PARTEA I

$35(&,(5($&$3$&,7 ,,'(352'8& ,(

A ANI MALELOR DOMESTI CE

CUPRINS:
1.1.'HVFULHUHDH[WHULRUXOXLPDPLIHUHORUúLS V ULORUGRPHVWLFH
1.2.&XQRDúWHUHDUDVHORUGHDQLPDOHúLS V ULGRPHVWLFH
1.3.,QGLYLGXDOL]DUHDDQLPDOHORUGRPHVWLFHWHKQLFDPDUF ULL
1.4. Determinarea vârstei animalelor domestice
1.5.7HKQLFDGHH[HFX LHDP VXU WRULORUFRUSRUDOH
1.6.8UP ULUHDFUHúWHULLSULQFkQW ULULúLP VXU WRULSHULRGLFH
1.7.$SUHFLHUHDFUHúWHULLFXDMXWRUXOLQGLFLORUFRUSRUDOL
1.8.,GHQWLILFDUHDSUDFWLF DGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHFUHúWHUHOa suine

2%,(&7,9(850 5,7(

¾ FXQRDúWHUHD úL vQVXúLUHD FDUDFWHUHORU GH H[WHULRU OD PDPLIHUH úL S V UL GRPHVWLFH vQ YHGHUHD

UHFXQRDúWHULLUDVHORUúLLPSOLFLWDGHVWLQD LHLORUSURGXFWLYHSUHFXPúLDSUHFLHUHDYkUVWHL

¾ FXQRDúWHUHDPRGDOLW LORUGHLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHúL LQHUHDHYLGHQ HLDQLPDOHORUGLQIHUPH

¾ IDPLOLDUL]DUHDFXWHKQLFDúLXVWHQVLOHOHGHDSUHFLHUHDFUHúWHULLDQLPDOHORU

¾ FRQúWLHQWL]DUHDUHOD LHLVSRUvQJUHXWDWH – retribuirea muncii prestate.

&89,17( ù, (;35(6,, &+(,( UHJLXQH FRUSRUDO  FODV  VSHFLH UDV  PDUFDUH

LQGLYLGXDOL]DUH GH]YROWDUH FRUSRUDO  IRUPDW FRUSRUDO WLS PRUIRORJLF DUPRQLH GH DQGDPEOX

FRQIRUPD LD FRUSRUDO  FUHúWHUH GH]YROWDUH HQHUJLH GH FUHúWHUH YLWH]D FUHúWHULL LQWHQVWLWDWHD

FUHúWHULLFRHILFLHQWXOGHFUHúWHUHL ndice corporal, tip morfoproductiv.

REZUMAT:
Studiind caracterele morfologice exterioare ale animalelor se poate face aprecierea valorii
economice a acestora.
6WXGLXOH[WHULRUXOXLDUHFDDSOLFD LLSUDFWLFH

ƒ LGHQWLILFDUHDLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHDúLGHWHUPLQDU ea raselor;
ƒ DSUHFLHUHDYkUVWHLJUDGXOXLGHGH]YROWDUHFRUSRUDO úLDFRQIRUPD LHLFRUSRUDOH

ƒ VWDELOLUHDWLSXOXLGHSURGXF LHDDQLPDOHORU

ƒ FUHúWHUHDDQLPDOHORUWLQHUH

ƒ DSUHFLHUHDUH]LVWHQ HLRUJDQLVPXOXLODEROLúLODGHVFRSHULUHDXQRUGHIHFWHVDXEROL

ASUHFLHUHD DQLPDOHORU GXS  H[WHULRU VH IDFH vQ PRG FXUHQW vQ IHUPHOH GH VHOHF LH úL

UHSURGXF LH FD R HWDS  REOLJDWRULH vQ FDGUXO WHKQRORJLHL GH DPHOLRUDUH úL VXQW QHFHVDUH GRX 

H[DPHQH DQDOLWLF VWXGLXO DP QXQ LW DO PRGXOXL FXP VH SUH]LQW  ILHFDUH UHJLXQH FRUSRUDO  vQ

OHJ WXU FXFHOHODOWH úL IXQF LRQDUHD vQWUHJXOXL RUJDQLVP úL GHVLQWH]  H[DPLQDUHD vQ DQVDPEOX

vQOHJ WXU FXGH]YROWDUHDJHQHUDO 

8UP ULUHD SURFHVHORU GH FUHúWHUH úL GH]YROWDUH QH DMXW  V  LQWHUYHQLP SULQ IDFWRULL GH

PHGLX úL V  FRUHFW P XQHOH GHILFLHQ H FDUH VH SRW LYL vQ SHULRDGD GH FUHúWHUH SHULRDGD

LQWUDXWHULQ úLSRVWXWHULQ ODPDPLIHUHVDXSHULRDGDHPEULRQDU úLSRVWHPEULRQDU ODS V UL

 Lucrarea nr. 1.1
DESCRIEREA EXTERIORULUI MAMIFERELOR
ù,3 6 5,/25'20(67,&(

3HQWUX H[DPLQDUHD UHJLXQLORU FRUSRUDOH FRUSXO DQLPDOXOXL VH vPSDUWH vQ SDWUX S U L FDS

JkWWUXQFKLúLPHPEUHILJILJILJILJILJ

Capul: a) ED]DDQDWRPLF RDVHOHúLPXúFKLLFDSXOXL

EIRUPDWUXQFKLGHSLUDPLG ODWRDWHVSHFLLOH

c) regiuni: -ODH[WUHPLWDWHDDQWHULRDU UHJLXQHDERWXOXLQ ULORUJXULLúLE UELLORU

-ODH[WUHPLWDWHDSRVWHULRDU UHJLXQHDFHIHLSDURWLGHLJkWOHMXOXL;
-SHID DVXSHULRDU UHJLXQHDIUXQ LLIH HLFRDUQHORU
-SHID DLQIHULRDU UHJLXQHDMJKHDEXOXLJRQDúHORU
- SH IH HOH ODWHUDOH GUHDSWD VWkQJD UHJLXQHD XUHFKLORU WkPSOHORU
RFKLORUúLREUDMLORU

La cabaline: - UHJLXQHD IUXQ LL WUHEXLH V  ILH OXQJ  ODUJ  GUHDSW  úL LQWHJU  I U 
cicatrice);
- OD DQLPDOHOH vQ YkUVW  VH DGkQFHVF UHJLXQHD QDVXOXL E UELHL JRQDúHORU
MJKHDEXOXLXUHFKLORUWkPSOHLVROQL HLVLWXDWHGHDVXSUDRFKLORU

-UHJLXQHDRFKLXOXLWUHEXLHV ILHPDUHFXSXSLODPRELO ;
-Q ULOHWUHEXLHV ILHVXE LULPRELOHúLOXQJLFDOXOUHVSLU QXPDLSHQ UL

La taurine: -PDVFXOXODUHFDSXOVFXUWODUJFXSLHOHDJURDV 
- IHPHODDUHFDSXOPDLOXQJPDLVXE LUHFXSLHOHDPDLILQ 
- OD UHJLXQHD IUXQ LL DSDU FRDUQHOH -40 cm úL DX GLUHF LH RUL]RQWDO 

YHUWLFDO VDXREOLF 

- XUHFKLOHVXQWPDULS URDVHúLvQGUHSWDWHODWHUDO
- RFKLLVXQWPDULúLPDLERPED LGHFkWODFDO
- ERWXOHVWHOLSVLWGHS ULDUSLHOHDFDUHvODFRSHU HVWHXPHG úLUHFH
- gura are buzele groase;
- sub regiuneDMJKHDEXOXLVHIRUPHD] VDOEDSOLXOSLHLLFDUHVHFRQWLQX úL

SHPDUJLQHDLQIHULRDU DJkWXOXL

La ovine: -ODXQHOHUDVHDSDUFRDUQHOHGUHSWHVSLUDO VIUHGHO

-XUHFKLOHDXIRUPHGLIHULWHvQIXQF LHGHUDV 
-Q ULOHVXQWODUJLELQHGHVFKLVH
- EX]HOHVXQWVXE LULPRELOHúLILQH

La suine: -ID DERWXOúLSDUWHDDQWHULRDU FHORUGRX PD[LODUHIRUPHD] UkWXOEX]HOH

sunt asimetrice.

/DS V UL :
-J LQD -SHFUHúWHWXOFDSXOXLSUH]LQW FUHDVWDFDUHHVWHGLIHULW vQIXQF LHGHUDV 

úLVH[

- cLRFXOGLIHU FDIRUP P ULPHúLFXORDUHvQIXQF LHGHUDV 

- curca: - FDSXO QX SUH]LQW  FUHDVW  FL HVWH DFRSHULW FX R SLHOH JURDV  SH IUXQWH

GHDVXSUDFLRFXOXLDUHPR 

-UD D -FLRFXOHVWHPDUHODWúLGHFXORULGLIHULWHvQIXQF LHGHUDV 

 gâsca: -DUHFDSXOXúRUWXUWLWODWHUDO
− ciocul este puternic.

Gâtul1: DED]DDQDWRPLF YHUWHEUHOHFHUYLFDOHúLPXúFKLLGLQUHJLXQHDJkWXOXL

ESUH]LQW  GRX H[WUHPLW

- L DQWHULRDU 
- - se prinde de cap;
-SRVWHULRDU -vOOHDJ GHWUXQFKL
-GRX PDUJLQL VXSHULRDU
-
-LQIHULRDU 

-GRX IH HODWHUDOH

La cabaline: -SHPDUJLQHDVXSHULRDU VHDIO FRDPD

La taurine: -SHPDUJLQHDLQIHULRDU SLHOHDGHSHJkWIRUPHD] VDOED

- OD WDXUL SH PDUJLQHD VXSHULRDU  D JkWXOXL VH J VHúWH XQ GHSR]LW GH
JU VLPHQXPLWFHUELFH

La ovine: -SLHOHDGHSHJkWSUH]LQW FXWHVXEIRUP GHFUDYDWH0HULQRV

-SUH]LQW FXW ODFDSXOSLHSWXOXLúRU 

La suine: -VFXUWPXVFXORVúLELQHOHJDWGHWUXQFKL

/DS V UL : -J LQL-GUHSWDUFXLWúLDFRSHULWVDXQXFXSHQH

- FXUF  - H[WUHPLWDWHD VXSHULRDU  HVWH JRODú  SH HD J VLQGX VH IRUPD LXQL
-
FDQLúWHP UJHOH

- la partea infHULRDU DJkWXOXLVHDIO JXúD

Trunchiul : DED]DDQDWRPLF  FRORDQDYHUWHEUDO

-
- sternul
- oasele bazinului
- musculatura.
EDOF WXLUH -GRX IH HODWHUDOH-UHJLXQLOHFRDVWHORUIODQFXOXLúLLHL

-RID VXSHULRDU - regiunile greb QXOXLVSLQ ULLúDOHORUúLDFUXSHL

- R ID  LQIHULRDU  - UHJLXQLOH WUHFHULL FKLQJLL DEGRPHQXOXL úL
LQJYLQDO 

- GRX  H[WUHPLW L - DQWHULRDU  FX UHJLXQLOH SLHSWXOXL VXEVXRULORU

LQWHUVXEVXRULORUúLFXWLHLWRUDFLFH

- SRVWHULRDU  FX UHJLXQLOH FR]L i, anusului, vulvei,

WHVWLFXOHORUúLSHULQHDO 

Membrele: anterioare posterioare

- spata - coapsa
-XP UXO - fesa
-EUD XO - grasetul
-DQWHEUD XO - gamba
- cotul - jaretul
- genunchiul - fluierul
- fluierul - buletul
- buletul (glezna) -FKLúL D
-FKLúL D - coroana
- coroana - copita
- unghiile (copite)

1$WDúDUHDFDSXOXLFXJkWXOWUHEXLHV VHIDF SHQHVLP LWH&RQVWLWXLHGHIHFWHFDSXOGHVFXVXWvQWUHFDSúLJkWH[LVW R

VFRELWXU  SURQXQ DW  FDSXO SODFDW ORFXO GH GHOLPLWDUH HVWH SUHD OLQ FDS JURVRODQ FDS PDUH SLHOH JURDV  S U

JURVFDSGHúWLXF SURILOSUHDFRQFDYFDSEHUEHFDWSURILOSUHDFRQYH[

 Fig. 1.1. Regiunile corporale la cabaline :
1 –UHJIUXQ LL–UHJIH LL– reg. vârfului nasului; 4 –UHJE UELHL–UHJJRQDúHORU– reg. ochiului; 7 – reg.
obrazului; 8 – reg. gurii; 9 –UHJVROQL HL– reg. tâmplei; 11 – reg. urechii; 12 – reg. cefei; 13 –UHJSDURWLGLDQ 
14 – reg. gâtlejului; 15 – reg. gâtului; 16 –UHJJUHDE QXOXL–UHJVSLQ ULL–UHJúDOHORU– reg. crupei;
20 – reg. trecerii chingii; 21 –UHJDEGRPLQDO –UHJFRVWDO – reg. flancului; 24 –UHJúROGXOXL– reg.
pieptului; 26 – reg. cozii; 27 – reg. spetei; 28 –UHJEUD XOXL–UHJDQWHEUD XOXL– reg. genunchiului; 31 – reg.
fluierului; 32 – reg. tendonului; 33 – reg. gleznei; 34 –UHJFKLúL HL– reg. coroanei; 36 – reg. copitei; 37 – reg.
coapsei; 38 – reg. fesei; 39 – reg. gambei; 40 –UHJMDUHWXOXL3RSHVFX*KúL&KLULDF*K

Fig. 1.2. Regiunile corporale la taurine :

1-UHJIUXQ LL; 2-UHJIH HL-reg. oglinzii (botului); 4-reg. obrazului; 5-reg. ochiului; 6-reg. tâmplei; 7-coarnele;
8-reg. urechii; 9- reg. gurii (subregiunea buzelor); 10-reg. cefei; 11-UHJSDURWLGLDQ -reg. gâtului; 13-reg.
JUHDE QXOXL-UHJVSLQ ULL-re JúDOHORU-reg. crupei; 17-UHJDEGRPLQDO -reg. pieptului; 19-reg. cozii;

20-UHJFRVWDO -reg. flancului; 22-UHJúROGXOXL-reg. spetei; 24-UHJEUD XOXL-UHJDQWHEUD XOXL-reg.

genunchiului; 27-reg. fluierului; 28-reg. gleznei; 29-rHJFKLúL HL-reg. coroanei; 31-reg.copitei (ongloanelor);
32-reg. coapsei; 33-reg. fesei; 34-reg. gambei; 35-reg. jaretului; 36-UHJWHVWLFXODU 3RSHVFX*K&KLULDF*K
 15

Fig, 1.3. Regiunile corporale la porcine:

1-fruntea; 2-ID D- botul; 4-obrazul; 5-urechea; 6-ochiul; 7-gâtul; 8-JUHDE QXO-spinarea; 10-úDOHOH-crupa;
12-UHJDEGRPLQDO -UHJFRVWDO -flancul;15-úROGXO-pieptul; 17-coada; 18-reg. spetei; 19-UHJEUD XOXL
20-UHJDQWHEUD XOXL-genunchiul; 22-fluierul; 23-glezna; 24-UHJFKLúL HL-reg. coroanei; 26-copitele; 27-
coapsa; 28-reg. fesei; 29-UHJWHVWLFXODU -gamba; 31-jaretul; 32-fluierul (Popescu Gh. , Lungu S. , 1993).

Fig. 1.4. Regiunile corporale la ovine:

1–cap; 2–gât; 3–UHJJUHDE QXOXL–reJVSLQ ULL-UHJúDOHORU-reg. crupei; 7-UHJDEGRPLQDO -UHJFRVWDO -
reg. flancului; 10-UHJúROGXOXL-reg. pieptului; 12-reg. cozii; 13-reg. spetei; 14-UHJEUD XOXL-UHJDQWHEUD XOXL
16-reg. genunchiului; 17-reg. fluierului; 18-reg. gleznei; 19-UHJFKLúL HL-reg. coroanei; 21-reg. copitei
(ongloanelor); 22-reg. coapsei; 23-reg. fesei; 24-reg. gambei; 25-reg. jaretului; 26-UHJWHVWLFXODU 
5XVX6úLFRODE
 )LJ5HJLXQLOHFRUSRUDOHODFRFRú

1- frunte; 2-FUHúWHWXO capului; 3-ceafa; 4-creasta; 5-E UEL D-sprânceana; 7-obraz; 8-ureche; 9-XUHFKLXúH-cioc;
11-gât; 12-ochi; 13-capul pieptului; 14-piept propriu-zis; 15-abdomen; 16-FRDG -spinare; 18- vârful aripii;
19-coapsa; 20-gamba; 21-F OFkL-fluier; 23-pinten; 24-degetul I; 25-degetul II; 26-degetul III; 27-degetul IV;
28-ODQ HWHGHFUXSLRQ-remige; 30-seceri mari; 31-seceri mici; 32-UHFWULFH5XVX6úLFRODE

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6 VHGHOLPLWH]HUHJLXQLOHFRUSRUDOHSHPXODMHOHGLQODERUDWRUúLDQLPDOHOHGLQIHUP 
 Lucrarea nr. 1.2
&812$ù7(5($5$6(/25'($1,0$/(

ù,3 6 5,'20(67,&(

D&ODVD0$0,)(5(VSHFLLúLUDVH

1) Bovine (taurine): - rase locale: - primitive -0RF QL DYDFDGHPXQWH

-6XUDGHVWHS
- ameliorate - mixte -% O DW URPkQHDVF 
-%UXQ
- Pinzgau de Transilvania
- pentru lapte –5RúLH'REURJHDQ
- rase importate: - pentru lapte -)UL] 
-5RúLHGDQH] 
- Jersey
- mixte - Simmental
- Schwyz
- Pinzgau
- pentru carne - Charolaise
- Hereford
- Aberdeen Angus
- Santa-Gertruda

2) Ovine, caprine:- ovine : - rase locale: -SHQWUXOkQ -FXOkQ ILQ - Merinos de Palas
-0HULQRVWUDQVLOY QHDQ

- SSDQF
-FXOkQ VHPLILQ - LJDLH

-FXOkQ JURDV - XUFDQ

- pentru lapte –)UL]

- pentru pielicele - Karakul
- rase importate -FXOkQ ILQ - Merinos de Stavropol
- Merinos australian
- rase mixte - Romney-Marsch
- Île de France

- caprine : - pentru lapte -Sannen

-$OE GH%DQDW
-SHQWUXOkQ - Angora
- pentru puf –&DúPLU
- rase mixte –&DUSDWLQ

3) Porcine (suine): - rase locale: - Stocli

- Porcul românesc de carne
- Bazna
- Negru de strei
-0DQJDOL D
- rase importate - Marele Alb
- Landrace
- Marele Negru
- Berk
- Pietrain
- Duroc
- Hampshire
 4) (FYLQHFDEDOLQHP JDUXO : - cabaline -UDVHFXOWXUDOHSHUIHF LRQDWHúLDPHOLRUDWH
-UDVHXúRDUH- Arab
- Pur sânge englez
- rase mixte - Gidran
-7U SDúXO5RPkQHVF
- Nonius
-/LSL DQ
- Furioso-North-Star
- rase grele - Ardenez
- rase locale -+X XO
-5RPkQHVFGHúHV
- Românesc de munte
-UDVHúLWLSXULvQIRUPDUH- Sport românesc
- Semigreu românesc
-ORFDOLDPHOLRUD L
5) Mamifere mici:
SHQWUXEODQ : - rR] WRDUH - LHSXUHOHGHFDV : -SHQWUXEODQ úLFDUQH 8ULDúXO%HOJLDQ
-
-8ULDúXO$OE
- Berbec
- Fluture
-SHQWUXS U - Angora
- nutria
- carnivore: - vulpea argintie
- QXUFDHXURSHDQ
E&ODVD3 6 5,* LQDGRPHVWLF -UDVHXúRDUH- Leghorn
VSHFLLúLUDVH - rase grele - Cochinchina
- Brahma
- Cornish
-SHQWUXSURGXF LLPL[WH- Rhode-Island
- Plymouth-Rock
- Sussex
-*kWJRODúGH7UDQVLOYDQLD
2) *kVFDGRPHVWLF
3) 5D DGRPHVWLF úLOHúHDVF
4) &XUFDGRPHVWLF
5) Bibilica
6) Porumbelul

F&ODVD3(ù7,FXVSHFLLOH crapul
2) S VWU YXO
3) sturioni (cega, morunul, nisetrul)

d) Clasa INSECTE, cu speciile:

1) YLHUPHOHGHP WDVH - Bombyx moriKU QLWFXIUXQ]HGHGXG
- Antheraea pernyKU QLWFXIUXQ] GHVWHMDU
- Philosamia riciniKU QLWFXIUXQ] GHULFLQ
2) albina

Sarcini pentru muncaLQGLYLGXDO 

6 VHUHFXQRDVF úLV VHGHVFULHUDVHOHSUH]HQWDWHSHSODQúHvQODERUDWRUúLFHOHGLQIHUPD

SURSULHVDXFHDYL]LWDW 
 Lucrarea nr. 1.3
INDIVIDUALIZAREA ANIMALELOR DOMESTICE
7HKQLFDPDUF ULL

Prin marcare VH vQ HOHJH vQVHPQDUHD DQLPDOHORU SUintr-XQ DQXPLW SURFHGHX úL VHPQH
FRQYHQ LRQDOHSHQWUXFDHOHV SRDW ILXúRUGHRVHELWHV SRDW ILLGHQWLILFDWHRULFkQG

0DUFDUHD UHSUH]LQW  SULPD RSHUD LH FDUH VH H[HFXW  vQ OXFU ULOH GH VHOHF LH G 

SRVLELOLWDWHDXUP ULULLDQLPDOXOXLWRWWLPSXOYLH LL .
(VWHQHFHVDU SHQWUXXUP ULUHDúLFRQWUROXOSURGXF LLORUSHQWUXFHUFHW ULúWLLQ LILFH

Sistemele de marcare sunt individuale sau de grup. Sistemul de marcare folosit este
GHWHUPLQDWGHVSHFLHYkUVW UDV úLVFRSXOXUP ULWvQH[SORDWDUH

Marcarea trebuLHV vQGHSOLQHDVF PDLPXOWHFRQGL LL

- V VHDSOLFHXúRU

- PDUFDV ILHGXUDELO V QXSRDW ILvQORFXLW VDXIDOVLILFDW 

- V SRDW ILDSOLFDW ODRYkUVW WLPSXULHGHODQDúWHUH

- V SRDW ILFLWLW XúRU

- V QXGHSUHFLH]HH[WHULRUXODQLPDOXOXLVDXV -iPLFúRUH]HYDORDUHD]RRWHKQLF 

- V ILHGHGXUDW SHWRDW YLD D –P UFLGHOXQJ GXUDW VDXSHUPDQHQWH

0DUFDUHDSRDWHILGHVFXUW GXUDW SURYL]RULHúLGHOXQJ GXUDW 

0DUFDUHDGHVFXUW GXUDW se face prin procedeele:

- OHJDUHD XQHL SO FX H URQGHOH HWF OD JkW VDX vQ S UXO GLQ PR  FRDG  FRDP  VH DSOLF  OD

cabaline);
- VHPQHI FXWHSULQWXQGHUHDS UXOXLvQDQXPLWHUHJLXQLFRUSRUDOH

- DSOLFDUHDGHVXEVWDQ HFRORUDWHSHS UVDXOkQ 

- DúH]DUHDRX ORUSXVHODLQFXEDWvQV FXOH HQXPHURWDWHVDXvQFXWLLF ompartimentate (în

YHGHUHDFXQRDúWHULLRULJLQLLSXLORU

0DUFDUHDGHOXQJ GXUDW VHH[HFXW SULQSURFHGHHOH

- retezarea vârfului urechii (taurine, ovine, porcine);

- SURGXFHUHD FLFDWULFHORU SH SLHOHD DQLPDOXOXL VXE GLIHULWH IRUPH SULQ IRORVLUHD VXEVWDQ HOR r
FDXVWLFH]JkULHWXULVDXW LHWXUL

,QVWUXPHQWDUXOQHFHVDUDFHVWRURSHUD LLHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD

Fig.1.6. Instrumentar pentru marcare :

1-FOHúWHWDWXDM-butoni; 3-FOHúWHSHQWUXDSOLFDWEXWRQL-FOHúWHSHQWUXFUHVW WXUL

Marcarea diferitelor specii de animale

 Taurine:
a) PDUFDUHD SURYL]RULH SO FX H OD JkW WXQGHUHD S UXOXL DSOLFDUHD YRSVHOHL SH S U vQ GLIHULWH

regiuni;
b) PDUFDUHD SHUPDQHQW  UHWH]DUHD YkUIXOXL XUHFKLL SURGXFHUHD GH FLFDWULFH IRORVLQG VXEVWDQ H

chimice sau metode fizice – zgârieturi), înfierarea (pe piele, ongloane sau coarne), preducit,
WDWXDMHvQUHJLXQHDXUHFKLLúLDSOLFDUHDP UFLORUGHWLSFURWDOLLVDXEXWRQL

Cabaline:
a) PDUFDUHDSURYL]RULHSO FX HODJkWPR FRDP WXQGHUHDS UXOXL

b) PDUFDUHD SHUPDQHQW  DSOLFDUHD GDQJHORU vQILHUDUHD SH FRSLW  WDWXDUH SH EX]D LQIHULRDU 

DSOLFDUHDEXWRQLORUFXúXUXE

Ovine:
a) PDUFDUHDSURYL]RULHIRORVLUHDSO FX HORUODJkWúLDVXEVWDQ HORUFRORUDWH

b) PDUFDUHDSHUPDQHQW UHWH]DUHDYkUIXOXLXUHFKLLvQILHUDUHDSHFRDUQHSUHGXFLUHD atât pentru

PDUFDUHDLQGLYLGXDO FkWúLGHJUXSWDWXDUHDDSOLFDUHDP UFLORUPHWDOLFHFURWDOLLúLEXWRQL

Porcine (fig.1.7):
a) PDUFDUHDSURYL]RULHDSOLFDUHDVXEVWDQ HORUFRORUDQWH

b) PDUFDUHD SHUPDQHQW  SUHGXFLUHD WDWXDMXO OD UDVHOH QHSLJPHQWDWH DSOLFDUHD P UFLORU vQ

special butoni).

nr. de serie nr. de ordine

XUHFKHDGUHDSW
XUHFKHDVWkQJ

Fig. 1.7. Marcarea porcilor:

A – Marcarea cu butoni ; B –0DUFDUHDSULQFUHVW WXULúLSUHGXFLUL

'LQX0úL6HYDVWLD2SUHVFX
 3 V UL

a) PDUFDUHDSURYL]RULHDúH]DUHDRX ORUvQV FXOH HQXPHURWDWH

b) marcaUHD SHUPDQHQW  LQHOH OD SLFLRU P UFL SH DULS  WDWXDUHD PHPEUDQHL EUDKLDO  úL

perforarea membranei interdigitale.

Albine:
a) PDUFDUHDP WFLORUSULQ

-DSOLFDUHDVXEVWDQ HORUFRORUDWHSHWRUDFH
-IRORVLUHDIRL HORUGHVWDQLROSHWRUace.

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6 VHLGHQWLILFHDQLPDOHOHGLQIHUPDYL]LWDW GXS PDUFDMH

 Lucrarea nr. 1.4
DETERMINAREA VÂRSTEI ANIMALELOR DOMESTICE

&XQRDúWHUHD YkUVWHL SUH]LQW  R PDUH vQVHPQ WDWH SHQWUX FUHVF WRUXO GH DQLPDOH ILLQG

QHFHVDU  vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD YDORULL HFRQRPLFH vQ SURFHVXO GH H[SORDWDUH SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD XQRU

QRUPHGHvQWUH LQHUHGHIRORVLUHODUHSURGXF LHHWF

%RYLQHOHFDEDOLQHOHúLRYLQHOHvQID]DGHWLQHUHWVXQWSURSRU LRQDOPDLvQDOWH pe picioare,

DX WUXQFKLXO PDL VFXUW PDL VWUkPW úL PDL SX LQ DGkQF 2 GDW  FX vQDLQWDUHD vQ YkUVW  DFHVWH

SURSRU LLVHPRGLILF SkQ DMXQJODFHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDGXO LORU

3RUFLLWLQHULSkQ ODDQLDXFRUSXO]YHOWDOXQJLWVXSOXFXOLQLDVSLQ ULLGUHDSW SLHOHD

vQWLQV  S UXO ILQ úL OXFLRV PHUVXO YLRL HWF 9LHULL WLQHUL DX WHVWLFROHOH QRUPDO GH]YROWDWH úL ELQH

VXV LQXWHvQEXUVDWHVWLFXODU DFRSHULWHFXSLHOHILQ I U FXWH

3RUFLL E WUkQL DX FRUSXO JUHRL DEGRPHQXO O VDW OLQLD VSLQ ULL O VDW  PDL DOHV VFURDIHOH

PXOWLSDUH SLHOHD SUH]LQW  GHVHRUL FXWH SH UHJLXQHD IODQFXOXL S UXO HVWH PDL DEXQGHQW úL IRUPDW

FX ILEUHPDL JURDVH 9LHULL E WUkQLDX WHVWLFROHOHPDULDWkUQkQGH FX SLHOHD vQFUH LW  PHUVXO HVWH

mai greoi.

Criterii de determinare a vârstei animalelor

1.Culoarea
- /D FDEDOLQH FXORDUHD OD QDúWHUH HVWH QHDJU  FX vQVSLF WXUL DOEH SH SDUFXUV DFHVWHD VH

VFKLPE DVWIHOF vQID]DGHDGXOWFXORDUHDGHYLQHDOE 

- /D RLOH GLQ UDVHOH XUFDQ  úL .DUDNXO QHJUH OD QDúWHUH PLHLL DX FXORDUHD QHDJU  DSRL FX

vQDLQWDUHD vQ YkUVW DUH ORF R GLOXDUH DFXORULL QHJUH DMXQJkQG FD OD DGXOW FXORDUHD V  GHYLQ 

FHQXúLX URúFDW
-

*UDGXOGHFUHúWHUHDFRDUQHORU

/D YL HO FRDUQHOH LHV OD VXSUDID D SLHOLL OD YkUVWD GH GRX  OXQL úL FUHVF DSRL FX FLUFD XQ

ceQWLPHWUXSHOXQ 

/D WDXULQHOH DGXOWH VH UHPDUF  OD VXSUDID D FRDUQHORU vQFHSkQG GH OD ED]  QLúWH LQHOH

SHQWUX D VWDELOL YkUVWD VH QXP U  LQHOHOH GH SH FRUQ FDUH ILHFDUH FRUHVSXQGH FX XQ DQ

DG XJkQGX VHODFLIUDRE LQXW vQF WUHLDQL

-
Prin însumareDDFHVWRUFLIUHVHGHWHUPLQ YkUVWDDSUR[LPDWLY DDQLPDOXOXLUHVSHFWLY

$VSHFWXOúLHYROX LDGLQ LORU

$QLPDOHOH vQ HYROX LD ORU SUH]LQW  GRX  FDWHJRULL GH GLQ L GHQWL LH GH ODSWH XUPDW  GH

GHQWL LH SHUPDQHQW  ,PSRUWDQWH LQIRUPD LL VXQW IXUQL]DWH úL GH P ULPHD OXQJLPHD DVSHFWXO

IRUPDGLQ LORUFDUHGLIHU GXS VSHFLHúLODILHFDUHVSHFLHGXS YkUVW 

'HQWL LDXQXLDQLPDOHVWHIRUPDW GLQWUHLIHOXULGHGLQ Lincisivi FDUHGDXLQGLFD LLOHFHOH

mai apropiate de stabilirea vârstei), canini sau FRO LúLmolari sauP VHOH.
- /D FDEDOLQH DUP VDULL úL FDLL DGXO L DX XQ QXP U GH  GLQ L LDU LHSHOH  OLSVLQGX-le cei
SDWUXFDQLQL,QFLVLYLLVXQWGHGRX IHOXULde lapteF ] WRULúLSHUPDQHQ L (tabelul 1.1).

- /DWDXULQHDWkWPDVFXOLLFkWúLIHPHOHOHDXGLQ LWDEHOXO
,QFLVLYLLDXIRUP GHORSDW VHJ VHVFQXPDLSHPD[LODUXOLQIHULRUúLVHQXPHVFDVWIHOSULPLLGRL

din mijloc – FOHúWL GH R SDUWH úL GH DOWD D ORU SULPLL PLMORFDúL GH R SDUWH úL GH DOWD D SULPLORU
PLMORFDúLsecunzii mijloFDúLúLDSRLO WXUDúLL (figura 1.8).

- /DRYLQHVLFDSULQHGHQWL LDHVWHDVHP Q WRDUHFXFHDDWDXULQHORUDYkQGWRWGLQ LGDUPDL

mici.
9kUVWDODSRUFLQHGXS GHQWL LHHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQWDEHOXO
 Tabelul 1.1
0RGLILF ULOHFDUHVHSURGXFODLQFLVLYLGXS FDUHVHGHWHUPLQ YkUVWDODFDEDOLQH

3RSHVFX*KúL/XQJX6

)HOXOGLQ LORU De lapte 3HUPDQHQ L

Maxilarul pe
care se pe ambele maxilare pe maxilarul inferior pe maxilarul superior
produce
modificarea
Denumirea cad FUHVFX L WRFL L apare QLYHOD L FUHVFX L WRFL L SUH]HQ D QLYHOD L

incisivilor complet (dispare steaua (dispare complet (dispare cozii de (dispare

0RGLILF UL DMXQúLOD PLúXQD lui fundul de DMXQúLOD PLúXQD rându- fundul de
nivel) Girard PLúXQ  nivel) QLF PLúXQ 

&OHúWL 2,5 ani 3 ani 6 ani 8 ani 13 ani 3 ani 9 ani -

0LMORFDúL 3,5 ani 4 ani 7 ani 9 ani 14 ani 4 ani 10 ani -
/ WXUDúL 4,5 ani 5 ani 8 ani 10 ani 15 ani 5 ani 11 ani 7-9 ani 18 ani
11-13ani

Tabelul 1.2
'HWHUPLQDUHDYkUVWHLGXS PRGLILFDUHDGHQWL LHLODWDXULQH

3RSHVFX*KúL/XQJX6

)HOXOGLQ LORU De lapte 3HUPDQHQ L

FUHVFX L

complet
Denumirea începe GXUHD] 
cad DMXQúLOD QLYHOD L
incisivilor tocirea tocirea
nivel)
CleúWL 1,5 ani 2 ani 2 ani 5 ani 7 ani
Primii 8 ani
2,5 ani 3 ani 3 ani 5 ani
PLMORFDúL

Secunzii
3,5 ani 4 ani 4 ani 5 ani 9 ani
PLMORFDúL

/ WXUDúL 4,5 ani 5 ani 5 ani 5 ani 10 ani

Tabelul 1.3
'HQWL LDSRUFLQHORU

'LQX0úL6HYDVWLD2SUHVFX

DiQ LL VÂRSTA
la 1 2 3 6 9 12-13 12-15 17-18
(categ.) QDúW OXQ luni luni luni luni luni luni luni
se
4 4 2 mijl. 2 mijl. se sch. se sch. se sch.
- VFKLPE 
Incisivi O WXUDúL FOHúWL inf. sup. FOHúWLL premol. mijl.
O WXUDúLL

12 pre-
0 VHOH - - - 4 mol. 4 mol. - - 4 mol.
molari
se sch.
&RO L 4 - - - - - - -
FRO LL

0 VHDXD
- - - - 4 - - - -
de lup
'LQ LGH
8 24 26 28 28 20 16 4 -
lapte
'LQ L

perma- - - - - 8 20 24 36 44
QHQ L

Total - - - - 36 40 40 40 44
4. Greutatea vie la diferite rase de porci

Vieri Scroafe
Vârsta
Rasa
(ani)
min. (kg) max. min. (kg) max.
Marele 11/2 155 205 127 185
Alb 2 286 136 147 216
Landrace 11/2 180 205 158 197
2 240 270 200 240
Bazna 11/2 123 149 91 137
2 153 185 105 153
0DQJDOL D 11/2 126 155 109 139
2 162 190 132 162

)LJ'HQWL LDWDXULQHORU

3RSHVFX*KúL/XQJX6

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGHSHQGHQW 

6 VHGHWHUPLQHYkUVWDDQLPDOHORUGLQIHUPDYL]LWDW GXS FXORDUHFRDUQHúLGHQWL LH

 Lucrarea nr. 1.5
7(+1,&$'((;(&8 ,($0 685 725,/25&25325$/(

1. 'H]YROWDUHDFRUSRUDO VHDSUHFLD] FXRFKLXOOLEHU- greutatea animalului.

2. Formatul corporal LQH VHDPD GH GRX  GLPHQVLXQL vQ O LPHD OD JUHDE Q úL OXQJLPHD
trunchiului (fig. 1.9).
De exemplu: - format înalt - Pur Sânge de Galop;
- format dreptunghiular -WDXULQHRYLQHúLSRUFLQHGHFDUQH
-IRUPDWS WUDW- calul arab.

A
C

Fig 1.9. Tipuri de format corporal:

A - format corporal înalt;B -IRUPDWFRUSRUDOS WUDW&- format corporal dreptunghiular
3RSHVFX*Kú,/XQJX63).

3.Tipul morfologic DUHvQYHGHUHGLPHQVLXQLOHGHOXQJLPLúLO UJLPLILJXUD

- dolicomorf -OXQJúLvQJXVW
- mezomorf -SRWULYLWGHOXQJúLvQJXVW
- brevimorf -VFXUWúLODUJ
 B

Fig. 1.10. Tipurile morfologice:

A - tipul brevimorf; B - tipul mezomorf; C - tipul dolicomorf.

4. Armonia de ansamblu HVWH GDW  GH SURSRU LRQDOLWDWHD GLIHULWHORU UHJLXQL úL vPELQDUHD

DUPRQLRDV DDFHVWRUD

Ansamblul corporal sau FRQIRUPD LDFRUSRUDO FDúLIRUPDWXOFRUSRUDOYDULD] vQUDSRUW

cu tipul producWLY DO DQLPDOHORU DVWIHO vQFkW R FDUDFWHULVWLF  GH DQVDPEOXFDUH SRDWH FRQVWLWXL R
IUXPXVH HSHQWUXRUDV SRDWHILXQGHIHFWSHQWUXDOWD

ÌQH[DPLQDUHDDUPRQLHLGHDQVDPEOXRGHRVHELW LPSRUWDQ SUH]LQW VWXGLXOSURSRU LLORU

FDUHVHED]HD] SHGDWHOHIXUQL]DWHGHP VXU WRULILJXULOHúL

)LJ0 VXU WRULOHSULQFLSDOHODWDXULQH

A–vQ O LPLOXQJLPLSHULPHWUH
–vQ O ODJUHDE Q
–vQ O ODVSLQDUH
–vQ O ODFUXS 
–vQ O ODED]D
cozii; 5,5'-lung. trunchiului; 6,6'-perimetrul toracic; 6'',6''’-perimetrul fluierului;
B–O UJLPL
–O UJSLHSW
–O UJWRUDFHOXL
–O UJFUXSHLODúROGXUL
–O UJFUXSHLODDUWFR[RIHPXUDOH
11,11'–O UJFUXSHLODLVFKLL= YRL,úLFRODE
 )LJ0 VXU WRULOHFRUSRUDOHODSRUF

11’-vQ O LPHDODJUHDE Q¶ vQ O LPHDODVSLQDUH¶ vQ O LPHDODFUXS ¶

- - -lungimea trunchiului;
55-SHULPHWUXOWRUDFLF5XVX6úLFRODE

ÌQSUDFWLF SHQWUXVWXGLXOSURSRU LLORUFDUHWUHEXLHV H[LVWHvQGLIHULWHOHS U LFRQVWUXFWLYH

DOH FRUSXOXL DQLPDOHORU VH DSUHFLD]  UDSRUWXULOH GH vQ O LPH UDSRUWXULOH GH OXQJLPH UDSRUWXULOH

GHO UJLPHúLUDSRUWXULOHGHDQVDPEOX

ÌQWUXFkW DUPRQLD GH DQVDPEOX D DQLPDOHORU HVWH vQ VWUkQV  OHJ WXU  FX YkUVWD ORU HVWH

neceVDUFDODDQLPDOHOHvQFUHúWHUHV VHIDF VHSDUDWRDQDOL] DDFHVWRUUDSRUWXUL

0 VXU WRULOHFRUSRUDOHVHIDFFX]RRPHWUXOILJDúDFXPVHSUH]LQW vQILJXUD

Fig. 1.13. Zoometrul

)LJ([HFXWDUHDP VXU WRULORUFRUSRUDOH

 PeULPHWUXOWRUDFLFVHP VRDU FXSHOYLPHWUXOILJVDXSDQJOLFDILJ

Fig.1.15. Pelvimetrul

)LJ0 VXUDUHSHULPHWUXOXLWRUDFLFFXSDQJOLFD

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6 VHGHWHUPLQHGH]YROWDUHDúLIRUPDWXOFRUSRUDODODQLPDOHORUGXS P VXU WRUL

 Lucrarea nr.1.6
850 5,5($&5(ù7(5,,35,1&Æ17 5,5,
2
ù,0 685 725,3(5,2',&(

a) (QHUJLD GH FUHúWHUH UHSUH]LQW  SRWHQ LDOLWDWHD GH FUHúWHUH D XQXL RUJDQLVP

SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDUHDOL]DRDQXPLW JUHXWDWHúLDQXPLWHGLPHQVLXQLFRUSRUDOHvQvQWUHDJDSHULRDG 

GH FUHúWHUH ([WHULRUL]DUHD DFHVWHL HQHUJLL DU IL FUHúWHUHD WRWDO  VH H[SULP  SULQ YDORUL DEVROXWH

DOHJUHXW LLVDXGLPHQVLXQLORUúLGLIHU vQIXQF LHGHVSHFLHUDV úLLQGLYLG

b)9LWH]D FUHúWHULL UHSUH]LQW  VSRUXO PDVHL D JUHXW LL VDX GLPHQVLXQLORU vQ XQLWDWHD GH

WLPSVHH[SULP vQLQWHUYDOHVFXUWHGHWLPS]LOHV SW PkQLGHFDGHOXQL

9LWH]D FUHúWHULL VH H[SULP  vQ FLIUH DEVROXWH SHQWUX FDUH PRWLY PDL HVWH FXQRVFXW   VXE

GHQXPLUHD YLWH]D DEVROXW  D FUHúWHULL $SUHFLHUHD FUHúWHULL SH ORWXUL GH LQGLYL]L VH FDOFXOHD] 

I FkQGPHGLDDFHVWRUVSRUXULH[SULPkQGX -se prin "spor mediu", care poate fi zilnic sau lunar.
9LWH]DFUHúWHULL9DVHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

M−m
Va =
t
în care:
9D YLWH]DDEVROXW DFUHúWHULL , kg/zi;
P YDORDUHDPDVHLODvQFHSXWXOSHULRDGHLXUP ULWHNJ

0 YDORDUHDPDVHLODVIkUúLWXODFHVWHLSHULRDGHNJ

t = perioada de timp, zile.

Exemplu:
- *UHXWDWHDXQXL YL HOODQDúWHUHD IRVWGHNJLDUODROXQ GH NJ6  VH GHWHUPLQH9DvQ

SULPDOXQ GHYLD 

42 − 25
Va = = 0,566 kg ; sporul mediu zilnic este de 566 g.
30

- *UHXWDWHDPHGLHODQDúWHUHDXQXLORWGHPLHLDIRVWGHNJLDUODROXQDGHNJ6 

se determine Va.
10,100 − 3,500
Va = = 0,220 kg; sporul mediu este de 220 g/zi.
30

- /D XQ ORW GH SXUFHL JUHXWDWHD OD QDúWHUH D IRVW vQ PHGLH SH LQGLYLG  NJ LDU OD R OXQ 

NJ9DvQSULPDOXQ YDIL

6,100 − 1,100
Va = = 0,166 kg; sporul este de 166g/zi.
30

9LWH]DFUHúWHULLGLIHU SHVSHFLLH[LVWkQGGLIHUHQ HúLvQWUHUDVHúLLQGLYL]L

3XWHPDSUHFLDIHOXOFXPVHGHVI úRDU FUHúWHUHDFRPSDUkQGGDWHOH RE LQXWHFXPHGLLDOH

VSRUXOXLDEVROXWGHFUHúWHUHFDUDFWHULVWLFILHF UHLVSHFLLUDVHúLFDWHJRULLGHYkUVW 

Concluzii:
- UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH VH vQFDGUHD]  in limitele datelor medii citate de literatura de specialitate
VDX SRW IL VXSHULRDUH FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F  SURFHVXO FUHúWHULL VH GHVI úRDU  LQ FRQGL LL

normale;
- UH]XOWDWHOHSRWILPDL VODEHFDXUPDUHDGHILFLHQ HORUvQKU QLUH vQWUH LQHUH RULDSDUL LDXQ or
WXOEXU UL DOH V Q W LL ÌQ DVHPHQHD VLWXD LL WUHEXLHVF DQDOL]DWH FDX]HOH úL OXDWH P VXUL

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUHGHDPHOLRUDUHDORU

2= YRL,ûLFRODE
 c) ,QWHQVLWDWHDFUHúWHULLVHH[SULP SULQYLWH]DUHODWLY DFUHúWHULLúLFRHILFLHQWXOFUHúWHULL
Viteza relatLY DFUHúWHULLUHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXO GLQWUHVSRUXODEVROXWUHDOL]DWvQWU-RDQXPLW 
SHULRDG  GH WLPS úL YDORDUHD PDVHL OD vQFHSXWXO SHULRDGHL UHVSHFWLYH VH PDL SRDWH UDSRUWD OD

YDORDUHDPDVHLODMXP WDWHDSHULRDGHLFHUFHWDWH

Exprimarea se face în procente, folosindu-se formulele:

M−m
Vr = × 100
m
în care:
9U LQWHQVLWDWHDFUHúWHULLH[SULPDW SULQYLWH]DUHODWLY DFUHúWHULL

m = valoarea masei la începutul perioadei, kg;

0 YDORDUHDPDVHLODVIkUúLWXOSHULRDGHLNJ

Folosind datele anterioDUHvQSULPDIRUPXO DYLWH]HLGHFUHúWHUHRE LQHP

42 − 25
Vr = × 100 = 68%
25

,QWHQVLWDWHDFUHúWHULLGLIHU PXOWGHODRVSHFLHODDOWDGHODRUDV ODDOWDGHODXQLQGLYLG

ODDOWXOúLFKLDUODDFHODúLLQGLYLGvQIXQF LHGHYkUVW LQWHQVLWDWHDFUHúWHULLHVWHPDUHODDQLPDOHOH

IRDUWHWLQHUHúLGHVFUHúWHSHP VXU FH DQLPDOHOHDMXQJODID]DGHDGXOW FkQG SUDFWLFLQWHQVLWDWHD

devine zero.
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FUHúWHUH UHSUH]LQW  FDQWLWDWHD GH FUHúWHUH UHDOL]DW  GH XQ RUJDQLVP vQWU -o
HWDS DFUHúWHULLH[SULPDW vQSURFHQWHID GHYDORDUHDILQDO DGLF YDORDUHDSHFDUHWUHEXLHV R

UHDOL]H]HODYkUVWDDGXOW 

Mt
C= × 100 ,
Mf
în care:
C FRHILFLHQWXOFUHúWHULL

Mt YDORDUHDPDVHLODRDQXPLW HWDS DFUHúWHULLNJ

Mf YDORDUHDILQDO DFUHúWHULLDGLF PHGLDYDORULLILQDOHDHOHPHQWXOXLXUP ULW

FDUDFWHULVWLFDQLPDOHORUDGXOWHGLQVSHFLDúLUDVDUHVSHFWLY NJ

Exemplu:
2YDF DGXOW GLQUDVD% O DW URPkQHDVF DWLQJHJUHXWDWHDGHNJ

'DF ODQDúWHUHYL HOXODUHNJFRHILFLHQWXOFUHúWHULLYDIL

25 × 100
C= DGLF DWkWDUHDOL]DWGLQFUHúWHUHDWRWDO vQSHULRDGDYLH LLLQWUDXWHULQH
500
'DF ODOXQLDUHGHNJFRHILFLHQWXOFUHúWHULLYDIL

45 × 100
C= = 9% .
500
3. La 6 luni, atinge o greutate de 150 kg , iar coeficientul va fi:
150 × 100
C= = 30%.
500
Când acest coeficient atinge valoarea de 70-75%, tineretul (de la toate speciile) poate fi
IRORVLWODUHSURGXF LH

d) &XUED FUHúWHULL HVWH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF  D GHVI úXU ULL SURFHVXOXL FUHúWHULL FDUH

SRDWH H[SULPD ILH FUHúWHUHD WRWDO  HQHUJLD GH FUHúWHUH ILH SH DQXPLWH SHULRDGH SULQ 9D úL

LQWHQVLWDWHDFUHúWHULL

ÌQ UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF  VH WUHF SHULRDGHOH GHWHUPLQ ULORU SH OLQLD DEVFLVHORU úL YDORULOH

FUHúWHULLNJVDXFPSHO inia ordonatelor.

 &XUEDWHRUHWLF DFUHúWHULLILJXUDVHH[SULP DVWIHO

-IRUPDOLWHUHL6DOXQJLWSHQWUXHQHUJLDGHFUHúWHUH
-IRUPDGHSDUDERO SHQWUX9D
-IRUPDGHKLSHUERO SHQWUXLQWHQVLWDWHDH[SULPDW vQ9U

Fig. 1.17. ReprezentareaJUDILF DFUHúWHULL= YRL,úLDO LL

& FXUEDFUHúWHULLWRWDOH9 FXUEDYLWH]HLDEVROXWHFUHúWHULL

, FXUEDLQWHQVLW LLFUHúWHULLH[SULPDW SULQYLWH]DUHODWLY DFUHúWHULL

ÌQ SUDFWLF  UHSUH]HQW ULOH JUDILFH FDUH XUP UHVF FUHúWHUHD HIHFWXDW  SH ED]D GDWHORU

existente la un moment dat într-RIHUP WUHEXLHV VHvQFDGUH]HvQIRUPHOHFXUEHORUPHQ LRQDWH

6H REVHUY  GH RELFHL PRGLILF UL DOH FXUEHL FDUH UHSUH]LQW  LQWHQVLWDWHD FUHúWHULL vQ

SULPHOH]LOHGXS I WDUHSHQWUXF DQLPDOHOHWLQHUHVFDGvQJUHXWDWHLPHGLDWGXS I WDUH

ÌQ SULYLQ D GLPHQVLXQLORU FRUSRUDOH SURGXúLL OD QDúWHUH SUH]LQW  GLPHQVLXQLOH GH vQ O LPL

PDLELQHUHSUH]HQWDWHvQRUGLQHYHQLQGGLPHQVLXQLOHGHOXQJLPLXOWLPHOHILLQGO UJLPLOH

'DF  V -ar exprima relativ dimensiunile exprimate mai sus, s-DU SXWHD WUDJH DFHDVW 

FRQFOX]LHOX PGUHSWVXW GLPHQVLXQHDODQDúWHUH

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

D6 VHFDOFXOH]H9D9UúL&SHQWUXXQORWGHYL HLDF URUJUHXWDWHFRUSRUDO DIRVWvQPHGLHGH

- la nDúWHUH NJ - la 4 luni = 106,5kg

-ODOXQ  NJ - la 5 luni = 127,7kg
- la 2 luni = 58,6kg - la 6 luni = 149,3kg
- la 3 luni = 79,6kg

E6 VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFLLFUHúWHULLSHQWUXXQORWGHSXUFHLFDUHDXDYXWJUHXWDWHDPHGLHSH vârste:
-ODQDúWHUH NJ - la 4 luni = 36,400kg
-ODOXQ  NJ - la 5 luni = 50,100kg
- la 2 luni =12,700kg - la 6 luni = 67,300kg
- la 3 luni =24,000kg - la 7 luni = 85,000kg

F6 VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFLLFUHúWHULLSHQWUXXQORWGHPLHLGLQUDVD XUFDQ 

-ODQDúWHUH NJ ODV SW PkQL

- NJ

-ODV SW PkQ  NJ-ODV SW PkQL NJ

-ODV SW PkQL NJ-ODV SW PkQL NJ

-ODV SW PkQL NJ

 Lucrarea nr.1.7
$35(&,(5($&5(ù7(5,,&8$-87258/,1',&,/25&25325$/,

Indicii corporali VXQW YDORUL UHODWLYH DOH GLPHQVLXQLORU FH VH FRPSDU  vQWUH HOH 'XS 

LQIRUPD LLOHSHFDUHOHGDXLQGLFLLFRUSRUDOLVHFODVLILF vQLQGLFLGHIRUPDWLQGLFLRU ganici (sau

FRQVWLWX LRQDOLúLLQGLFLGHFRQVWUXF LH

Indicii corporali se folosesc pentru caracterizarea unui grup de animale, deoarece

YDORDUHD ORU PHGLH QH G  SDUWLFXODULW LOH GH FRQIRUPD LH úL FRQFRUGDQ D GLQWUH DFHVWHD úL WLSXO

rasei.

1. Indicele formatului corporal lateral DGLF  IRUPDWXO FRUSRUDO SULYLW GLQ SURILO DUDW 

UDSRUWXOvQWUHOXQJLPHDFRUSXOXLúLvQ O LPHDODJUHDE Q

OXQJLPHDREOLF DWUXQFKLXOXL

i = -------------------------------------------- x100
vQ O LPHDODJUHDE Q

2. Indicele formatului corporal transversalLQGLF UDSRUWXOGLQWUHO UJLPHDWUXQFKLXOXL

úLvQ O LPHDODJUHDE Q

O UJLPHDWUXQFKLXOXL

i = ------------------------------- x100
vQ O LPHDODJUHDE Q

3. Indicele toracicUHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXOGLQWUHO UJLPHDWUXQFKLXOXLVLD dâncimea lui:

O UJLPHDWRUDFHOXL

i = -------------------------------- x100
vQ O LPHDWRUDFHOXL

$FHVWDG LQIRUPD LLDVXSUDIRUPDWXOXLFDYLW LLWRUDFLFHYDORULOHPDULLQGLFkQGXQWRUDFH

GH]YROWDWvQO UJLPH

4. Indicele adâncimii toraceluiUHSUH]LQW YDORDUHDUHODWLY DDGkQFLPLLWRUDFHOXL

adâncimea toracelui
i = --------------------------------------- x100
vQ O LPHDODJUHDE Q

5. Indicele formatului crupei:

O UJLPHDFUXSHL

i = --------------------------------------- x100
OXQJLPHDFUXSHLODúROGXUL

3HQWUXFDUDFWHUL]DUHDFRQIRUPD LHLFRUSRUDOHODS V ULVHFDOFXOHD] LQGLFLLFRUSRUDOLGXS 

P VXU WRULOHGLQILJXUD
 )LJ0 VXU WRULFRUSRUDOHODS V UL

A - /DJ LQL: 1- lungimea trunchiului; 2-P ULPHDED]LQXOXL-DGkQFLPHDDQWHULRDU a trunchiului.; 4-O UJLPHD

toracelui; 5- lung. pieptului; 6- lung. fluierului; 7- perimetrul fluierului; B - La palmipede 1-lung. trunchiului;
2-OXQJWUXQFKLXOXLúLJkWXOXL- perimetrul toracic; 4- lung. pieptului; 5-lung. gambei; 6 - lung. fluierului;
7 -OXQJFLRFXOXL5XVX6úLFRODE

$FHúWLDVXQW

greutatea vie
indicele de masivitate = -------------------------- x100;
lungimea trunchiului

perimetrul toracic
indicele de compactitate = ------------------------------ x100;
lungimea trunchiului

O UJLPHDSLHSWXOXL

indicele toracic = ------------------------------------------- x100;

DGkQFLPHDDQWHULRDU DWUXQFKLXOXL

lungimea carenei , sternului

LQGLFHOHGH]YPXúFKLORUSHFWRUDOL -------------------------------------- x100;
lungimea trunchiului

O UJLPHDSLHSWXOXL

indicele bazino-toracic = --------------------------------- x100;

O UJLPHDED]LQXOXL

lungimea fluierului
LQGLFHOHvQ O LPLLIOXLHUXOXL -------------------------------- x100;
lungimea trunchiului

perimetrul fluierului
LQGLFHOHRV WXULL  -------------------------------- x100.
perimetrul toracic
6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6  VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFLL FUHúWHULL XQXL ORW GH YL HL FXQRVFkQG GLPHQVLXQLOH vQ O LPHD OD

JUHDE QúLOXQJLPHDREOLF DWUXQFKLXOXLGHODQDúWHUHODOXQL :

ÌQ O LPHDOD /XQJLPHDREOLF D / UJLPHD

Vârsta
JUHDE QFP trunchiului (cm) toracelui (cm)
ODQDúWHUH 69,5 62,0 17,3
OXQ 74,4 71,0 19,2
2 luni 77,5 77,4 20,6
3 luni 80,5 83,5 22,5
4 luni 84,5 88,6 23,5
5 luni 90,0 95,5 24,5
6 luni 93,0 98,5 26,0
 Lucrarea nr.1.8
,'(17,),&$5($35$&7,& $',)(5,7(/25
3
7,385,'(&5(ù7(5(/$68,1(

1. Tipurile morfoproductive
7LSXULOHPRUIRSURGXFWLYHODVXLQHVXQWXUP WRDUHOHGHFDUQHEDFRQGHJU VLPHúLPL[WH

(carne –JU VLPH

a. Tipul de carne&RUSXOHGROLFRPRUIDGLF OXQJúLSRWULYLWGHDGkQF/XQJLPHDFRUSXOXL
este mai mare decât perimetrul toracic cu 15-FP /LQLDVXSHULRDU DVSLQ ULLILJXUD  este
OXQJ  úL GUHDSW  &UXSD HVWH RUL]RQWDO  ùXQFLOH VXQW ELQH GH]YROWate, fiind principalele regiuni

IXUQL]RDUH GH FDUQH GH SRUF /LQLD LQIHULRDU  D DEGRPHQXOXL HVWH FRUHFW  DGLF  HVWH DSURDSH

SDUDOHO  FX OLQLD VSLQ ULL &DYLWDWHD WRUDFLF  HVWH SURIXQG  FRDVWHOH VXQW OXQJL úL RULHQWDWH PDL

înapoi. Membrele sunt bine dezvoltate, destul de înalte.

3RWULYLW vQ DQVDPEOX WLSXO GH SRUFL SHQWUX SURGXF LD GH FDUQH DSDUH ]YHOW GDU vQ DFHODúL

timp plin. Corpul privit din profil s-ar putea înscrie într-un dreptunghi. Tipul de carne are ca
reprezentant rasa Marele Alb .
Tipul morfologic de bacon HVWH DVHP Q WRU FX WLSXO GH FDUQH DYkQG vQV  R GH]YROWDUH úL
PDLPDUHDWUXQFKLXOXLvQVSHFLDODS U LLPLMORFLLGDWRULW QXP UXOXLGHFRDVWHúLGHYHUWHEUHvQ

SOXV ID  GH FHOHODOWH WLSXUL &RUSXO DQLPDOXOXL DSDUH FD XQ FLOLQGUX PXOW DOX ngit, cu linia
VXSHULRDU DFRUSXOXLGUHDSW LDUOLQLDLQIHULRDU DDEGRPHQXOXLSDUDOHO FXFHDVXSHULRDU $FHVW

WLSHUHSUH]HQWDWSULQUDVD/DQGUDFHVDXSULQPHWLúLvQWUH/DQGUDFHúL0DUHOH$OE

b. 7LSXO GH JU VLPH &RUSXO HVWH PH]RPRUI ODUJ úL DGkQF /XQJLPHD FRUSXOXL OXDW  FX

SDQJOLFD GH OD SURWXEHUDQ D RFFLSLWDO  OD ED]D FR]LL HVWH PDL PLF  GHFkW SHULPHWUXO WRUDFLF FX

16- FP FHHD FH GHQRW  F  DQLPDOHOH DSDU LQkQG DFHVWXL WLS DX FRDVWHOH GH R FRQYH[LWDWH

SURQXQ DW 3ULYLWGLQSURILODQLPDOXODUHIRUPDWGHEXWRLGDWRULW WUHQXOXLPLMORFLXFDUHDUH

R GH]YROWDUH IRDUWH SURQXQ DW  vQ OXQJLPH úL DGkQFLPH /LQLD VSLQ ULL HVWH XúRU FRQYH[  úL VH

FDUDFWHUL]HD]  vQ VSHFLDO SULQ O UJLPH PDUH FDUH HVWH GDW  GH GH]YROWDUHD DSRIL]HORU WUDQVYHUVH

aOH YHUWHEUHORU GRUVDOH FkW úL GH FDQWLWDWHD PDUH GH JU VLPH FDUH VH GHSXQH ùXQFLOH VXQW PDL

SX LQ GH]YROWDWH vQ FRPSDUD LH FX WLSXO GH FDUQH $EGRPHQXO HVWH YROXPLQRV ODUJ FX OLQLD

LQIHULRDU FRQYH[ ÌQDFHDVW UHJLXQHVHGHSXQHRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHJU VLPHRVkQ]D0HPEUHOH

VXQWPDLVFXUWHLDUDGkQFLPHDWUXQFKLXOXLHVWHSURQXQ DW 

3ULYLW LQ DQVDPEOX WLSXO GH JU VLPH DSDUH OD H[WHULRU FD XQ DQLPDO PDVLY ODUJ vQGHVDW

$FHVWWLSHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWODQRLvQ DU GHUDVD0DQJDOL DFXWRDWHYDULHW LOH ei.

c. Tipul mixt (carne –JU VLPH&RUSXODUHDVSHFWXOXQXLFLOLQGUXPDLVFXUWHVWHSRWULYLW

GH DGkQF úL GH OXQJ /XQJLPHD FRUSXOXL úL SHULPHWUXO WRUDFLF DSDU DSUR[LPDWLY HJDOH /LQLD

VSLQ ULL HVWH GUHDSW  úXQFLOH VXQW QRUPDO GH]YROWDWH FHYD PDL SX LQ dezvoltate ca la tipul de
FDUQH$EGRPHQXODUHRGH]YROWDUHSURSRU LRQDO LDUOLQLDLQIHULRDU HVWHXúRUFXUEDW 0HPEUHOH

au lungime mijlocie.
3ULYLWvQDQVDPEOXH[WHULRUXODQLPDOXOXLSDUHDUPRQLRVGDWRULW IDSWXOXLF DWkWOXQJLPLOH

O UJLPLOHFkW úLDGkQFLPLOH VXQW SURSRU LRQDO GH]YROWDWH $FHVWWLS HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW OD QRL vQ DU 

prin porcul de Bazna, rasa Alb mijlociu, Berk etc.

2. Tipurile de precocitate la suine
ÌQIXQF LHGHSUHFRFLWDWHVXLQHOHVXQWSUHFRFHúLWDUGLYH

a. Tipul precoce prezint RYDULDELOLWDWHIRDUWHPDUHúLVHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQXUP WRDUHOH

FRUSXO HVWH OXQJ ODUJ DGkQF FX R vPELQDUH D UHJLXQLORU GH H[WHULRU DUPRQLRDV  GH]YROWDWH

SURSRU LRQDO3 UXOHVWHUHSDUWL]DWXQLIRUP ILLQGFDUDFWHULVWLF UDVHL GLQFDUHIDFH SDUWHDQ imalul.

&DSXO HVWH PLF VFXUW ILQ )UXQWHD HVWH ODUJ  7UXQFKLXO DGkQF HVWH GH RELFHL OXQJ FX IRUPDW

FLOLQGULF OLQLD VSLQ ULLHVWH GUHDSW  VDX SX LQFRQYH[  0HPEUHOHVXQW UHODWLY VFXUWH vQ UDSRUWFX

rasa.

3'LQX,úLFRODE
 Tipul precoce este reprezentat prin rasele Landrace, Pietrain, Marele Alb, Albul mijlociu,
Wessex, Micul Alb etc.
În general, tipul precoce are mai multe variante ca: foarte precoce (Micul Alb), precoce
/DQGUDFH0DUHOH$OEúLFXSUHFRFLWDWHPRGHUDW (Bazna etc.).
b. Tipul tardiv VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ XUP WRDUHOH FRUSXO DQLPDOXOXL HVWH WXUWLW ODWHUDO
LDU PXVFXODWXUD VODE GH]YROWDW  0HPEUHOH VXQW vQDOWH YLGXO VXEVWHUQDO HVWH PDUH úL DGkQFLPHD

WRUDFHOXL PLF  S UXO HVWH DEXQGHQW úL IRUPHD]  GH RELFHL R FRDP  SH OLQLD VXSHULRDU  D

corpului. Corpul este mare, lung, cu profil drept, oasele sunt proeminente, râtul este alungit,
FRQLF IUXQWHD HVWH VWUkPW  RFKLL VXQW PLFL REOLFL 7UXQFKLXO HVWH GH P ULPH PLMORFLH VDX PDUH

ILLQG vQ IXQF LH GH UDV  $EGRPHQXO HVWH VXSW GH RJDU úXQFLOH VXQW VODE G ezvoltate cu razele
RVRDVH HYLGHQWH /LQLD VXSHULRDU  HVWH FRQYH[  FUXSD WHúLW  vQ JHQHUDO WUHQXO DQWHULRU HVWH PDL

dezvoltat.
([HPSOX GHWLSWDUGLYHVWHUDVD 6WRFOLGDUúLvQ FDGUXOFHORUODOWH UDVHSHUIHF LRQDWHH[LVW 

indivizi mai tardivi care se pre]LQW DúDFXPV -a descris mai sus.

Fig. 1.19. Formatul corporal la suine:

a –VSLQDUHGUHDSW E–VSLQDUHFRQFDY F–VSLQDUHDVFX LW GHFUDS

'LQX0úL6HYDVWLD2SUHVFX

6DUFLQLSHQWUXPXQFDLQGLYLGXDO 

6 VHLGHQWLILFHWLSXULOH morfoproductive pe exemplarele din ferma proprie.