Metal Lustre Hardness Density Conductivity Melting Boiling

point in point in
degrees degrees
celcius celcius
Zinc Bluish- 25 7.13 27 420 906
white
Iron Brown 4-5 7.9 2.1 1583 2862
where
thin blue-
grey
where
thick
Sodium Silver- 20 1.738 2.5 650 1091
white
Calcium Silver- 1.5 1.54 - 842 1484
grey
magnesium Silver- 2-2.9 2.7 8.3 660.3 1091
white
Alumnium Silver 2.5-3 2.7 8.3 660.3 2470
white
copper Reddish- 2.5-3 8.92 - 1085 2562
brown
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
METAL REACTING REACTING REACTING REACTING
TO OXYGEN TO STEAM TO HCL TO H2SO4
Zinc Zinc oxide forms Displaces Forms a ZnCl2 Forms a ZnSO4
slowly in cold but hydrogen from salt and liberates salt and lierates
rapidly with steam H2 H2
heat
Iron Forms iron oxide Reacts reversibly Forms a Fe02 salt Forms FeSO4
if heated. Rusts to steam to and liberates H2 salts and
in the cold once produce liberates H2
moisture is hydrogen .
present Forms a FeO
salts and
liberates H2
Sodium Forms Reacts with Forms a Forms a
sodium water to NaCl salt and Na2SO4 salt
oxide when form sodium liberates H2 and liberates
heated hydroxide H2.The
and reaction is
hydrogen. exothermic
This
reaction is
exothermic
Calcium Forms CaO Reacts Forms a Forms a
more rapidly slowly with CaCl2 and CaSO4 salt
when water to liberates h2 and liberates
heated form H2
Ca(OH)2
Magnesium Forms MgO Reacts Forms MgCl Forms a
more rapidly slowly with salt and MgSO4 salt
when hot water to liberates H2 and liberates
heated form MgO h2
and
hydrogen
Aluminium Rapidly Rapidly If pure , Forms
tarnishes in tarnishes in reacts to Al2(SO4)3
the cold the cold form Al2O3 and liberates
and liberates h2
h2.Alot of
heat energy
is released in
the
Copper Forms a No reaction No reaction No reaction
black copper
oxide if
heated
strongly

B- OXYGEN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Oxygen is a highly reactive element, highlyparamagnetic , and is easily capable of

combining with other elements. One of oxygen’s most important chemical
properties is that it supports combustion. Oxygen also combines with elements at
room temperature, for example, for the formation of rust. Decaying is also an
example of oxygen reacting with compounds.Carbon dioxide and water are the
main products of decay.

At standard conditions, water is a polar liquid that slightly dissociates

disproportionately or self ionizes into an hydronium ion and hydroxide ion.

2H
2O ⇌ H
3O+
+ OH−

WATER CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The dissociation constant for this dissociation is commonly symbolized as Kw and
has a value of about 10−14 at 25 °C; see here for values at other temperatures.
Pure water has a concentration of the hydroxide ion (OH−) equal to that of the
hydrogen ion (H+), which gives a pH of 7 at 25 °C.[68]

SULPHURIC ACID CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Molecular Weight- 98.072 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count- 2

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count- 4

Rotatable Bond Count -0

METAL REACTION TO HCL REACTION TO

H2SO4
Zinc oxide Forms ZnCl2 forms salt Forms ZnSO4 salt and
and water water
Zinc hydroxide Forms ZnCl2 forms salt Forms ZnSO4 salt and
and water water

Iron oxide Forms a FeCl3 forms salt Forms a FeSO4 salt and
 and water water
Iron hydroxide Forms a FeCl3 forms salt Forms a FeSO4 salt and
and water water
Sodium oxide Forms a NaCl forms salt Forms a Na2SO4 salt and
and water water
Sodium hydroxide Forms a NaCl forms salt Forms a Na2SO4 salt and
and water water
Calcium oxide Forms a CaCl2 forms salt Forms a CaSO4 salt and
and water water
Calcium hydroxide Forms a CaCl2 forms salt Forms a CaSO4 salt and
and water water
Magnesium oxide Forms MgCl2 forms salt Forms a MgSO4 salt and
and water water
Magnesium hydroxide Forms a MgCl2 forms salt Forms a MgSO4 salt and
and water water
METAL HEAT ON NITRATE HEAT ON HEAT ON HEAT ON
CARBONATE HYDROXIDE OXIDE
Zinc Forms a zinc Forms zinc Forms zinc -forms zinc
oxide,nitrogen oxide and oxide and vapour and
dioxide and oxygen carbon water oxygen
dioxide
Iron Forms an iron oxide Forms iron Forms iron
and nitrogen and oxide and oxide and
oxygen carbon water
dioxide
sodium Forms sodium No reaction No reaction
nitrogen and oxygen
Calcium Forms calcium oxide Forms Forms
,nitrogen dioxide calcium oxide calcium oxide
and water and nitrogen and water
dioxide

magnesium Forms magnesium Forms Forms

oxide,nitrogen magnesium magnesium
dioxide and o2 oxide and oxide and
carbon water
dioxide
aluminium Forms aluminium Forms Forms
oxide,nitrogen aluminium aluminium
dioxide and oxygen oxide and oxide and
carbon water
dioxide
Copper Forms copper Forms copper Forms copper
oxide,nitogendioxide oxide and oxide and
and water carbon water
 dioxide

2Extracting iron

The blast furnace

Iron is extracted from iron ore in a huge container called a blast furnace. Iron ores such as
haematite contain iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3. The oxygen must be removed from the iron(III)
oxide in order to leave the iron behind. Reactions in which oxygen is removed are called
reduction reactions.

Carbon is more reactive than iron, so it can displace iron from iron(III) oxide. Here are the
equations for the reaction:

Iron(III) oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide

2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 4Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)

In this reaction, the iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron, and the carbon is oxidised to carbon
dioxide.

In the blast furnace, it is so hot that carbon monoxide can be used, in place of carbon, to
reduce the iron(III) oxide:

iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(s) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)

Extraction of aluminium

Aluminium is the most abundant (found in large quantities) metal in the Earth's crust. It is
expensive, largely because of the amount of electricity required in the extraction process.

Aluminium ore is called bauxite. The bauxite is purified to produce aluminium oxide, a white
powder from which aluminium can be extracted.
The extraction is done by electrolysis. The ions in the aluminium oxide must be free to move
so that electricity can pass through it. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point (over
2000°C) so it would be expensive to melt it. Aluminium oxide does not dissolve in water, but it
does dissolve in molten cryolite. This is an aluminium compound with a lower melting point
than aluminium oxide. The use of cryolite reduces some of the energy costs involved in
extracting aluminium

ELEMENTS LUSTER HARDNESS DENSITY CONDUCTIVITY M.P B.P

Hydrogen courless - 0.083 - -259.1 252.9

Chlorine Greenish- - 3.2 - -101.5 -34.04

yellow

Oxygen Coulourless - 1.4 - -218.79 -182.96

Sulphur Pale yellow 2 2 - 115.2 444.6

Nitrogen Coulourless - 0.001145 - -210 -195.79

Chemical properties

HYDROGEN-burns in oxygen to produce water

-Reacts with most elements to form hydrides

-Reduces metallic oxides

-Almost all metals and non metals react with it

CHLORINE-Does not react with oxygen

 -Forms strong ionic bonds when metals react with it

OXYGEN-Reacts with metals such as potassium, sodium and lithium quickly .

Calcium and magnesium are slightly less reactive with oxygen . Cupper and
mercury reacts with oxygen slowly only once it is constantly heated

SULPHUR-Burns in oxygen gently heating with a pale blue flame to produce

sulphur dioxide gas

NITROGEN-Burns in oxygen to form nitrogen oxide

Redox reactions

ELEMENT OXIDATION REDUCTION FORMULA

Hydrogen Oxidizing agent Reducing agent -
when it reacts when reacting
with metals with non metals
Chlorine Oxidizing agent - CU+Cl2=CaCl2
Oxygen Oxidizing agent - Al +O2=Al2O3
Sulphur Oxidizing agent - -
Nitrogen Oxidizing agent - -
4-COLLECTION OF OXYGEN
When preparing and collecting oxygen the water displacement method
is used . This method can also be used for gases of any density by
reacting a solid in water as long as the gas is not to soluble in water .
Since all the gases are less dense than the liquid it will displace the
water downwards

COLLECTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Thee method for preparing and collecting a gas more dense than air is
by reacting a solid and liquid .The more dense gas sinks down and
displaces the less dense air upwards .The method is called downward
delivery .Calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid makes carbon
dioxide

PREPARATION OF AMMONIA
Ammonia gas is lighter than air in order to collect it ammonia gas must
be heated by a solid reactant. The ammonia gas rises into an upside
down test tube where it displaces the denser air downward. This
method is known as the upward delivery

To make dry ammonia a U-tube packed with granules of calcium oxide

between the horizontal pyrex tube and the vertically inverted collection
test tube