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Awp QB
Awp QB
1. Find the effective length of a λ/2 dipole and λ/4 monopole. Hence calculate their directivities, using the
2 (a) Establish the relations between directivity and effective area, directivity and effective length.
(b) An antenna has a radiation resistance of 63 ohms and a lossy resistance of 6ohms. If the power gain is 30,
3. What is the maximum effective aperture(approximately) for a beam antenna having half power widths of 300
and 350 in perpendicular planes intersecting in the beam axis, minor lobes are small and may be neglected.
[10M/S4]
4. (a) Define Directivity and Gain of an antenna. Bring out the relation between Directivity and Gain.
(b) The Normalized field pattern of an end fine array is given by En=Sin(π/2N)Sin(nψ/2)/Sin(ψ/2)
where ψ =dr (cosφ -1)- π/n, dr= π/2, n=10. i. Calculate the Gain G
5. (a) Explain the significance of principal planes in the description of Radiation pattern of antennas. Hence
define and distinguish between: Horizontal and vertical plane patterns, E & H plane patterns.
(b) For a source with radiation intensity u = 6 Cosθ, find the directivity and HPBW, when its pattern is uni
directional. [09M/S2]
6. (a) Define antenna beam width and directivity and obtain the relation between them.
(b) Calculate the electric field due to an isotropic radiator radiating 3 kW power at a distance of 2 Km
(b) What is the effective length of an antenna. Determine the effective length of a half wave dipole antenna.
9. (a) Define and explain the significance of the terms: Radiation intensity, Beam area, Beam efficiency,
(b) A source has a constant power pattern limited to top half of the hemisphere only. Find its directivity and
10.(a) From the knowledge of Directive gain ‘Gd’, Prove the following relation. Gd = 120Π2 /Rred (le/λ)2 Where
le= effective length of the antenna Rred = Radiation resistance of the antenna.and state the importance of
this relation.
(b) A source has bidirectional power pattern with a radiation intensity of U = 4sin θ. Find its directivity and
11.(a) Define and Explain: Directivity and power gain for an antenna. What is the relation between the two?
Prove that the directivity of a λ/2 aerial is 0.39 db more than that of short dipole.
(b) What are principal planes? How the antenna beam width is defined in such planes? [08N/S1,S3]
i. Radial Power Flow ii. Radiation resistance for a short dipole iii. Uniform Current Distribution.
(b) Calculate the following for an antenna carrying 50A (rms) at 480 kHz having effective length of
60.96 metres. Take loss resistance of the antenna= 5 ohms i. Radiation resistance ii. Power radiated
iii. Antenna efficiency iv. Directivity and power gain v. HPBW and BWFN. [08N/S2,S4]
UNIT-2
(b) Show that the radiation resistance of half wave dipole is 73 ohm
2. (a) Explain the terms Isotropic, Directional and Omni directional patterns.
(b) Show that the radiation resistance of a λ/4 monopole is 36.5 ohms. [10M/S2]
(c) Plot the radiation pattern of dipole antenna for 4 different dimensions interms of wavelengths.
3. (a) Explain the complimentary behavior between Slot and Dipole Antennas. [10M/S3]
(b) State Reciprocity Theorem. How is it useful to obtain radiation characteristics of Antennas?
4. (a) Explain the concept of retarded potential
(b) Write down the expressions for the Electric and Magnetic fields caused to an alternating current element.
5. (a) Derive an expression for radiance resistance of current element starting from the expression for radiation
fields.
(b) Prove that the impedance of an isolated antenna when used for receiving is same as when used for
transmitting.. [09M/S1]
(b) Show that the Directivity of an elementary Dipole (Current Element) is 1.5 or 1.76 dB.
(c) Calculate the power gain of a half wave Dipole whose ohmic losses and Directive gain are 7.0 Ohms and
7. (a) State the Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas? Prove that the Self Impedance of an Antenna in transmitting
(b) Define Directivity. Obtain the Directivity of an Isotropic Antenna, Short Dipole and Half-Wave Dipole.
8. (a) Assuming the expression of radiation fields for alternating current element,find out its radiation
(b) An antenna whose effective height is 100 meters at a frequency of 60 kHz radiated 100 kWof power.
Determine the strength of the electric field at a distance of 100 km from the antenna. Neglect the ground
(c) A Small current element at 10 MHz produces a radiated field in a direction making angle θ with the
element. Assuming that the current is 10 Amp.Calculate the power radiated and radiation resistance of the
Antenna. [08N/S1]
10.(a) Explain the terms ‘Radiation Field’, ‘Induction Field’ and ‘Electrostatic Field’ by deriving the E Field of
(b) What is Polarization? How many types of Polarizations are used in Antennas? Explain. [08N/S2]
(b) Obtain the relative amplitudes of radiation, induction and electro-static fields at a distance of 2λ from a
short current element having an uniform current of 1 mA along its length. [08N/S1,S2,S3]
12.(a) State the following antenna theorems and bring out their importance in antenna measurements :
(b) A half wave transmitting antenna radiates 10KW of power at 100 MHz.If the heights of transmitting and
receiving antennas are 100m and 9m, calculate the power received at a distance of 10 kms from the
13.(a) Show that the radiation resistance of a small loop is equal to 320π 4(A/λ2) ohms where A is loop area.
14.(a) Explain the terms ‘Radiation Field’, ‘Induction Field’ and ‘Electrostatic Field’ by deriving the E Field of
(b) What is Polarization? How many types of Polarizations are used in Antennas? Explain. [07N/S2]
UNIT-3
1. (a) What is Array Factor? Find the array factor of 2 element array.
(b) For an array of 2 identical infinitesi8mal dipoles oriented with a separation of ‘D’ and phase excitation
Difference ‘β’ between the elements. Find the angles of observation where the nulls of the array occur.
2. (a) A linear broadside array consist of 4 identical equal in phase point source with λ/3 spacing. Calculate
And plot the field pattern. Also find the directivity and beam width.
(b) Show that the width of principle lobe of an end array is greater than that of broadside array of the same
length. [10M/S3]
4. (a) Compare the radiation characteristics of uniform linear arrays, fed with
6. (a) Derive an expression for field pattern of a 2 element array and draw the field pattern
7. Evaluate the radiation characteristics HPBW, Null, Side lobe positions. And actual side lobe levels for a
Uniform linear array of 10 elements with quadrate wavelength spacing fed with α= 2πd/λ. Sketch the pattern.
8. (a) Compute the principle beam width for broadside and end fire array.
(b) A uniform linear array consisting of isotropic radiators spaced half wavelength a parts has 10 elements,
elements, each element carries 0.5amperes. Calculate the width of principle beam and maximum power
9. (a) Derive an expression for radiated power(Rp) of a BSA with ‘n’ vertical dipoles. Plot the Rp in vertical and
(b) Show the directivity of EFA (with increased directivity) is given by 1.789[4(L/λ)]. [08N/S1]
10.(a) Find the radiation pattern of 4 isotropic elements fed in phase, spaced λ/2 a part by using pattern
multiplication.
(b) What is uniform linear array? Discuss the application of linear array. [08N/S2]
(b) Find the phasing requ8ired to steer a beam Zenith to-400 for a 5 ele4ment array with 0.4λ inter element
spacing. [08N/S3]
(b) Show that Dolph-Tchebyshelf distributions gives optimum distribution and minimum side lobe level for
13.(a) Compare the radiation characteristics of BSA’s, EFA’s, EFA’s with increased directivity, and Binomial
(b) What are the conditions for the linear array of 20 isotropic elements to radiate in end fire, broad side
14.(a) In order to scan the beam of a linear array to 300 off broadside. Calculate the inner element phase shift
Required if the elements are spaced at 3 cms and the frequency is 64 KHz.
(b) What are the linear arrays? Compare Broadside array and End fire array. [07N/S2]
15.(a) Explain the procedure for measuring the radiation pattern of a half wave dipole.
UNIT-4
(b) Draw the radiation pattern for traveling wave antenna for L=λ/2, λ, 2λ, 4λ and 8λ. [10M/S1]
2.(a) If a Helical antenna has spacing between turns 0.05m, diameter 0.1m,number of turns equal to 20 and
operates at 1000MHz. find the null to beam width of the main beam and also half power beam width and
directivity.
(b) Describe the characteristics of long wire traveling wave antenna. Sketch their pattern for lengths of
4. (a) Design a Rhombic Antenna to operate at 20MHz when the angle of elevation Δ=100
5. (a) Sketch the current distribution in vertical grounded antennas of λ/4 and 3λ/4 length.
(b) Derive an expression for radiation pattern of a rhombic antenna. At what frequencies rhombic antenna is
used. [09M/S1]
(b) Derive an expression for radiated electric field strength of a traveling wave radiation of length ‘1’.
8. (a) Explain the construction of Rhombic Antenna with balloon and termination. Draw the radiation pattern of
(b) Derive electric field expression for Non Resonant antenna. [09M/S4]
9. (a) Derive an expression for electric field of a Non Resonant antenna of length ‘1’ carrying current.
(b) Sketch and explain the constructional features of a Helical antenna. [08N/S1][07N/S2]
10. (a) What is meant by Non Resonant antenna? Derive from the first principle, the field due to such antenna
(b) Mention the merits and demerits of a traveling wave antenna. [08N/S3]
i. Resonant and Non Resonant antennas ii. Narrow Band and wide Band antennas. [08N/S4]
12. (a) Compare the requirements and radiation characteristics of resonant and non-resonant radiators?
(b) Determine the lengths and spacing requirements for a 3 element yagi-Uda antenna array at 500mHz, and
13. (a) With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi antenna, listing out its length
(b) Sketch the current distribution on a folded dipole, and account for its input impedance when the two legs
(c) Applications of Rhombic Antennas. (d) Multi director yagi Antenna. [08N/S3]
15. (a) Explain the need and the configuration of a folded Dipole Antenna. Sketch its radiation pattern and
(b) List out the design relations associate with a Rhombic Antenna. What are its applications? [08N/S4]
(b) Derive an expression for radiated electric field strength of a traveling wave radiation of lengthy ‘1’.
17. (a) Distinguish between Traveling wave and Standing wave antennas.
18. Explain how a Yagi Uda antenna is analyzed as an EFA, listing and the necessary mathematical relations.
UNIT-5
1. (a) What is a parabolic element. How does a parasitic element act when length is greater than and smaller
than λ/2.
(b) Distinguish between Spherical and Cylindrical paraboloids. Comment on their aperture efficiency
2. (a) Explain all the structural requirements of a 5 element yagi antenna at 475 MHz accounting for typical
(b) Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of parabolic reflectors. [10M/S2]
3. (a) A paraboloid operating at 5 GHz, has a radiation pattern with null to null beam width of 100. Find the
(b) Draw the Yadi-Uda antenna and sketch its radiation, Write down the design equations of yagi-uda
antenna. [10M/S3]
4. (a) Describe the following reflectors :i. Truncated Paraboloid ii. Offset Paraboloid.
(b) Find the gain, BWFN, HPBW of a paraboloid of 2 m diameter operating at 5GHz when half wave
(b) A six feet parabolic reflector is to be used at 6 GHz. Calculate the beam width between first nulls and
7. (a) With reference to paraboloids, explain i. Aperture Blocking. ii. FID ratio. iii. Spill over.
(b) Evaluate the power gain directing and the required diameter of a paraboloid having a null beam width
8. (a) For what mouth diameter and capture area of a paraboloid reflector is a BWFN of 120 obtained when
9. (a) Describe the performance of paraboloids with respect to aperture blocking. [08M/S1]
(b) Describe the constructional details of cassegrain antennas and sketch its radiation characteristics.
10.(a) A Paraboloid reflector of 1.8 m diameter is used at 6 GHz. Calculate the beam width between the
(b) Design Yagi Uda antenna of six elements to provide a again of 12dB if the operating frequency is
(b) Discuss the conditions under which a parasitic dipole placed near and parallel to a driven dipole can
12.(a) Establish and explain the gain and beam width relations for a parabolic reflector and account for its
13.(a) Sketch the typical geometry of a helical antenna radiating in axial mode, and list out all its
parameters and basic characteristics. List out the expressions for BWFN, directivity and axial ratio.
(b) With a neat sketch, explain the image formation and field calculation for the case of a 600 corner
reflector. [07M/S3]
14.(a) With sequence to helical antennas, explain the following features: i. band width
(b) Distinguish between the F/B and f/D ratios for a parabolic reflector. [07M/S4]
UNIT_6
1. (a) Describe the method of measuring the gain and radiation pattern of an antenna.
(b) A standard gain horn antenna with a power gain of 12.5, is used to measure the gain of a large
directional antenna by comparison method. The test antenna is connected to the receiver and an
attenuator adjusted to 23dB in order to have the same receiver output. Find out the gain of the large
antenna. [10M/S1]
2. (a) Explain why the beam widths in the two perpendicular planes of radiation of a square pyramidal
(b) What is an antenna test range? What is minimum distance at which test should be taken for an
antenna 5m in diameter and working at 6GHz? Derive the necessary expression. [10M/S2]
3. (a) Given that radiation pattern of an antenna are measured, explain how the directivity and power gain
can be evaluated.
(b) Distinguish between different types of lens antennas, explaining their curvature profiles. [10M/S3]
4. (a) Derive an expression for directivity of pyramidal horn in terms of aperture dimensions. [10M/S4]
(b) Explain the 3 antenna method of measurement of the gain of a horn antenna with necessary relations.
5. (a) Explain radiation through aperture horn antenna and reflector antenna.
6. (a) Describe the measurement procedures to obtain directive gain of an antenna. State clearly the
sectoral horn is 15cms. Design the horn dimensions such that it is optimum at 10GHz. [09M/S4]
8. (a) What is an Optimum Horn? Sketch and Explain its characteristics along with dimensional relations.
(b) Explain the first transmission formula and its applicability for antenna gain measurements. [08M/S1]
9. (a) What is the principle of equality of path length? How is it applicable to horn antenna?
(b) Discuss how the directivity of horn antenna can be measured. [08M/S2]
10.(a) How is the field pattern of a receiving antenna experimentally determined. Explain with a neat
diagram.
(b) Distinguish between Curved Surface Zoning and Plane Surface Zoning of lens antenna. Discuss their
11.(a) With a neat setup, explain the method of measurement of the beam width of pyramidal horn antennas
12.(a) Distinguish between sectoral, Pyramidal and Conical Horns, with neat sketches. List out their utility
and applications.
(b) With neat set up, explain the absolute method of measuring the gain of an antenna. [07M/S1,S3]
13.(a) With neat schematics, explain the method of measurement of the gain of a horn antenna by 3 antenna
technique.
(b) Explain the basic principles of operation of lens antennas. Hence distinguish between the different
(b) Define beam width of an antenna. Explain the procedure for measuring the beam width and also the
16. Explain the microwave bench setup suitable for antenna measurements. What are the special
UNIT-7
1. (a) Discuss the features that lead to fading and attenuation in ionospheric propagation. [10M/S1]
(b) What is Wave Tilt? How does it effect the field strength received at a distance from the transmitter?
2. (a) Show that MUF of ionized layer is given by fc√(1+(D/2h)2) for flat earth.
i. Ionospheric Storms.
(b) Bring out the various problems associated with this mode of propagation. How are these problems
overcome? [10M/S3][09M/S1]
4. (a) What is Virtual Height? Derive the expression for the same.
5. (a) State and explain Sommerfield equation for ground wave propagation.
(b) Describe the salient features of multiple hop propagation. Mention the permissible ranges of
frequencies. [09M/S2]
6. (a) The critical frequency for reflection at vertical incidence of an ionospheric wave is 10MHz.Calculate
i. Ground Wave
(b) What is Critical Frequency? What is Virtual Height? Find the maximum distance that can be covered
10.(a) What is Angle of Tilt? How does it affect the field strength at a distance from the transmitter?
(b) A 150 m antenna transmitting at 1.2 MHz by ground wave has an antenna current of 8 A. What
voltage is received by a receiving antenna 40 kms away, with a height of 2 meters? [08M/S4]
11.(a) Show that for vertical incidence of radio waves on the ionosphere, the critical frequency fC is related
to the maximum electron density Nm by the equation.fc2 =Nme2/(4π2ε0 m) where e, ε0 and m have
their usual significance. Express Nm in terms of fC and a constant factor utilizing the usual values of
i. Maximum of MUF
(b) What is meant by critical frequency? What information is conveyed by it regarding the ionosphere?
13.(a) What is signal fading? List the various types of fading and explain.
(b) Determine the change in the electron density of E - layer when the critical frequency changes from
UNIT_8
1. (a) Discuss the effects of hills, building and other obstacles an space wave propagation.
3. (a) Space wave propagates between transmitting and receiving stations of heights ‘h1’ and ‘h2’
(b) What are the different paths used for propagating radio waves from 300 KHz and 300 MHz.
4. (a) Describe the troposphere and explain how tropospheric ducts can be used for microwave
propagation.
(b) Derive the expression for space wave electric field produced by an antenna at a distance point,
5. (a) Show that the rms value of the electric field Erms produced at a distance of ‘r’ km in free space by
(b) Two aircrafts are flying at altitudes of 3000 m and 5000 m respectively. What is minimum possible
distance along the surface of the earth over which they can have effective point to point microwave
6. (a) A police radio transmitter operating at a frequency 1.69 GHz is required to provide a ground wave
50% produces a radiating field proportional of cosθ. The ground wave has σ = 5 × 10−5 mho/cm and
(b) Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation. [09M/S 2][08M/S3] 7.
A television transmitting antenna mounted at a height of 120 m radiates 15 kw power equally in all
(b) the field strength at a receiving antenna mounted at a height of 16 m at a distance of 12 km.
(c) the distance at which the field strength reduces to 1 mv/m. Derive the formulas used. [09M/S4]
i. Radio Horizon ii. Radius of curvature of array path for LOS waves.
(b) Show that the field strength due to space wave given by E = (2E0/d) sin(2πhthr/λd). [08M/S2]
9. (a) Derive an expression for the curvature of the ray path due to the changing refractive index in the
troposphere.
(b) Explain the phenomenon of duct propagation. [08M/S4]
10 Calculate the transmission - path distance for an ionospheric transmission that utilize a layer of height
200 Km. The angle of elevation of the antenna beam is 200. The earth’s radius can be assumed to be
11. A communication link is to be established between two stations using half wavelength antenna for
maximum directive gain. Transmitter power is 1Kw, frequency of operation is 100 MHz and distance
between transmitter and receiver is 100 Km.What is the maximum power received by receiver?
12. (a) Discuss the effect of curvature of earth over space wave propagation.
(c) Calculate the power density reaching the moon’s surface from a 1MW pulse transmitter located on
the earth. The antenna gain is 55 db. Take the distance between the moon and the earth is
14. (a) Show that the radios of curature of the ray path is given by −2/( dεr/dh ) for tropospheric waves.
(b) Distinguish between the froms standard atmosphere, substandard propagation, and super standard
conditions. [08M/S 4]