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Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Wrightia arborea

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PHARMACOGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF WRIGHTIA ARBOREA (DENSST.) MABB.

Khyade Mahendra S.1*, Vaikos Nityanand P.2
1
Post Graduate Department of Botany, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce and B.N. Sarda Science
College, Sangamner, Dist. Ahmednagar, (MS), India
2
Department of Botany, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad, Aurangabad (MS), India
Presently at Sonchafa, Plot No. 15B,Mahavir Nagar, Osmanpura, Aurangabad (MS), India
Received on: 07/01/14 Revised on: 25/01/14 Accepted on: 30/01/14

*Corresponding author
Dr. Mahendra S. Khyade, Post Graduate Depatment of Botany, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D.J., Malpani Commerce and B.N., Sarda Science
College, Sangamner-422 605 (MS), India Email: mskhyade@rediffmail.com
DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.05118

ABSTRACT
Wrightia arborea (Densst.) Mabb. belonging to the family Apocynaceae, is a small deciduous tree, distributed throughout the warmer parts of India.
Different organs (root, bark and leaf) have been used in traditional medicine for many years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the
pharmacognostic characters of root, bark and leaf, which were carried out in terms of organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, physiochemical
analysis and phytochemical testing as per WHO recommended methods for standardization of different organs of the plant. In quantitative
microscopy, the average stomatal index was found to be 23.0, vein islet number 25.14 and vein termination number 20.0. Physico-chemically, the
moisture content was comparatively more in bark, while it was less in the root; extractive values of chloroform, ethanol and water soluble extractive
were 8.8 % w/w, 21.4 % w/w and 23.68 % w/w respectively. The total ash value was less in root, than that of the leaves; whereas acid insoluble ash
value was more in leaves than root. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, phlobatannin in bark
and leaves; phenolics, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins found in all studied organs, while leucoanthocyanins, iridoids, steroids and terpenoid
revealed in the leaves only. Of the various phytochemicals and minerals estimated, saponin and tannins were found in larger amounts in leaves than
others, whereas the minerals, calcium were more in leaf. The present pharmacognostic parameters reported on this plant can serve as a valuable
source of identification and provide a suitable diagnostic tool for standardization besides adulterant identification in related species or weeds.
Keywords: Wrightia arborea organs, traditional medicine, pharmacognostical parameters.

INTRODUCTION wrightiadione, phenolic acids, saponins, steroids, tannins

Wrightia arborea (Densst.) Mabb. (Syn. Wrightia
tomentosa Roem and Schult) belongs to the family
Apocynaceae, is a small deciduous tree, distributed
throughout the warmer parts of India at an altitude of 600
m in the Himalayas and in 1,200 m in the Nilgiris1. In
India, it is known by its different vernacular names, Kala
Indrajav (Marathi), Dudhi, dharuli (Hindi), Dudhkoraiya
(Bengali), Atkuri (Asam), Pita karum (Oriya), Dudhlo
(Gujrat), Bilikudegidda (Kannada), Tellapaala (Telgu)
and Pala (Tamil) Nilampala (Malyalam)2. A preparation
of the bark of Wrightia arborea is being useful in
menstrual and renal complaints in traditional medicine for
many years3-5. The dried bark of Wrightia arborea is
employed as a substitute and an adulterant for the bark of
Holarrhena antidysenterica1. The stem bark and root bark
are found to be useful in snake bite and scorpion stings2.
The leaves with salt are given for to relief from
toothache1. The dried leaf powder is believed to be useful
as diaphoretic, expectorant and also used in dysentery6.
The root is used to cure headache, while a root powder is
taken with water to retrieve fever6,7. In Thailand, the dried
bark of this species is used as an antipyretic8 where as in
Tamilnadu state of India, the powdered stem bark is
mixed with curd and is taken orally to treat urinary
stones9. Previous phytochemical studies on this plant have
revealed the presence of conessine dihydrate, holarrhine,
kurchicine and a very minute quantity of conkurchine
alkaloids, flavonoids, phlobatanins, simple phenolics,
tannins, β-sitosterol, lupeol, α amyrin and reducing sugars
in bark1,10,11. Leaves indicated the occurrence of alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycoflavones-iso-orientin, isoflavone,
and terpenoids12-15. The plant of W. arborea is reported to
possess various biological activities like the
antimicrobial11,16,17, antimycobacterial 18, antipyretic and
anti-inflammatory19,anti-allodynic20, antihyperglycemic21,
antioxidant22, anti-tubercular23, antitumour24, cytotoxic14
and toxicology testing25. Some morphological features on
the leaf of W. arborea have been studied by Divakar et
al26. In the present paper, an attempt was made to provide
the detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of W. arborea.
Various parameters like macroscopic, microscopic,
quantitative microscopic values, physicochemical, besides
phytochemical profile of the root, bark and leaf have been
handled which may serve as pharmacopoeial standards for
proper identification of this species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals
All the chemicals used were of analytical grade and were
obtained from Merck and Molychem, Mumbai, India.
Microphotographs of all parts of the plants were taken by
using Jenaval Camera affixed to the microscope
Plant Material
A small tree, Wrightia arborea (W. tomentosa) is
growing and available at present in Botanic garden of
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad (MS), India which was identified by Dr. V N.
Naik of Botany department and its description, is given in
his catalogue27. The specimen of this plant is deposited
and kept in a folder of the genus Wrightia under the
Family Apocynaceae as per Bentham and Hooker system

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of classification. Fresh root, bark and leaves were
collected during 2006-2007 and used for the study of
macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Collected
samples of the plant were washed, shade dried at room
temperature for 20 days. The dried plant samples were
pulverized into fine powder using a grinder and passed
through 40 mesh sizes and stored in an airtight container
for further use.
Macroscopic evaluation
Different macroscopic characters such as shape, size,
color, odor leaf base, petiole, venations, margin, apex,
base, surface, and texture of the leaves are recorded. For
macroscopic studies of bark the materials were
characterized with respect to shape, the aspect of the
internal surface, and types of bark fractures and
configuration. The freshly collected roots of the plant
were spread on a white paper and examined different
organoleptic features by repeated observations using hand
magnifying glass and recorded28,29.
Microscopic Evaluation
For microscopic studies, the leaf, bark and root were
removed from the plant and fixed in FAA (Formalin 5 ml
+ Acetic acid 5 ml + 70 % Ethanol 90 ml). After 24 hours
of fixing, the transections of all studied organs were taken
by free hand. The sections were stained with safranin (1
%), light green (1 %), aniline sulphate (1 %) and mounted
in DPX after the customary dehydration. Some hand
sections were also examined in glycerin.
Quantitative Microscopy
The leaf epidermal studies were carried out on fresh
specimens. The peels were removed mechanically using
some chemicals. They were stained in 1 % safranin
mounted in glycerin and made semi-permanent by ringing
with DPX solution. Stomatal index (SI) and stomatal
frequency were calculated30,31. The vein islet number and
vein termination number of the leaf were determined
according to the reported method31.
Histological Color Reaction
The Histochemical color reactions of all the plant parts
were performed by the standard methods33,34.
Physiochemical Characters
Different physiochemical parameters such as the moisture
content, percentage of total ash, acid insoluble ash and
acid soluble ash; extractive values like chloroform-soluble
extractives, alcohol-soluble extractives and water-soluble
extractives were calculated according to the methods
described in the Indian pharmacopoeia35.
Phytochemical Evaluation
Phytochemical evaluations such as qualitative and
quantitative were done from the shade-dried powdered
material. For qualitative phytochemicals, standard
prescribed methods were used36-40 and for quantitative
phytochemicals; the recommended procedures were
followed for determining alkaloid41, saponin42, tannin,
phenolics43 and minerals44.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Macroscopic Evaluation
A small tree reaching, 7-9 m height abounding in yellow
milky juice, with opposite, divaricated, scabrous,
branches; the pieces of bark appear recurved, the outer
surface is yellow to greenish brown, whereas inner is
browingly white and strong fibrous. Fracture is tough and
fibrous and there is no characteristic taste of bark. Root
branched tap root, elongated and cylindrical, whitish
brown in color the terminal portions of the roots have thin
true rootlets (Figure 1 and 2); Leaves, 7-15 x 3.5 x 6 cm,
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, tomentose on both sides. On
drying-dark-brown color, base acute: main nerves 8-14
pairs; petioles, 3-6 mm long. Flowers malodorous, 2.5 cm
or more across in short, dense, erect, terminal corymbose
tomentose cymes, white when on the tree, turning yellow
shortly after being gathered. Calyx pubescent outside,
glandular inside, segments 3 mm long, broadly ovate,
obtuse, with ciliate membranous margins. Corolla tube, 5-
6 mm long; lobes, 12-15 mm long, oblong, rounded at
apex; corona orange, of 5-10 oblong lacinate scales. Fruits
follicles cylindric, 15-25 x 1.2 cm long with a groove on
each side at the junction of the carpels, rough with white
tubercles. Seeds, 1.2-1.6 cm long, slender attenuated at
the apex with deciduous white coma, 2.5-3.7 cm long at
the lower end45,46.
Microscopic Evaluation
The sectional view of W. arborea root is circular in
outline and showed periderm and ground tissue (Figure
3). Periderm is 5-6 layers, thick and is not clearly
distinguished into phellem, phellogen and phelloderm.
Followed by periderm is a homogenous cortex comprising
of many layers of thin walled large parenchymatous cells.
The cortical cells are devoid of any cellular inclusions. A
distinct, single layer of endodermis separates the cortical
region from vascular region. Ground tissue has phloem
fibers, stone cells, oxalate crystals and starch grains.
Secondary growth is more. Xylem developed in large
amount. Medullary rays of 1-2 rows of cells (Figure 3).
The pieces of bark appear recurved, the outer surface is
yellow to greenish brown, whereas inner is browingly
white and strong fibrous. Fracture is tough and fibrous
and there is no characteristic taste of bark. In sectional
view, the bark has many layered cork cells, which are
arranged in radial rows and are suberised followed by
phelloderm and ground tissue. Stone cells occur
throughout the section. Calcium oxalate crystals and
starch grains are observed. Phloem fibers are present.
Medullary rays uniseriate, rarely bi to triseriate rays occur
(Figure 4). Transverse section of the petiole shows
circular in outline. Epidermis consists of small, thick
walled and compactly arranged cells with a thick cuticle
outside. Trichomes are 3-4 celled occurs on the epidermis.
Collenchymatous hypodermis is 2-3 layered. More
collenchyma is noted at the abaxial and adaxial side. The
ground tissue is of parenchymatous cells. The vascular
tissue comprises of 2-cortical bundles and central arc
shaped strand (Figure 5). The leaf is dorsiventral and
amphistomatic, upper epidermis is of large polygonal
cells, thick walled and with cuticular striations. Lower
epidermis is of unequal sized cells. Stomata are generally
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confined to lower surface only. Very few stomata are seen
near veins on the upper surface and are paracytic.
Trichomes are 3-5 celled, uniseriate and unbranched
(Figure 6). Mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and
spongy tissue. Palisade is 2-layered and spongy tissue is
of loosely arranged cells. Vascular tissue has numerous
veins, bicollateral, conjoint extending through mesophyll.
Midrib has hypodermal many layered collenchyma
followed by parenchymatous cortex. An arc shaped,
distinct vascular strand occur in the centre (Figure 5).
Quantitative Microscopy
The leaf microscopic characters like of stomatal
frequency, stomatal index, vein islet number, and vein
termination were determined and furnished in Table 1.
The average stomatal index was 23.0, vein islet number
25.14 and vein termination number 20.0.
Histochemical Color Reactions
The histochemical color reactions on the root bark and
leaf were performed for the identification of major
phytoconstituents. For color tests, transverse sections of
different fresh organs were treated with different chemical
reagents. The changes in the histochemical zones were
observed under the microscope and the results are shown
in Table 2. The results indicated that the presence of
lignin, starch, fats, saponins and tannins in all organs,
while alkaloids and calcium oxalate crystals and
flavonoids in leaf.
Physicochemical Parameters
Physiochemical constants like percentage of moisture
content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash,
chloroform soluble extractive, ethanol soluble extractives
and water soluble extractive were determined and
depicted in Figure 7. The moisture content was
comparatively more in bark (15.35 % w/w), while less in
root (7.4 % w/w); extractive values (Chloroform, ethanol
and water soluble extractive values; 8.8 % w/w, 21.4 %
w/w and 23.68 % w/w respectively). Total ash value less
in root (8 % w/w), whereas more in leaves (17.65 %
w/w); acid insoluble ash in leaves (2.2 % w/w) and root
(1.85 % w/w) (Figure 7).
Phytochemical Screening
The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the
presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phlobatannins in bark
and leaves; phenolics, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins
found in all studied organs, while leucoanthocyanins,
iridoids, steroids and terpenoid revealed in the leaves only
(Table 3). Of the various phytochemicals and minerals
estimated, saponin and tannins were found in larger
amounts in leaves than others, whereas the minerals,
calcium was more in leaf (2.92 %) (Figure 8).

Table 1: Quantitative Microscopy

Parameters Range Mean

Palisade ratio 6-12 9.0
Stomatal frequency 21-34 29.0
Stomatal index 22-24 23.0
Vein islet number 23-28 25.14
Vein termination 19-21 20.0

Table 2: Histological color reactions

Reagents Constituents Colour Histological zone

Leaf Bark Root
Anilline SO4 + H2SO4 Lignin Yellow Xy. Fib. Xy.
Weak Iodine solution Starch Blue Meso., M. cor. Co. Cor.
Sudan III / IV Fats Red / Pink Meso., M. cor. Co. Cor.
Dragendroffs reagent Alkaloids Turbidly Brown Meso., M. cor. Co. --
Ba (OH)2 + K2Cr2O7 + CaCl2 Saponins Yellow M. col., M.cor. Ck., Co. Cor.
Fecl3 Tannins Blue green M. cor. Ck., Co. Cor.
Vanillin + HCl Flavonoids Yellow Meso., M. cor. -- --
AgNO3 + H2O2 Ca. crystals Black M. cor. Co. --
$= Ck.-Cork; Co.-Cortex; M. cor. - Midrib cortex; M.col- Midrib collenchymas; Meso.-Mesophyll; Scl. - Sclerenchyma; Xy. – Xylem

Table 3: Phytochemical constituents

Phytochemicals Inference
Leaf Bark Root
Acubins / Iridoids + - -
Alkaloids + + -
Anthraquinone - - -
Cardiac glycoside - - -
Coumarins - - -
Flavonoids + + -
Leucoanthocyanins + - -
Phlobatannin ++ + -
Reducing sugars + + +
Simple phenolics + + +
Steriods + - -
Saponins + + +
Tannins + + ++
Terpenoid + - -

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Figure 2: Photograph of fresh bark (outer and inner surface)

Figure 1: A flowering twig
with root

Figure 4: Transverse section of bark-entire view with enlarged

Figure 3: Transverse section of root with enlarged portion (Ck-cork;
portion (Ck-cork; Stn-stone cell; Fib-fiber)
Mr- Medullary rays)

Figure 5: Transverse section of Leaf (petiole and lamina)

Figure 6: Epidermal structures [a- adaxial epidermis’ b- abaxial epidermis; C- trichomes]

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Figure 7: Physiochemical Evaluation

Figure 8: Quantitative phytochemicals

CONCLUSION species or weeds. Furthermore, various biological

India is rich in ethnic diversity and indigenous knowledge
of plants. The literature and field surveys have
documented the detailed, specific use of plants organs.
Although the use of herbal medicine has a long history, it
lacked adequate identification knowledge of plant parts
based on modern scientific information. The
pharmacognostic parameters reported on this plant, W.
arborea here can serve as a valuable source of
identification and provide a suitable diagnostic tool for
standardization besides adulterant identification in related
activities exhibited by W. arborea as well as different
chemical compounds owned by this plant species, it is
inclined to say that such studies may lead further research
towards the field of drug development.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the Head Department of Botany, Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad (MS), India.
The first author expresses sincere thanks to the Principal, Sangamner
Nagarpalika Arts, D.J. Malpani Commerce and B.N. Sarda Science
College, Sangamner for his help and encouragement.

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Cite this article as:
Khyade Mahendra S., Vaikos Nityanand P. Pharmacognostic evaluation
of Wrightia arborea (Densst.) Mabb. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm.
2014;5(1):89-94 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.05118
94