD ILH LPHGLDW GXS 

VDFULILFDUH VDX OD UHFH GXS   GH RUH úL determinarea randamentului la sacrificare folosind
XUP WRDUHDIRUPXO 

Ge × 100
R% =
Gv
în care:
R = randamentul, %;
Ge  JUHXWDWHD FDUFDVHL DQLPDOXO VDFULILFDW MXSXLW I U  FDS RUJDQH YLVFHUH úL

H[WUHPLW LOHPHPEUHORUGHODMDUHWvQMRVNJ

Gv = greutatea animalului viu la sacrificare, kg.

5DQGDPHQWXOODVDFULILFDUHYDULD] vQIXQF LHGHVSHFLHUDV VH[YkUVW LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHúL

VWDUHDGHvQJU úDUHDDQLPDOHORU

ÌQSUDFWLF VHSRWvQWkOQLPDLPXOWHIHOXULGHUDQGDPHQWúLDQXPH

- la cald VH FDOFXOHD]  LPHGLDW GXS  VDFULILFDUH ILLQG GH UHJXO  PDL PDUH FX -3%, comparativ
cu randamentul la rece;
- la receVHDSUHFLD] ODFFD-RUHGXS W LHUHOXkQGX-VHvQFDOFXOFDUQHDU FLW 
- comercialVHLDXvQFDOFXOúLRUJDQHOHLQWHUQHOLPE ILFDWVSOLQ úLULQLFKL
5DQGDPHQWXO OD W LHUH SUHFXP úL UDSRUWXO JU VLPH-FDUQH D UDVHORU GH SRUFLQH vQ DUD

QRDVWU YDULD] SRWULYLWGDWHORUGLQWDEHOXOXUP WRU5XVX6úLFRODE

Rasa Randamentul Limita Raportul

mediu, % % carne-JU VLPH

Marele Alb 78,6 70 - 82,6 1 : 1,58

Bazna 79,9 73,3 - 86,0 1 : 1,55
0DQJDOL D 78,0 76,0 - 81,4 1 : 1,10

'HDVHPHQHDJUDGXOGHGH]YROWDUHDFDUFDVHLVHGHWHUPLQ úLFXDMXWRUXOXQRUP VXU WRULFD

- lungimea mare a carcasei, de la vertebra atlas la baza cozii;

- OXQJLPHDPLF GHODDUWLFXOD LDFHUYLFRWRUDFDO ODED]DFR]LL

- OXQJLPHDLQWHUQ DMLJRXOXLGHODMDUHWODSHULQHX

- OXQJLPHDH[WHUQ DMLJRXOXLGHODMDUHWODSXQFWXOGLQWUHD DúLD DYHUWHEU ORPEDU 

- -
- FLUFXPIHULQ DMLJRXOXLúLDOWHP VXU WRUL

ÌQ DSUHFLHUHD FDUFDVHORU OD SRUFLQH VH YRU OXD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH HOHPHQWHOH GLPHQVLRQDOH úL

de perimetre, figura 2.6.

)LJ0 VXU WRULSHVHPLFDUFDVDGHSRUF'LQXúLFRODE

1- lungimea mare; 2-OXQJLPHDPLF -O UJLPHDH[WHUQ -O UJLPHDLQWHUQ - lungimea jambonului;
6-SHULPHWUXOMDPERQXOXLDE[\] SXQFWHOHGHP VXUDUHDVWUDWXOXLGHVO QLQ 

ÌQ SULYLQ D VWDELOLULL JURVLPLL PHGLL D VO QLQLL VH YRU IDFH GHWHUPLQ UL vQ XUP WRDUHOH

SXQFWHJUHDE QDXQGHJURVLPHD HVWHPD[LP  VSLQDUHEXQGH JURVLPHDHVWHPLF úLvQDOWH

WUHLSXQFWHODQLYHOXOúDOHORU[\]DYkQGFDSXQFWHGHUHSHUVHF LRQDUHDPXúFKLXOXL³ Gluteus

medius´ DQWHULRU PHGLDQ úL SRVWHULRU GXS  FDUH SH ED]D YDORULORU UH]XOWDWH vQ XUPD

GHWHUPLQ ULORUI FXWHVHYDVWDELOLPHGLDJURVLPLLVO QLQLLSHED]DIRUPXOHLGHPDLMRV

a + b + ( x + y + z) / 3
M=
3
6HPDLIDFúLDOWHDSUHFLHULVXSUDID DRFKLXOXLPXúFKLXOXL³/RQJLVVLPXVGRUVL´VWUXFWXUD

carcasei (tabelul 2.2) etc.

Tabelul 2.2
Structura carcasei
'LQX0úLFRODE

GLQFDUFDV

Rasa carne total jambon cotlet

+ oase JU VLPH total carne total carne
Landrace 64,5 35,5 24,9 16,8 16,0 9,9
Marele Alb 63,3 36,7 24,6 16,1 15,5 9,1
Bazna 57,7 42,3 22,8 13,7 16,1 8,5

CarcDVD GH SRUF VHWUDQúHD]  FRQIRUPILJXULL  SHQWUX XQ SRUF GHDSUR[LPDWLY  NJ
fiind repartizate astfel:
-FDUQHFDOLWDWHVXSHULRDU  40%;
- “ “ mijlocie . 45%;
-³³LQIHULRDU  11%;
-RVkQ]  . . . . . . 4%.
Exemplu GH FDOFXO DO UDQGDPHQWXOXL ³OD FDOG´ úL ³OD UHFH´ PDVD YLH  NJ PDVD
carcasei calde = 90kg; masa carcasei reci = 87kg.
,QWURGXFkQGGDWHOHvQIRUPXO UDQGDPHQWXOHVWHHJDOFX

90 × 100
R% = = 81% , randament “la cald”;
110
87 × 100
R% = = 79% , randament “la rece”.
110
6H PDL SRDWH FDOFXOD úL³UDQGDPHQWXOFRPHUFLDO´ vQ FDUHFD] VH LDX vQFDOFXO úL RUJDQHOH

LQWHUQHFRPHVWLELOH$VWIHOFDOFXODWUDQGDPHQWXOVHULGLF OD -88%.

)LJ7UDQúDUHDVHPLFDUFDVH i de porc 'LQXúLFRODE

VSHFLDOLW L PXúFKLXOH 
- -cotlet; 3-FHDI -DQWULFRWúLFRDVW 
calitatea I: 5-SXOS -VSDW -IOHLF 
calitatea II: 8- piept; 9-UDVROGLQID úLVSDWH-cap; 11-picioare.

Sarcini pentru muncDLQGLYLGXDO 

1. 6  VH GHWHUPLQH FDORXO HIHFWLY OD WUDQVSRUWXO XQXL ORW GH ERYLQH SHQWUX FDUH V-a
GHWHUPLQDW JUHXWDWHD vQ YLX OD SUHOXDUH  NJ úL JUHXWDWHD OD UHFHS LH vQ DEDWRU

2300 kg (3200kg; 3800kg). &RPSDUD LUH]XOWDWXOFXFDORXOQRUPDWúLFRPHQWD L

2. 6  VH FDOFXOH]H UDQGDPHQWXO OD W LHUH SHQWUX XQ SRUF GH  NJ DYkQG JUHXWDWHD

carcasei de 70 kg.
 Lucrarea nr. 2.3
352'8& ,$'(/Æ1 ù,3,(/,&(/(

A. Aprecierea lânii

1. Desimea UHSUH]LQW  vQVXúLUHD FDUH GHWHUPLQ  FDQWLWDWHD GH OkQ  RE LQXW  OD R tunsoare;
2
HVWH FRQGL LRQDW  GH GHQVLWDWHD SH FP  D IROLFXOLORU SLORúL úL YDULD]  vQ UDSRUW FX UDVD YDULHWDWHD

OLQLDLQGLYLGXDOLWDWHDUHJLXQHDFRUSRUDO DOLPHQWD LDHWF

2
'HH[HPSOXODUDVHOHFXOkQ ILQ QXP UXOGHIROLFXOLSLORúLSHFP YDULD] vQWUHúL

ODUDVHOHFXOkQ JURDV QXP UXOIROLFXOLORUSLORúLHVWHGH -1200/cm2.

2. Uniformitatea lâniiVHDSUHFLD] GXS PRGXOGHSUH]HQWDUHDOkQLLFHDOF WXLHúWHFRMRFXO

ILQH HD OXQJLPHD ILEUHORU RQGXOD LLOH IRUPD úL VWUXFWXUD úXYL HORU FDQWLWDWHD úL FDOLWDWHD

XVXFXOXLHWF&XFkWOkQXULOHVXQWPDLILQHFXDWkWXQLIRUPLWDWHDORUHVWHPDLPDUHúLLQYHUV

3. Higroscopicitatea lâniiHVWHvQVXúLUHDDFHVWHLDGHDDEVRUELvQFDQWLW LGLIHULWHYDSRULL

GHDS GLQDWPRVIHU 

Capacitatea de hLJURVFRSLFLWDWH PD[LP  HVWH GH  GDU OD  XPLGLWDWH GHYLQH

G XQ WRDUHúLGHJUDGHD] OkQD

3H ED]D XPLGLW LL DEVROXWH UHDOH VWDELOLW  SULQ DQDOL]  úL FXQRVFkQG XPLGLWDWHD DEVROXW 

QRUPDO   OD OkQXULOH ILQH úL VHPLILQH úL  OD FHOH JURDVH VH SR ate recalcula greutatea
ORWXULORUGHOkQ FRQVLGHUDWHODXPLGLWDWHDDEVROXW UHDO 

100 + Ua
Gc = G ×
100 + Ur
în care:
Gc JUHXWDWHDUHFDOFXODW NJF SURFHQWXOGHXPLGLWDWHODFDUHV DI FXWUHFDOFXODUHD
-
G JUHXWDWHDORWXOXLGHOkQ ODGDWDUHFHS LRQ ULLNJ

Ua XPLGLWDWHDDEVROXW QRUPDO ODFDUHV DI FXWUHFDOFXODUHD

-
Ur XPLGLWDWHDDEVROXW UHDO GHWHUPLQDW SULQDQDOL] 

Exemplu: 8QORWGHOkQ ILQ DFkQW ULWODSUHGDUHNJLDU8UVWDELOLW SULQDQDOL] D

fost de 19% 5HFDOFXOkQG JUHXWDWHD ORWXOXL GH OkQ  OD XPLGLWDWHD DEVROXW  QRUPDO  8D  VH
RE LQH

100 + 17 117 351000

G17 = 3000 × = 3000 × = = 2.949,5 kg
100 + 19 119 119

4.5DQGDPHQWXO OD VS ODUH UHSUH]LQW  FDQWLWDWHD GH OkQ  FDUH VH RE LQH GXS  VS ODUH úL
uscare având umiditatea de 17% (la lânuULOHILQHúLVHPLILQHúL ODFHOHJURDVHXPLGLWDWH
H[SULPDW vQSURFHQWHGLQOkQDQHVS ODW 

gsu
R% = × 100
gbu
în care:
JVX JUHXWDWHDOkQLLVS ODWHXVFDW NJ

JEX JUHXWDWHDOkQLLEUXWHXVFDW NJ

%3URGXF LDGHSLHOLFHOH

PielicelHOHVXQWEO QL HOHRE LQXWHGHODPLHLLGLQUDVD.DUDNXOúLPHWLúLLGLQWUH.DUDNXOúL

XUFDQ  EUXP ULH VDX QHDJU  VDFULILFD L vQ SULPHOH   ]LOH GXS  QDúWHUH FkQG EXFODMXO HVWH GH
-
FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU  ÌQ FRPHU  SLHOLFHOHOH .DUDNXO VXQW FXQRVFXWH úL VXE
numele de “Astrahan”
sau “Persane”.
Bucla este grupul de fibre rulate într-XQ DQXPLW VHQV úL FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R IRUPD LH
PRUIRORJLF  XQLWDU  Buclajul UHSUH]LQW  WRWDOLWDWHD EXFOHORU GH SH VXSUDID D XQHL EO QL H úL VH

IRUPHD] vQD-D]LDYLH LLLQWUDXWerine.

 ÌQVXúLULOHXQHL EXFOHVXQWOXQJLPHDvQ O LPHDO UJLPHDJUDGXOGHvQFKLGHUH GLUHF LDGH

vQFKLGHUHúLPRGHODUHDILJ

)LJ6WUXFWXUDGLPHQVLXQLOHúLJUDGXOGHvQFKLGHUHDEXFOHORU

a – structura buclei; b –EXFO FXD[RUL]RQWal; c –EXFO FXD[

vertical; d – diferite grade de închidere a buclelor
5XVX6úLFRODE

7LSXULOH GH EXFOH DSUHFLDWH GXS  YDORDUHD ORU vQ RUGLQH GHVFUHVFkQG  VXQW WXE ERE

YDOXULFRDPHFRDVWH%XFOHOHGHIHFWXRDVHVXQWFHOHvQIRUP GHWLUEXúRQPHOFLQHOILJ

Fig. 2.9. Diferite tipuri de bucle:

1-tub; 2-bob; 3-FRDP -inel; 5-WLUEXúRQ
5XVX6úLFRODE

3ULQFLSDOHOH vQVXúLUL DOH EXFODMXOXL VXQW XUP WRDUHOH XQLIRUPLWDWHD OXFLXO UH]LVWHQ D úL

elasticitatea, GHVHQXOH[WLQGHUHDEXFODMXOXLúLSLHOLFLFD
2 SLHOLFLF  HVWH FX DWkW PDL YDORURDV  FX FkW DUH EXFODMXO GH FDOLWDWH PDL EXQ  úL PDL

XQLIRUPSHWRDW VXSUDID DHLILJ

 Fig. 2.10. Calitatea buclajului
pe diferite regiuni corporale,
vQRUGLQHGHVFUHVFkQG – 4)

5XVX6úLFRODE. , 1974).

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6  VH VWDELOHDVF  FDOLWDWHD XQXL ORW GH NJ OkQ  GXS  UDQGDPHQWXO OD VS ODUH

FXQRVFkQGF OkQDVS ODW úLXVFDW DFkQW ULWNJ

 Lucrarea nr. 2.4
352'8& ,$'(28

2XO SULQ YDORDUHD VD QXWULWLY  SULQ YDULDELOLWDWHD FRQVHUYDELOLWDWHD úL ODUJD VD XWLOL]DUH ,
UHSUH]LQW XQDOLPHQWSUH LRVSHQWUXRPúLPDWHULHSULP LQGLVSHQVDELO SHQWUXLQGXVWULH

3URGXF LDGHRX HVWHLQIOXHQ DW GH

- specie: -J LQD= 270-300 buc. / an ,

- curca = 80-90 buc. / an ,
-UD D = 180-220 buc. / an ,
- gâsca = 20-80 buc. / an ;
-UDV 
- individualitate;
-YkUVW 
- precocitatea ouatului;
- intensitatea ouatului;
- instinctul de clocit;
-Q SkUOLUHD
-DOLPHQWD LD
-FRQGL LLOHGHDG SRVWLUH
-VWDUHDGHV Q WDWH
&RQWUROXOSURGXF LHLGHRX YL]HD] DPEHOHDVSHFWHFDQWLWDWLYúLFDOLWDWLY

Controlul cantitativLPSXQHIRORVLUHDFXLEDUHORUFDSFDQ úLvQVFULHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUSHILúH

de ouat sau baterii de control individual.
Controlul se face zilnic RXO VH PDUFKHD]  vQ ILú  SULQ JUHXWDWHD OXL periodic (prima
V SW PkQ  OD ILHFDUH  V SW PkQL SULPD ]L GLQ ILHFDUH V SW PkQ  VDX  ]LOH FRQVHFXWLY OD

PLMORFXOILHF UHLOXQLFRQWUROFRQWLQXXGHODQRLHPEULHODGHFHPEULHSULPHOHGH]LOHGH

RXDWSOXVDXJXVWúLVHSWHPEULHúLSULQ testul de 500 de zile (în fermeleGHVHOHF LH

3ULQDFHVWFRQWUROVHXUP UHVFPDLPXOWHDVSHFWH

- QXP UXO GH RX  ]LOQLF VH vQUHJLVWUHD] vQILúD GH RXDW RXO RE LQXW VDX VHDQXOHD]   -) ziua în
care nu s-D RE LQXW XQ RX OXQDU VH VWDELOHúWH SURGXF LD GH RX  LDU OD VIkUúLWXO DQXOXL GH

conWUROVHVWDELOHúWHSURGXF LDWRWDO DQXDO 

- JUHXWDWHDRX ORUVHvQUHJLVWUHD] ]LOQLFJSULQvQVXPDUHVHGHWHUPLQ JUHXWDWHDRX ORUOXQDU

úLDQXDO

- intensitatea ouatului (viteza ouatului):

P
Io = × 100 ,
T
în care: Io = intensitatea ouatului, %,
P SURGXF LDGHRX EXF

T = durata intervalului de control, zile.

- FXUED RXDWXOXL ILJ  WUHEXLH V  VH FXQRDVF  HYROX LD SURGXF LHL OXQDUH GLQ DQXO GH

FRQWUROODS V ULOHFXSURGXF LHULGLFDW úLHúDORQDW FkWPDLXQLIRUPvQFXUVXODQXOXL

- peUVLVWHQ D RXDWXOXL VH GHWHUPLQ  GXS  YkUVWD OD FDUH D IRVW SURGXV SULPXO úL XOWLPXO RX vQ

FDGUXOOXFU ULORUGHVHOHF LH

Controlul calitativDUHFDVFRSDSUHFLHUHDVDXGHWHUPLQDUHDXQRUvQVXúLULIL]LFHúLFKLPLFH
ale oului. Se pot determina:
- forma oului;
-UH]LVWHQ DODVSDUJHUH
- grosimea cojii;
-FXORDUHDJ OEHQXúXOXL
-FRQVLVWHQ DDOEXúXOXL
-IRUPDJ OEHQXúXOXLODRXOVSDUW
-JUHXWDWHDVSHFLILF 
 LQLODKLEULGXO5RVR
PkQL

(OHQD&KLULDFúL)ORULFD'DQ
VWUDUHDHIHFWLYXOXLGHJ
SW
9kUVWDV

)LJ&XUEDGHRXDWúLS

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6 VHVWDELOHDVF SURGXF LLOHOXQDU úLDQXDO GHRX SHQWUXFHOHSDWUXVSHFLLVHGDXGDWH

GLIHULWHVWXGHQ LORUV VHGHWHUPLQHLQWHQVLWDWHDGHRXDWúLV VHWUDVH]HFXUEDRXDWXOXL