Professional Documents
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SHO Module 3
SHO Module 3
1. a) List out the factors that influence the toxicity/damaging effect of substances on the body.
1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ.
2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects.
3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include
the molecule size, volatility, solubility
etc.
6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than
younger individuals.
7.) Gender.
- Absorption: Process where toxic chemical entering the body. Most common route of entry is through
1) Inhalation: gasses enter through inhalation and are absorbed into the lungs
- Distribution: Process where the chemical and its metabolites are distributed into the body.
- Excretion: Process of disposing the absorbed material and its metabolite from the body.
1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ.
2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects.
3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include
the molecule size, volatility, solubility
etc.
6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than
younger individuals.
7.) Gender.
(慢性暴露) in a certain factory. The effect is 3.) Gas Chromatography (GC)
known as chronic effect. Eg. Exposure to
4.) High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
asbestos or tobacco smoke.
(HPLC)
5. True statement about PEL (boundary
5.) Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma
between safe & unsafe dose)
Spectrophotometry (ICAP)
Permissible exposure limit means:
6.) Ion Chromatography (IC)
- A ceiling limit
7.) Optical Microscopy (Phase-contrast and
- Maximum exposure limit polarized-light microscopes)
1. Discuss the safe procedures of chemicals that should be carried out during receiving, handling,
storing and disposal.
and done by at least 2 trained and experienced
1.) Receiving of chemicals at
staff
workplace
2.) check labels on packaging or containers:
1.) Item verification:
All labels must have the following information , i.e chemical name, hazard signs and symbols, risk
3.) Check the availability of hazard information:Ensure the supplier provides CSDS.
4.) Check the integrity of packaging and container:
Check for leakage, change of shape, rust or flaws and weakness of the package or container.
2.) Chemical storage 1.) Chemical storage must take the following into consideration:
2.) Storage area is in isolation from processing area through either separation by fire proof guard or in
a separate building
3.) Avoid storing materials that may have reactions to each other together. Segregation should be
4.) Reduce the risk of physical damage such as using proper risk management or rack organizing
processes.
5.) Fire proof walls , doors or obstructions to prevent the spreading of fire/smoke
6.) Limit the quantity of materials stored to the quantity required for operation to minimize the
7.) Store chemicals in a safe and efficient manner, with a good ventilation system, Temperature and
3.) Handling 1.) The employer must train the employee to understand the risk: CSDS, label. before using
chemicals
2.) Proper training and be informed of the potential risks and the safety measures required
3.) Use of PPE
positioned close to the route of entry of the 1. Determine who exposure to the hazardous
hazard. substances above the action level.
1) To monitor the level of contaminants (living or workplace. This is the basis for initial
non-living) in the work environment determination
5. If the employee exposure at or above the action level but below PEL, monitoring is repeated at least
every 6 months until at
least 2 consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart, are below the action level at which time the
employer may
6. If the employee exposure is above the PEL, monitoring is repeated at quarterly until at least 2
consecutive measurements taken at
least 7 days apart, are below PEL but at or above the action level at which time the employer may repeat
monitoring for the
d) Briefly explain the purpose of personal sampling, area sampling, grab sampling and integrated
sampling
Personal sampling –To monitor the exposure level of a worker to a specific hazard, . A sampling
devices/equipment is placed on the
worker where the sensor of sample collector is positioned close to the route of entry of the hazard.
Area sampling – Area sampling is to monitor the level of contaminants in an area/workplace and also
monitoring the integrity and
results of the hazard monitoring system. Monitoring equipment is placed in specific locations in the
workplace,
Grab sampling – Use for grab or instantaneous sampling, Its characteristics are: (i) Spontaneous level of
pollution/hazard reading ; (ii)
shows the condition of the work environment at a specific time as measurements and sampling is only
valid for the
Integrated sampling – use for sampling airborne contaminants in the work environment. Its
characteristics are (i) sample is collected and
analyzed later (ii) provides higher accuracy readings on the employees exposure to airborne contaminants
as time
Area sampling
3. Identification of hazard
CSDS contain information related to hazardous chemicals or preparations which are important in the safe
use and handling of chemicals
• Provide input towards the development of strategies and recommendations for safety in the use of
hazardous chemicals
b) CPL 1997 regulation – state 4 important information from CSDS and each give 2 examples
(i) Chemical product and company identification - Product information (product name, trade name,
chemical name), company
1. List the four classification of hazardous chemicals based on their physico-chemical properties
and five classification based on their health
effects.
II. Oxidising: highly exothermic reaction with other chemicals, particularly flammable chemicals.
III. Extremely Flammable: Flash point <0c and boiling point ≦35c
V. Flammable: Flash point < 21c, ignite when contact with air ambient temperature.
Comparing test data on Chemical effects vs Chemical effects Criteria in CPL Schedule 1, Part B:
I. Very Toxic: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve
extremely serious acute or
I. Toxic: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve
extremely serious acute or chronic
II. Harmful: Substances and preparations which if inhaled/ingested/penetrated into skin may involve
limited health risks.
IV. Corrosive: Substances and preparations which may, on contact with living tissues, destroy them.
V. Irritant: Non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated
contact with the skin or
(a) The name of the hazardous chemical and supplier details (name, address, contact number).
1.) OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of hazardous chemicals) regulations 1997, Reg. 7. A
supplier shall ensure that every
1. Toxic substances may cause health problem if it enters the bloodstream. Name four (4) types of
entry routes and give example for each of
the routes.
a. Direct contact: Direct contact with corrosive chemical such as acid or alkaline will burn the skin or body.
b. Inhalation: Chemicals that spread in the air (dust, mist, fume, gas, vapour), example: Asbestos, mineral
dust, lead, organic solvent.
c. Skin Absorption: Mostly chemical in liquid form are easily absorbed into the skin. Example organic
solvents, pesticides.
d. Ingestion: Hand, food, cigarettes polluted with chemicals digested into the stomach unconsciously.
e. Injection: Sharp object (e.g., needle) punctures the skin and injects a chemical (or virus) directly into the
bloodstream
M3-C11 Ventilation
General dilution ventilation – air ventilation by means of supplying and exhausting a large volume of air of
the area through natural or
mechanical method. It allows chemicals release to mix with the air in a room which is then diluted to an
acceptable level of exposure. It is used to discard low concentration of non-toxic and low toxic
substances generated from a small source that is non-central. To create air flow, control pollution and
2. Air movement is necessary to assist the body’s natural cooling mechanism. ASHRAE
recommend air movement between _______ and
_______
5.) Breathing zone is too close to the source of 7.) Existing heating system, ventilation system
contaminant and air conditioning system (HVAC) is incapable
of treating air
6.) External air is more polluted than the internal
Mechanical ventilation and recirculation of air.
4. a) Purpose of LEV FMA (Asbestos Process) Regulations 1986,
a) What is the purpose of a LEV Regulation 6. Exhaust equipment to be
provided.
To supply clean air / Oxygen, to create air flow,
to control air pollution, to prevent fire and FMA (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989,
explosion, control of heat/humidity for Regulation 14. Control equipment
effective and suitable provision shall be made 2.) Better control of exposure for highly toxic
for securing and maintaining adequate airborne chemicals
ventilation by
3.) Prevents the accumulation of contamination
the circulation of fresh air in every part of a
4.) Lower rate of volume flow
factory and for rendering harmless, so far as
practicable, all gases, fumes, dust 5.) Requires smaller amount of makeup air
and other impurities that may be injurious to since smaller amounts of air are being
health arising in the course of any process or exhausted.
work carried on in a factory 6.) Less energy costs since there is less
2) FMA (Safety, Health and Welfare) makeup air to heat or cool
Regulations 1970, Regulation 25. Ventilation. Teoh
2.) Humidity – air too dry cause eye and respiratory system irritation
3.) Slow air flow - due to lack of air supply in the HVAC system, cause dead zones
5.) Physical symptoms – occupants may report symptoms such as dry eyes, respiratory problems,
headaches, fatigue.. caused by
1. What are the 4 types of monitoring system used in occupational health surveillance/
Outline the type of health surveillance that can be carried out for workers?
1.) Biological monitoring such as measuring and evaluating the hazardous substances or the metabolites
in the blood ,urine and air
To monitor and identify the changes in his/her health conditions as a result of exposure to hazardous
materials. It is carried out to obtain
additional information on dose absorption and its biological effects. It is a form of control measure that is
employed to control the level of
pollution from hazardous substances and ensure that the safety and health of an employee in a
workplace.
M3-C16 Ergonomic
Is a discipline in the health and safety industry that study the human relation with equipments,
machineries, procedures and working
environment. It concentrates on effort to optimize human ability with the job done.
1.) Stress from circadian rhythm(昼夜节律): The time of cycle of a day that affects the psychological and
physiological(生理)
conditions of an employee。
2.) Stress from lack of sleep can result in emotional disturbances, health and work capacity and
performance
3.) Stress from social & domestic problem can result in lack of responsibility in the household, towards
spouses, children and parents.
1.) Developing skills in managing stress: Include social, communication, language, presentation, problem
solving skills
2.) Slow down or Reducing reactions on stress: Such as meditation, yoga, relaxation methods (breathing
exercise and relaxing the
progressive muscles) and leading a healthy lifestyle (exercising and balanced diet)
3.) Monitoring stress symptoms using stress diary method: Employee to note down all the stress
symptoms faced daily in a diary. Before
going to bed, employee is required to read the diary and evaluate themselves
and make the effort not to repeat the same symptoms the next day.
-Cognitive action method: Reaction towards stress is from our mind. Alter the way of thinking or mindset
on a particular matter that is
M3-C21 Physical Hazards: Noise, Radiation, Vibration, Pressurized Environment, Thermal Stress
b) At what level is it necessary to begin using some type of personal protective hearing devices?
≧85dB(A)
2. What is the purpose of noise monitoring and what is the commonly used unit to measure sound? How
would you conduct a noise
-Purpose of noise monitoring to determine if any employee may be exposed to noise level at or above the
action level
-Common used unit to measure sound : Frequency (# of vibrations per second , measured in Hertz),
Amplitude (peak magnitude or
- Noise monitoring program: Basically, there are two different instruments to measure noise exposures:
the sound level meter and the
dosimeter. A sound level meter is a device that measures the intensity of sound at a given moment. Since
sound
level meters provide a measure of sound intensity at only one point in time, it is generally necessary to
take a
number of measurements at different times during the day to estimate noise exposure over a workday. If
noise
levels fluctuate, the amount of time noise remains at each of the various measured levels must be
determined.
To estimate employee noise exposures with a sound level meter it is also generally necessary to take
several
measurements at different locations within the workplace. After appropriate sound level meter readings
are
obtained, people sometimes draw "maps" of the sound levels within different areas of the workplace. By
using
a sound level "map" and information on employee locations throughout the day, estimates of individual
exposure levels can be developed. This measurement method is generally referred to as "area" noise
monitoring.
A dosimeter is like a sound level meter except that it stores sound level measurements and integrates
these
measurements over time, providing an average noise exposure reading for a given period of time, such as
an
8-hour workday. With a dosimeter, a microphone is attached to the employee's clothing and the exposure
measurement is simply read at the end of the desired time period. A reader may be used to read-out the
dosimeter's measurements. Since the dosimeter is worn by the employee, it measures noise levels in
those
locations in which the employee travels. A sound level meter can also be positioned within the immediate
vicinity of the exposed worker to obtain an individual exposure estimate. Such procedures are generally
Area monitoring can be used to estimate noise exposure when the noise levels are relatively constant and
employees are not mobile. In workplaces where employees move about in different areas or where the
noise
intensity tends to fluctuate over time, noise exposure is generally more accurately estimated by the
personal
monitoring approach.
In situations where personal monitoring is appropriate, proper positioning of the microphone is necessary
to
obtain accurate measurements. With a dosimeter, the microphone is generally located on the shoulder
and
remains in that position for the entire workday. With a sound level meter, the microphone is stationed near
the
employee's head, and the instrument is usually held by an individual who follows the employee as he or
she
moves about.
Manufacturer's instructions, contained in dosimeter and sound level meter operating manuals, should be
followed for calibration and maintenance. To ensure accurate results, it is considered good professional
The amendment requires that when there are significant changes in machinery or production processes
that
may result in increased noise levels, remonitoring must be conducted to determine whether additional
employees need to be included in the hearing conservation program. Many companies choose to
remonitor
periodically (once every year or two) to ensure that all exposed employees are included in their hearing
conservation programs.
- conduction due to damage to the ear drum/or ossicles bones in the middle ear. Due to high impulse
noise and effects one ear
- neuro sensory due to damage to the hair follicles in the inner ear. Due to overexposure to loud noise, in
most cases both ears
(v) Tinnitus
▪ Workplace noise sampling including personal noise monitoring which identifies which employees are at
risk from hazardous levels
of noise.
▪ Informing workers at risk from hazardous levels of noise exposure of the results of their noise monitoring.
▪ Providing affected workers or their authorized representatives with an opportunity to observe any noise
measurements
conducted.
▪ Maintaining a worker audiometric testing program (hearing tests) which is a professional evaluation of
the health effects of noise
▪ Implementing comprehensive hearing protection follow-up procedures for workers who show a loss of
hearing (standard threshold
▪ Proper selection of hearing protection based upon individual fit and manufacturer's quality testing
indicating the likely protection
that they will provide to a properly trained wearer.
▪ Evaluate the hearing protectors attenuation and effectiveness for the specific workplace noise.
▪ Training and information that ensures the workers are aware of the hazard from excessive noise
exposures and how to properly
▪ Data management of and worker access to records regarding monitoring and noise sampling.
a) Name and describe 5 (five) health problems that are associated with heat stress
Physiological changes that occur in the body to balance the internal body heat include
2.) Sweating
3.) Changes in the central nervous system such as dizziness, emotional disturbances
If not identified in the early stages, can result in problem such as rashes, muscle cramps, fatigue,
dizziness and faint, heat stroke
b) Explain the safe measures that can be used to prevent heat stress.
b) Name and describe 5 (five) safe work system that should be set up to prevent heat stress.
1.) Admin controls – written policy and SOP, sufficient rest and hydration, reduction of exposure by limiting
exposure duration and work
time
2.) Engineering controls – proper ventilation for optimum elimination of heat from the workplace,
distancing heat generating machinery
and equipment from workers, isolation of machines and processes that produce high levels of heat
4.) Monitoring of temperature in the workplace using specific equipment to enable correct levels of heat
exposure , proper record
5.) Training and education – heat stress hazard , signs and symptoms , first aid procedures, worker
responsibility
6. a. What is the different between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation? List 3 (three)
example for each radiation
Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not
enough to remove electrons, is
referred to as "non-ionizing radiation." Examples of this kind of radiation are ultraviolet, visible rays, laser ,
infra-red ,radio waves and
microwaves.
Radiation that falls within the ionizing radiation" range has enough energy to remove tightly bound
electrons from atoms, thus creating
ions. This is the type of radiation that people usually think of as 'radiation.' We take advantage of its
properties to generate electric power,
to kill cancer cells, and in many manufacturing processes. Examples, alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray,
radioactive waste, nuclear energy test
• Administrative control - risk assessment on new equipment , written SOP , training for X-ray worker,
maintenance and supervision,
• Engineering control – minimizing exposure at the optimum level. i.e minimizing exposure duration,
working at the furthest distance,
• Health monitoring – radiation protection survey , exposure monitoring (personal monitoring using film
badge, area monitoring using
- Optimial protection –ALARA “as low as reasanoble achievable” , base on shielding, time and distance
9. 3. Sievert (Sv) is the unit of derived unit of ionizing radiation, dose times the quality factor of the
radiation as compared to
gamma-radiation. It is equal to the ________ times the quality factor and is equivalent to
_____________.
10. 110 dBA. Worker exposure time? (1 hr / 15 min / 8 hrs / 30 min / none at all)
A) Drying and baking of paints, varnishes, enamels and other protective coatings.
B) Heating of metal parts for shrink fit assembly, forging, thermal aging, brazing and conditioning surfaces
for application of adhesives
and welding.