Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pyrolysis

Author Year Title

Activated Carbon of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

N. B. Osman et al. 2016 (EFB); Core and Shaggy

Bio-oil from Fast Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch at

Kiky C. Sembiring et al. 2015 Various Temperature

Optimum conditions for maximising pyrolysis

F. Sulaiman et al. 2011 liquids of oil palm empty fruit bunches

Process optimization of Mn and H2S removals

M.K. Amosa 2015 from POME using an enhanced empty fruit bunch
(EFB)-based adsorbent produced by pyrolysis

Pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch by

Noorhaza Binti Alias et al. 2014 thermogravimetric analysis
 Degradation of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides
S. Yavari et al. 2019 in the presence of optimized oil palm empty fruit
bunch and rice husk biochars in soil

Carbon deposition from biotar by fast pyrolysis of

Alya Naili Rozhan et al. 2015 palm empty fruit bunch

Fixed-bed catalytic and non-catalytic empty fruit

M. Auta et al. 2014 bunch biomass pyrolysis

Microwave pyrolysis of oil palm fiber (OPF) for

M.A. Hossain et al. 2016 hydrogen production: Parametric investigation
 Bio-oil from the pyrolysis of palm and Jatropha
S.W. Kim et al. 2013 wastes in a fluidized bed

Effect of charcoal derived from oil palm empty

H. Purwanto et al. 2018 fruit bunch on the sinter characteristics of low
grade iron ore

Pyrolysis of blend (oil palm biomass and sawdust)

A.A. Salema et al. 2019 biomass using TG-MS

Bench scale catalytic fast pyrolysis of empty fruit

D. Ro et al. 2018 bunches over low cost catalysts and HZSM-5 using
a fixed bed reactor
 Biochar potential evaluation of palm oil wastes
X.J. Lee et al. 2017 through slow pyrolysis: Thermochemical
characterization and pyrolytic kinetic studies

N. Abdullah et al. 2008 Bio-oil derived from empty fruit bunches

The Effects of Holding Time and The Sweeping

Alina Rahayu Mohamed et al. 2013 Nitrogen Gas Flowrates On The Pyrolysis Of EFB
Using A Fixed Bed Reactor

Techno-economic analysis of biooil production

T.X. Do et al. 2014 process from palm empty fruit bunches

Pretreatment of empty palm fruit bunch for

M. Misson et al. 2009 production of chemicals via catalytic pyrolysis
 Comparative study of bio-oil production from
S. Vecino Mantilla et al. 2014 sugarcane bagasse and palm empty fruit bunch:
Yield optimization and bio-oil characterization

Preparation of oil palm empty fruit bunch-based

activated carbon for removal of 2,4,6-
B.H. Hameed et al. 2009 trichlorophenol: Optimization using response
surface methodology

Energy balances, greenhouse gas emissions and

S.S. Harsono et al 2013 economics of biochar production from palm oil
empty fruit bunches
NA = Not Available NS = Not Stated NV = Not Variated

Country Main Product Main Goals Sample size Pyrolysis Type

Biochar for activated

Malaysia Activation process 0.5 - 1.0 mm NS
carbon

Indonesia Bio-oil Pyrolysis process 70 mesh Fast pyrolysis

Malaysia Bio-oil Pyrolysis process 250-355 µm Fast pyrolysis

South Africa Biochar for adsorbent Adsorbtion test NS NS

Malaysia Biochar Pyrolysis process Variated NS

 Biochar for herbicide
Malaysia Herbicide degradation 3 cm NS
degradation

Biochar for tar

Malaysia Pyrolysis process 300 - 600 µm Slow pyrolysis
decomposition

Malaysia Bio oil Pyrolysis process 0.2–0.5 mm NS

Malaysia Gas Pyrolysis process Variated NS

South Korea Bio oil Pyrolysis process 0.125– 1.40 mm

Malaysia Biochar Sintering process NS NS

Malaysia Bio gas TGMS and kinetics 500–800 μm NS

South Korea Bio oil Catalytic pyrolysis 400 - 600 µm Fast pyrolysis
 Malaysia Bio char Pyrolysis & kinetics 0.5–2 mm Slow pyrolysis

Malaysia Bio oil Pyrolysis process 500 µm Fast pyrolysis

Malaysia All Pyrolysis process 710-1000 µm NS

South Korea All Economic analysis 1-2 mm Fast pyrolysis

Malaysia Bio oil Effect of pretreatment NS NS

Colombia Bio oil Pyrolysis process NS NS

Malaysia Bio char Activation process NS NS

Mass and Energy

Germany Bio char NS Slow pyrolysis
Balance
Not Variated

Independent Variables
Reactor Type Modification/Details
Temperature (°C) 1

Activation time (30; 60;

Drop type pyrolyzer NA 400; 450; 500 120 min)

Fluidized bed pyrolyzer Inert sand as medium 400; 500; 600 NA

(Capacity 500 g/h)

Fluidized bed pyrolyzer 400-600 (25 °C Gas flow rate (3.5 - 7.0
Inert sand as medium
(Capacity 150 g/h) increment) l/min) - 500 °C

Adsorbent dosage (2-5

NS NA 900 (NV) g/100ml)

0.5 and 1.0 g sample - wet Heating rate (50 and 80

NS 700 (max)
treated °C/min)
 Nitrogen-purged tube
furnace (OTF-1200X-80, NA 300 (max) Herbicide degradation
USA)

SS316L-400 mesh tube Carbonization temp (400 -

Sample 3 g pellet 500 - 800
furnace 500 °C)

Inert fixed-bed reactor (2 g Catalyst K2CO3, Ca(OH)2 N2 flow 100-300 mL/min

400; 500; 600
sample) and MgO for Ca(OH2)

Size (1-3; 4-6; 7-9; 10-12

2450 ± 25 MHz Microwave 30 g sample 450 - 700 mm)
 Fluidized bed reactor Zirconia beads as medium 380 – 530 NA

Argon gas purging for 10 Charcoal content

Electric furnace 450 (max)
min (3;5;7,7;10%)

Instruments Q500 Composition sample (0-

3 to 8 mg sample 800 (max)
thermogravimetric analyzer 100%)

Mixture of EFB (50 g) and

Fixed-bed reactor 400; 500; 600 Catalyst type
catalyst (50 g)
Stainless steel bed reactor NA 500 (max) Sample type

in 25 C 2.14 Ash content 1.03

150 g/h Fluidised bed Washed and unwashed EFB 425–550 , 3.05 , 3.68 and 5.29
bench scale increments mf wt%

Holding time (6; 8; 10; 12

Fixed-bed reactor 5.0 g sample 442.15 (max) min)

Fluidized bed reactor 2 ton/day pilot plant 450; 500; 550 NA

30 g sample of pretreated
Semi-batch stainless steel EFB mixed with 5 wt% NaOH; Ca(OH)2; H2O2 as
300 (max)
reactor HZSM-5 catalyst solvents
 Response Surface
Fixed-bed reactor 460-600 Residence time (16-80 s)
Methodology

Response Surface Activation temp (700-900

Tubular reactor Methodology for activation 700 (max) C)
process

NS Biochar plant in Selangor NA NA

Independent Variables Constant Variables
2 3 4 A B

CO2 (15; 60; 100 %) Activation temp Core & Shaggy Heating rate
Load 1.5 g biochar
(600, 700, 800 °C) EFB 20°C/min

NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA

Agitation speed Contact time (30-60 N2 flow 2.5 L/min Activation time 15
NA
(100-200 rpm) min) min

Particle size (0.25- N2 flow 150 mL/min

NA NA NA
0.30 mm)
Herbicide degradation analysis Heating rate 3°C/min Retention time 1 h

NA NA NA Heating rate 10°C/min NA

Ca(OH2) weight 5- N2 flow 200 mL/min Retention time 10

NA NA
15 % min

MW Power (400- N2 flow rate (200 -

NA NA NA
900 W) 1200 cm3/min)
 N2 flow rates of 15–41
NA NA NA NA
L/min at 25 °C

Sintering temp NA NA Heating rate of 10 °C/min NA

(950;1050;1150 °C)

Heating rate of 15 N2 flow rate of 200

NA NA NA °C/min. ml/min

NA NA NA N2 flow rate 500 mL/min Reaction time 1 h

Heating rate (for N2 flow rate 50
NA NA Heating rate of 10 °C/min
kinetic analysis) mL/min

Vapour residence time of

NA NA NA NA
1.01–1.04 s

N2 flow rate (200; N2 150 cc/min (for

300; 400; 500 NA NA Heating rate 50 °C/min holding time
cm3/min) analysis)

NA NA NA Residence time 1.5 s NA

HZSM-5; HY; Al-

MCM-41 as NA NA 48 h pretreatment NA
catalysts
Particle size (0.5-1.4 NA NA Heating rate 30 °C/min NA
mm)

Activation time (1- NA NA Heating rate of 10 ◦C/min Holding time 2 h

3.68 h)

NA NA NA NA NA
Variables Yield
C Biochar Bio Oil Gas

N2 flow (NS) NA NA NA

NA 50% at highest bio oil Highest (27%) at 500 °C 23% at highest bio oil

NA 25% at highest bio oil Highest (52%) at 450 °C NA

NA NA NA NA

NA 32.30% for 0.30 mm NA NA

 NA 46.25% NA NA

NA 60% (mol) at 500 °C NA NA

5% wt catalyst NA 42.64 % at 600 °C and 10% NA

Ca(OH2)

NA 22.13% (size1-3) NA 1.06 m3/kg

 36.57% (oil) and 17.4%
NA 28.9% at 478 C 17.10%
(water)

NA 37.30% NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA 33% (HZSHM - 500) 38% (HZSM - 500) NA

Retention time 1 h 35.14% NA NA

NA NA 11% at 525 C NA

Holding time 10 min

(for N2 flow 25.88% (10 min) 28.40% (10 min) 45.72% (10 min)
analysis)

NA 24% (500 C) 60% (500 C) 16% (500 C)

48% (treated); 40% 28% (treated); 30%

NA NA
(untreated) (untreated)
 NA 29.63% (best) 48.39% (best) 17.84% (best)

N2 flow rate of 150 NA NA NA

cm3/min

NA NA NA 20%
 Detail Result
Other 1

Highest AC (36.18%) at 700 °C,

60% CO2; 30 min C% at highest AC yield was 54.02%

NA C% bio oil was 11.47%

NA Highest bio oil (55.14%) at 5.0 L/min

0.136 and 0.061 ppm Mn and H2S were

NA reached at 5 g/100 ml, 200 rpm; 60 min

NA Smaller particle produced 10% less char

 NA Moisture 4.85%

40% volatiles Highest C deposit 5.2% mass at 500 °C

NA High oleic acid: 42.885% (non cat)

Smaller OPF particle sizes, a higher

microwave power, a higher reaction
Hydrogen yield (28.01% v) temperature and a higher N2 flow rates
significantly yields more H2 rich gas
NA Distilled bio oil C% was 58.65%

NA C% biochar was 72.8%

The activation energy for blend biomass was

NA lower than the individual biomass

HZSM-500 produced high aromatic

NA hydrocarbons (40.4%)
NA Moisture content 1.03%

NA Maximum bio oil at 500 C

Optimal nitrogen flowrates was identified at

NA
200 cm3 /min (Bio oil = 46.02%)

It was found that the smallest plant size

NA having an economic benefit is 20 kton-dry
EFB per year.

By degrading the lignin content, more

NA phenolic and hydrocarbon compounds were
found in the bio-oil.
 Best operating conditions (temperature 540
◦C, gas residence time 31 s and particle size
NA <0.5 mm) resulted in a bio-oil yield of 48.4
wt%

The optimal activated carbon was obtained

using 814 ◦C activation temperature, 1.9 h
NA activation time and 2.8 IR resulting in 17.96%
of carbon yield and 168.89 mg/g of 2,4,6-TCP
uptake

Biochar: water content (6%); C content

30% (45%);
 Detail Result
2 3

Highest C% was 67.82% NA

High moisture: 65% High O: 78.83%

C% organic phase bio oil was 69.35% Moisture organic phase was 7.9%

NA NA

Higher heating rate increased decomposition

Wet treatment decreased 5% char 1 mg/s
C% 58.60% TSA 1.46 m2/g

NA NA

NA NA

NA NA
Highest component in bio oil was fatty acid NA
(52%)

Density at 5% charcoal was 3 g/cm3 (max) Porosity at 5% charcoal was 2.2% (min)

Gases such as CO2, CH4, Methanol, C3H6,

and CH2O2 varied in intensity with increase NA
in the temperature

HZSM-500 produced high C%s (70.7%) HZSM - 500 produced low satability bio oil
 C% was 54.5% Activation energy 130.55-235.59 kJ/mol

Maximum organic yield at 60% for washed Washed EFB produced lower yield of gas and
EFB at 500 C char

Optimal holding time was identified at 10 min NA

(Bio oil = 45.72 %)

The TCI estimated for this plant was $12.0 The PBP and ROI predicted were 3.2 years
million and crude biooil can potentially be and 21.9%, respectively
produced from EFB at PV of 0.47 $/kg

With Al-MCM-41 catalyst, the highly phenol

(92%) concentrated bio-oil is almost free of NA
acids
 The bio-oil that can be obtained at the
optimal operating conditions of EFB pyrolysis Bio oil was rich in 9-Octadecenoic acid,
presents an HHV of 34.91 MJ/kg, a pH of 3.9 methyl ester (57%)
and a density of 958 kg/m3

BET surface area of the EFB-based activated

carbon prepared was 1141 m2/g, with total NA
pore volume of 0.6 cm3/g and average pore
diameter of 2.5 nm

The net greenhouse gas emissions of the

. The internal rate of return (IRR) of the studied biochar production account for
biochar production project is 8.96% 0.046 kg CO2-equiv. kg−1 EFB yr−1
 4

NA

High lauric acid: 30.02%

C% char was 71.43%

NA

NA
NA

NA

NA

NA
 NA

Compressive strength at 5% charcoal

was 3900 N (max)

NA

NA
NA

NA

NA

NA

NA
NA

NA

NA
 Key Findings

Carbon content of char sample from both core and shaggy EFB has showed significant amount to be
prepared as precursor for activated carbon.The activated carbon yield and carbon content (%) showed
slight differences with each other upon carbonization-activation process for both core and shaggy
materials. The highest yield of activated carbon precursor was produced at the medium activation
temperature (700°C), medium CO2 (60%), and shortest holding time (30 mins). There are significant
different between raw or native EFB core and shaggy samples with clear results when compare to char
and activated carbon. In addition, the generation of uniform pore and porosity of activated carbon
samples were successful for both materials as well in which the removal of volatile matter and
decomposition of chemical component occurred during the process.

The highest bio-oil yield of 27 % was obtained at an optimum pyrolysis temperature of 500 qC with
particle size of 70 mesh. The higher treatment temperature has led to lower bio-oil yields. The
produced biooil contained a great range of functional groups of phenol, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes
and carboxylic acids and most functional groups show presence of oxygen. The high water content in
combination with a high O/C atomic ratio of produced bio-oil gives poor calorific values.

The maximum yield for liquids was determined to be around 55%, depending on size fraction ash
content, at reactor temperature of 450 C utilising a residence time
of 1.03 s. The low organic yield obtained for the highest ash content for the size range of less than 150
mm, is not believed to be due to the low closure as all other yields were higher than those obtained
for the size range of 300-355 mm.

The full factorial optimization process showed that Mn and H2S could be efficiently abated with the
optimized operating conditions of 5 g/100 mL PAC dosage, 200 rpm agitation speed and 60 min of
contact time. Moreover, the Langmuir isotherm being
the model that better explains the adsorption mechanism, with R2 values of 0.9999 for both Mn and
H2S uptakes. The concentration levels of Mn and H2S been reduced to 0.136 and 0.061 ppm from
2.14 and 0.6 ppm, respectively could serve as recycled water in the industry without causing any harm
to equipment and personnel on site.

It can be concluded from this study that smaller particle size produces 10% less char than bigger
particle size. Higher heating rate on the other hand increases the peak of the degradation rate by
almost 1mg/s. Hot-wash treatment process shifted the DTG curve to the right by 30 °C although the
moisture content only vary by 0.1%, which may
due to the effect of alkali metal removal, but the process decreases char production for dp2 by 5%.
Photolysis rates of the herbicides in soil reduced in the presence of the biochars particularly EFB
biochar. Addition of EFB biochar increased imazapic half-life from 34.6 days to 46.2 days. The presence
of EFB biochar in soil increased Onduty® herbicide half-life from 36.4 days to 49.5 days. In contrast
with phytolysis, bio-degradation of imidazolinones accelerated significantly with the presence of the
EFB and RH biochars in the soil. RH biochar showed greater effects. Imazapic half-life reduced from
40.7 days to 25.6 days because of the bio-degradation process in the presence of RH biochar in the
soil.

The largest carbon deposition obtained was 5.2 mass% after tar decomposition done at 450o C, with
biochar produced at 500o C being the substrate, making the total carbon content of the product –
carbon-deposited biochar increased to 83.2 mass%. In conclusion, at temperatures approximately or
lower than 450o C, carbon deposition rate is more than gasification rate. As temperature is increased
further, gasification rate is more than carbon deposition rate, which produces more gases instead of
solid pyrolysis product. In addition to that, biochar from EFB can be used as a medium for tar
decomposition and carbon deposition, and carbon-deposited biochar is able to be produced by this
developed process to increase carbon content in EFB-derived biomass solid product, especially for
biofuel application.

Three catalysts (K2CO3, Ca(OH)2 and MgO) applicability in the pyrolysis of palm oil empty fruit bunch
(EFB) was investigated and Ca(OH)2 catalyzed pyrolysis showed greater effectin improving the quantity
of the targeted bio-oil product. This study involved evaluation ofthe fixed-bed operating factors impact
on the product yield
which include pyrolysis temperature, sweeping gas (N2) flow rate and Ca(OH)2 catalyst weight
percent. The maximum bio-oil yield of 42.64 wt.% was obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 600 ◦C, 10
wt.% Ca(OH)2 and sweeping gas flow rate of 200 mL/min. The GC–MS analysis of the Ca(OH)2
catalyzed EFB pyrolysis bio-oil revealed higher percentage (>10%) of desirable phenolic compounds
and lower undesirable acidic groups (>35%) when compared with the non-catalyzed EFB pyrolysis bio-
oil analysis.

Smaller OPF particle sizes increase the total gas and the hydrogen yield.
The investigation showed that the use of OPF particle size less than 1 mm resulted the hydrogen yield
of 10.91 g/kg which was about 262.5% higher than that using 10–12 mm sample size (3.01 g/kg). The
use of higher microwave power increases the hydrogen yield, i.e., hydrogen yield increase about 3
times from 3.05 g/kg to
10.58 g/kg by increasing the microwave power from 400 W to 900 W. A higher temperature enhances
the hydrogen yield. For a temperature increase of 450–650 C, the hydrogen yields gradually increased
by almost 2 times from 5.06 g/kg to 10.07 g/kg. Higher nitrogen flow rate clearly shows the larger
hydrogen yield. The maximum hydrogen yield was 9.91 g/kg at the nitrogen flow rates 1000 cm3 min 1
. It was almost 5 times higher than of initial hydrogen production at 200 cm3 min 1 . The char
production decreases gradually by increasing the flow rates.
Maximized liquid yield and fractionated oil yield of 48 wt.% and 32 wt.% were
obtained at ca. 470 to 480 °C from JSC. The effects of fluidization quality in the fluidized bed on
product yield were also determined. Pyrolytic liquid yield was maximized at 8–9 umf gas velocity,
given the trade-off of vigorous bubbling and bed mixing that increased yield and decreasing heat
transfer coefficient that reduced yield,
which occurred with increasing gas velocity. EFB oil showed a uniform distribution of its components'
boiling point, with an almost constant slope; JSC and PKS showed plateaus around 360 °C. The
pyrolytic oils contained more oxygen and nitrogen and less sulfur than petroleum fuel oils; they
showed lower HHVs. Pyrolytic oils from JSC and PKS showed high yields of fatty acid and glycerides
compared to other lignocellulose biomass like EFB, which showed high yield of phenolic derivatives. In
assessment of pyrolytic oils' applicability as fuel, JSC and PKS pyrolytic oils showed suitability for
alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production using hydrotreating process, and EFB pyrolytic oil could
be used to produce highly aromatic gasoline or petrochemicals.

Increasing the heating temperature to 1150 C facilitated the increase of the

apparent density of the sinter, resulting in a significant porosity decrease by ~50.42%. By increasing
the temperature, the compressive strength of the sinter significantly increased for the 1150 C. By
increasing the charcoal content attributed to the decrement of apparent density and compressive
strength of the sinter. The temperature and composition of charcoal had a significant influence on the
structure of the sinter granules. The strength of sinter is improved at temperature of 1150 C and 5%
composition. Therefore, the use of charcoal derived from EFB in the sintering of iron ore would lead to
reducing coke consumption as energy source. Furthermore, reducing of coke consumption
consequently reduce the CO2 emission.

Pyrolysis of blend biomass can alter both the thermal as well as the chemical product due to
synergetic interactions. For instance, the activation energy for blend biomass was lower than the
individual biomass which can decrease the initial or onset temperature during pyrolysis. Main evolved
gases such as CO2, CH4, Methanol, C3H6, and CH2O2 varied in intensity with increase in the
temperature. The synergetic effect signifies that different types of biomass can be blended and
pyrolyzed in one reactor system which may avoid capital and operation cost.

The spent FCC and HZSM-5 catalysts showed higher cracking performance than bentonite, dolomite,
and olivine. The catalytic pyrolysis of EFB over the spent FCC catalyst showed higher selectivity to
phenol (31.5%) and alkyl phenols (26.0%) due to the effective dealkoxylation of guaiacols and
syringols, whereas HZSM-5 provided the higher selectivity to aromatic hydrocarbons (40.4%). The
catalytic pyrolysis of EFB over the spent FCC catalyst and HZSM-5 produced bio-oil with a higher
heating value (28.44e31.18 MJ/kg) than other bio-oils obtained over bentonite (27.89 MJ/kg) and
olivine (16.83 MJ/kg). The bio-oils obtained from the catalytic pyrolysis of EFB over the spent FCC and
HZSM-5 catalysts also had a lower viscosity (7.0e13.5 mm2 /s) than those (13.8e22.1 mm2 /s) over the
other catalysts, even after accelerated aging at 80 C for 1 day.
Analysis of TGA data using KAS and FWO model-free isoconversional methods suggested that pyrolysis
of the three biomasses involved multi-step kinetics. The estimated average Ea were 205.70, 169.36
and 261.26 kJ mol1 (KAS) and 205.34,
169.76 and 258.77 kJ mol1 (FWO) for PKS, EFB and POS, respectively. The higher HHV (26.18–27.50
MJ kg1) and char yield (35.14–37.07%), and lower average Ea (169.36–205.70 kJ mol1 ) and moisture
content (1.03–2.26%) demonstrated that PKS and EFB have higher biochar potential than POS.

The yield maximum for liquids produced from washed EFB was increased to around 72% compared to
just under 50% for liquids produced from unwashed EFB. The ash content of the feedstock has been
found to significantly influence the yield of organics. The higher the concentration of ash in the
feedstock the lower the yield of pyrolysis liquid. Overall product yields for washed EFB compare well
with low ash
woody feedstocks. A reduction of ash content to less than about 3 mf wt% is required in order to
produce homogenous liquids, that is to avoid phase separation of liquids.

It was determined that at 10 minutes holding time, the highest bio-oil yield of 45.72% was obtained
with bio-char yield of 25.88% and 28.40% gas produced. However, in the second series of
experiments, the optimal nitrogen flowrates was identified at 200 cm3 /min since the bio-oil yield of
46.02% was at its maximum with bio-char and gas production of 26.69 % and 27.29% respectively.
Moreover, at lower nitrogen gas flowrate (150 cm3 /min), the bio-oil yield was lower because the
velocity of the sweeping nitrogen gas was slightly lower. When the sweeping gas flowrates was
increased (300-500 cm3 /min), the bio-oil yield had decreased which could be due to the insufficient
cooling of the hot vapors by the system.

It was found that the smallest plant size having an economic benefit is 20 kton-dry EFB per year. The
TCI estimated for this plant was $12.0 million and crude biooil can potentially be produced from EFB
at PV of 0.47 $/kg. The PBP and ROI predicted were 3.2 years and 21.9%, respectively. The pyrolysis
and solid–gas separation area was the main contribution to TIC by 55.5%. The storage, quenching and
pretreatment had the considerable contributions to TIC and took 14.6%, 13.9% and 12.6%,
respectively. The fixed costs were charged to 0.22 $/kg as the greatest factor of PV,
while feedstock took 0.09 $/kg.

Throughout the study, NaOH was proved to be superior than Ca(OH)2. Consecutive
addition of NaOH and H2O2 decomposed almost 100% of EPFB lignin. By degrading the lignin content,
more phenolic and hydrocarbon compounds were found in the bio-oil. With Al-MCM-41 catalyst, the
highly phenol concentrated bio-oil is almost free of
acids, thus making the bio-oil be conveniently processed for further use.
The maximal bio-oil yield was obtained with Sugarcane Bagasse as biomass; nevertheless, the bio-oil
that presents the best physical–chemical characteristics was obtained using EFB at a temperature of
540 ◦C, gas residence time of 31 s and particle size <0.5 mm. The temperature is the most influential
factor in the pyrolysis process, in contrast with gas residence time, i.e., it is not necessary to reach the
lowest gas residence times to obtain the highest bio-oil yield; a gas residence time of 30 s is proposed
to maximize the organic phase yield. The bio-oil that can be obtained at the optimal operating
conditions of EFB pyrolysis presents an HHV of
34.91 MJ/kg, a pH of 3.9 and a density of 958 kg/m3. The high HHV, high pH and low density values
are attributed to the bio-oil chemical composition, which mainly consists of phenols and long chain
FAME (fatty acid methyl ester), whereas carboxyl acids and furfural are negligible.

The optimal activated carbon was obtained using 814 ◦C activation temperature, 1.9 h activation time
and 2.8 IR resulting in 17.96% of carbon yield and 168.89 mg/g of 2,4,6-TCP uptake. The textural
characterization results revealed that the BET surface area of the EFB-based activated carbon
prepared was 1141 m2/g, with total pore volume of 0.6 cm3/g and average pore diameter of 2.5 nm.

The share of the products obtained from the slow pyrolysis at the biochar production facility are in
percent of the total feedstock 20% biochar, 30% syngas, and 2.5% bio-oil. The results of the financial
analysis indicate that at a sales price for biochar of 533 US-$ t−1, the benefit–cost-ratio (B/C-ratio) of
the studied biochar production facility is above 1, the net present value (NPV) is positive, and the
internal rate of return (IRR) is above the bank interest rate. The payback period (Pb)is shorter than the
depreciation time generally assumed for machines and equipment and the yearly return on
investment (RoI) is 17.60%. The net energy yield ofthe biochar produced in the Selangor plantis 11.47
MJ kg−1 EFB. The net greenhouse gas emissions of the studied biochar production account for 0.046
kg CO2-equiv. kg−1 EFB yr−1
 Key Gaps

Main process analyzed in this research is about activation, so there is no variable was
tested for pyrolyis process. Proxymate and Ultimate analysis on EFB sample and
biochar product was not tested. BET analysis of activated carbon was also not tested
for further discussion.

The variable for pyrolysis was only temperature (only 400; 500; 600 C). There was no
physical properties of bio oil analyzed in this research. The high water content in
combination with a high O/C atomic ratio of produced bio-oil gives poor calorific
values. Therefore, it needs to upgrade bio-oil products for future research.

The phase separated pyrolysis liquid produced would present

a challenging fuel due to the high viscosity of the organics phase
and the high water content of the aqueous phase which could be
overcome by upgrading or by addition of polar solvents. The
empirical formula of the organics in the organics phase was found
to be CH1.51O0.14 for which it may contain a small amount of palm
oil.

Research was mainly done for adsorption process. No variable was tested on
pyrolysis process as all parameters were set. The sample, bio char, and activated
carbon should be analyzed for further and detailed discussion.

Pyrolysis process was done only at TGA instrument. Discussion was only delivered
based on TGA result (lack of detailed discussion). There is no yield of biochar, bio oil,
and bio gas stated in the paper. No ultimate analysis was done.
Further studies are suggested to evaluate the impacts of different biochars on
degradation of various pesticides in short- and longterm conditions. Identification of
the organisms and enzyme systems involved in the degradation of each herbicide
and evaluation of the biochar amendment effects on quantity and quality of these
soil organisms and enzyme systems are also highly recommended.

EFB sample used was not homogenized (size rangewas too wide). Experiment was
not consistent with title of paper. The only variable tested for pyrolysis process was
temperature (600; 700; 800 C) while bio char yield from other researches is optimum
below 600 C. There were no proxymate and ultimate analysis for EFB sample and
biochar.

Effect of catalyst on pyrolysis process was only described by chemical reaction (no
phenomenology explanation). It seems the experiment was done once per variable
tested (no replication) so there was no error on any graphs. The catalyst loading was
set at 5 wt% for no reason. Main component of bio oil was oleic acid while other
research showed lauric acid was the main product.

The duration of pyrolysis process was setted only at 15 min. The N2 flow rate was
too high making it not economically feasible for plant scale. TG analysis was only
tested on biochar produced at maximum hydrogen yield experiment.
Fractionated pyrolytic oil was only based on PKS and JSC. EFB bio oil was rich in
phenolic compound whereas other researches showed it is rich in organic acid.

The parameters for pyrolysis process was set at fixed condition (not variated). The
resulting bio char should be chemically and physically analyzed for further
discussion.

Ash content in EFB sample used in this research was very low. The pyrolysis process
was done at TGA instrument only. Bio oil and gas produced in this research was not
discussed. The synergetic interaction in statement "Pyrolysis of blend biomass can
alter both the thermal as well as the chemical product due to synergetic
interactions" didn't have further explanation.

There is no explanation why there is decreasing bio oil yield at rising temperature
from 500 to 600 C. The combined use of spent FCC and HZSM-5 can be a potential
way of producing large amounts of high quality bio-oil and need to be performed as
future research. Economic analysis should be done to compare operational cost of
using catalyst and not using catalyst.
The residence time of sample was set only at 1 h. The Ea of PKS, EFB and POS
pyrolysis were only determined from the linear plots of isoconversional KAS and
FWO models. There were no BET and SEM analysis on produced biochars.

Properties (proxymate and ultimate analysis) of EFB sample were cited from other
literature whereas the sample source could be different. Statement "the higher the
concentration of ash in the feedstock the lower the yield of pyrolysis liquid" has no
detailed reason. Further research was needed for reduction of ash content to less
than about 3 mf wt% in order to produce homogenous liquids, that is to avoid phase
separation of liquids.

This research didn't tested temperature effect which is the most important
parameter in pyrolysis process. On the other hand, holding time and nitrogen flow
rate have relation each other. Result of this research was only focused on yield of bio
oil, gas, and bio char. No further analysis was done at these three products.

The only parameter variated in this research was temperature (450; 500; 500 C).
Energy balance of the plant was not clearly explained. There is no comparation
between produced bio oil's properties with other fuel oil for commercialization
purpose (benchmarking). Bio oil was rich in acetic acid while other researches
showed that it was rich in lauric acid.

Different effects of NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and H2O2 for pretreatment were not clearly
explained. Simultaneous and consecutive treatment didn't do proper combination of
the three solvents. H2O2 effect was not tested. Pyrolysis process was not main
research so there was no variable regarding the pyrolysis process. Effects of each
catalysts for pyrolysis process were not explained.
Main product analyzed was only bio oil. Biochar and biogas were not analyzed .
Aqueous phase of bio oil was not analyzed. Optimum gas residence time was 31 s
whereas other research said 1 s and there is no explanation with this issue.

The main focus of this research is only about activation process. No variable was
tested for the pyrolysis process for production of biochar. On the other hand, the
activation method was set (not variated). Goal of this research is also limited only for
removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

Furthermore, research is needed to evaluate the soil-born GHG

emissions from biochar of palm oil EFB in comparison to direct
applicationofpalmoil EFB. Finally,implications of biochar for nutrient availability in
the soil and soil water-holding capacity, as well as for the soil biological health, need
to be studied to assess the pros and cons of biochar production from palm oil EFB.
Palm Kernel Cake Pyrolysis
Author Year Title Country

Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel cake

using a fluidized bed reactor:
T.-A. Ngo et al. 2013 Vietnam
Design of experiment and
characteristics of bio-oil

Pyrolysis and combustion of oil

R. Razuan et al. 2010 palm stone and palm kernel cake UK
in fixed-bed reactors
Main Product Main Goals Sample size Pyrolysis Type Reactor Type

Bio oil Pyrolysis process Variated Fast pyrolysis Fluidized bed reactor

All Pyrolysis process 2 mm NS Fixed-bed pyrolyser

 Independent Variables
Modification/Details
Temperature (°C) 1 2

100 g of a sample and 15 Feed rate (90-375 Residence time (0.45-

350-550
g of silica sand g/h) 1.05 s)

Heating rate 5 to 10
150–200 g of sample 500 & 700 NA
C/min (700)
ent Variables Constant Variables
3 4 A B

Particle size (150-750 µm) NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA
ables Yield
C Biochar Bio Oil Gas Other

NA NA 49.5% (best) NA NA

NA 30% at 500 45% at 500 34% at 700 NA

 Detail Result
1 2

The highest liquid yield achieved was 49.5 wt

% at a feed rate of 225 g/h, a pyrolysis
RSM produced response equation temperature of 500 °C, a residence time of
0.6 s, and a particle size of 600 µm.

Biochar moisture at 700 C was 0.17% Biochar C% at 700 was 73.98%

 3 4

Bio oil moisture at 500 C Bio oil C% at 500 C was

was 12.1% 33.8 %

Pyrolysis of the PKC at 700 The pyrolysis gases

_x0002_C with a heating consisted mainly of CO
rate of 10 C/min 42.84 wt.
% and CO2
 Key Findings

The order of significance of each operating parameter factor was

obtained as follows: pyrolysis temperature > residence time -
> feed rate > particle size. The highest liquid yield achieved was
49.5 wt% at a feed rate of 225 g/h, a pyrolysis temperature of
500 8C, a residence time of 0.6 s, and a particle size of 600 mm. The pyrolytic oil
contained a considerable amount of oxygen, which led to a reduced heating
value. This bio-oil largely contained 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid-bis (2-
ethylhexyl) ester, b-D-allose, and fatty acids.

Pyrolysis of the OPS and PKC at 700 C with a heating rate of 10 C/min gave
maximum liquid yield of 57.92 and 42.84 wt.%, respectively. The pyrolysis gases
consisted mainly of CO and CO2, and evolved at a lower temperature, below 500
C. The main gases that evolved in the high temperature region (above 500 C)
were hydrogen and other hydrocarbon gases (C1–C3).
 Key Gaps

Investigated temperature range for bio oil production was limited

only between 400-500 C. Physical properties of bio oil was not
explained well (was aqueous and organic phase formed?). Obviously,
it can be realized that there exists some differences in the product
distribution obtained in this study and that of other researchers. The
most noticeable difference was the presence of bD-allose (a C3
epimer of glucose at an amount of up to around 20% while some
compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, and phenolics were present
at smaller quantities.

It is not explained why if the heating rate increased from 5 to 10

C/min with the final temperature of pyrolysis at 700 C, the liquid
yield from the OPS decreased whereas the gas yield increased while
results were different in the case of PKC that there was an increase in
the liquid yield and a slight decrease in gas yield. In addition,
chemical compounds in bio oil were not analyzed.
Palm Kernel Shell Pyrolysis

No. Author Year Title

Pyrolysis of palm kernel shell with

1 Huang, Y., et al 2019 internal recycling of heavy oil

Production of bio-fertilizer from

microwave vacuum pyrolysis of palm
2 Wai Lun Nam., et al 2018 kernel shell for cultivation of Oyster
mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Catalytic pyrolysis of palm kernel

3 Sung Won Kim., et al 2014 shell waste in a fluidized bed

The lignin pyrolysis composition and

4 Guozhang Chang., et al 2016 pyrolysis products of palm kernel
shell, wheat straw, and pine sawdust

Oghenerukevwe P.O. and Production of Bio-Char by Pyrolysis

5 2018
Nwanze N. of Palm Kernel Shell

6 Zhongqing Ma, et al.
7 J.O. Ogunkanmi, et al.
Mohammad Asadullah, et
8 2013
al.
9 Gyung-Goo Choi
Muhammad 'Azim
10
Jamaluddin, et al.
11 Seung- Jin Oh, et al.
Evolution of the chemical
composition, functional group, pore
structure and crystallographic
2017 structure of bio-char from palm
kernel shell pyrolysis under different
temperatures
Extraction of bio-oil during pyrolysis
2018 of locally sourced palm kernel shells:
Effect of process parameters
Production and detailed
characterization of bio-oil from fast
pyrolysis of palm kernel shell
Production of bio-based phenolic
resin and activated carbon from bio-
2015 oil and biochar derived from fast
pyrolysis of palm kernel shells
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of palm
2013 kernel shell: Optimization using
response surface methodology (RSM)
Characteristics of bio-oil from the
2016 pyrolysis of palm kernel shell in a
newly developed two-stage pyrolyzer
 Formation of hollow carbon
Joy Esohe Omoriyekomwan, nanofibers on bio-char during
12 2017
et al. microwave pyrolysis of palm kernel
shell
 Country Main Product Main Goals Sample size

Bio-oil, bio-char and

China Pyrolysis process 0.5 - 2.0 mm
gas

Biofertilizer for Production of bio-

Malaysia NS
mushroom fertilizer

Pyrolysis process using

Republic of Korea Bio-oil 0.125 – 1.40 mm
catalyst

China Bio-oil and bio-char Pyrolysis process ≤ 0.178 mm

Production of bio-char as
Nigeria Bio-char the new source of energy NS
from biomass
 China Bio-char Pyrolysis process 75 - 80 um

Nigeria Bio-oil Pyrolysis process 1.18, 2.36 and 5 mm

Malaysia Bio-oil Pyrolysis process 1 - 2 mm

Synthesis process of
Bio-oil, bio-char and phenolic resin from bio-
Republic of Korea 1 - 2 mm
gas oil and activation of bio-
char

Optimization of
Malaysia Bio-char microwave pyrolysis < 212 um
process using RSM

Republic of Korea Bio-oil Pyrolysis process 0.43 - 1 mm

 Microwave pyrolysis
China Bio-char 150 - 280 um
process
Pyrolysis Type Reactor Type Modification/Details

Vertical furnace & horizontal 7 g of sample and variation

Slow tubular reactor with/-out heavy oil recycling

Microwave Vacuum - 1 L 300 g of sample, using MW

NS Quartz Reactor Power 550 - 750 kW

NS Fluidized Bed Feed rate = 0.94 kg/h

Fast Filament pyrolyser 5 g of sample

the Pyrotechnic/Distillation
Equipment (has two
Slow 7.13 g of sample
cylindrically-shaped
chamber furnace)
 Tube furnace (two ceramic
boats put in the center of
Slow quartz tube with the inner 10 g of sample
diameter of 60 mm and
length 1000 mm)

Slow Fixed bed reactor system 1.5 kg of sample

Sample varied from 3 g/min to

Fast Fluidized bed reactor 10 g/min (at 500oC)

Sample varied from 300 - 2000

Fast Fluidized bed reactor g

Fast Microwave-assisted system Sample varied from 10 - 30 g

Slow Two-stage pyrolyzer 0.4 kg of sample

Fast Microwave pyrolysis sample : activated carbon = 7:2
 Independent Variables

Temperature (°C) 1 2

With/-out heavy oil N2 Flow rate (200 ml/min &

550 °C (max) recycling 1000 ml/min)

405 °C (max) Power of microwave used NA

400 and 485 °C NA NA

850, 900 or 950oC NA NA

310oC NA NA
250, 350, 450, 550, 650, NA NA
and 750 oC

350, 400, 450, 500 and NA NA

550°C

350oC - 650oC N2 Flowrate (1 - 2 L/min) NA

479 - 555oC Duration (30 - 197 min) NA

Duration (15 - 45 min, max N2 Flow rate (100 - 300

350 - 450oC at 31.5 min) mL/min, max = 100 mL/min)

Heating rate (5, 10 and

350 - 400oC Duration (70 - 75 min)
20oC/min)
500 and 600oC NA NA
es Constant Variables

3 4 A

NA NA Heating rate (10°C/min)

NA NA Duration (25 min)

NA NA N2 Flow rate (2.95 L/min)

NA NA Duration (30 min)

NA NA Duration (3 hours)
NA NA Duration (1 hour)

NA NA Helium flow rate: 47.5 L/min

NA NA NA

NA NA CO2 = 2NL/min

NA NA N2 Flow rate (29 Nl/min)

NA NA N2 Flow rate (400 mL/min)

NA NA Heating rate (10oC/min)
Constant Variables Yie

B C Biochar

NA NA 34.8% (w) 38.5% (-)

36% (550) 33% (550)

NA NA 28% (750)

NA NA NA

N2 Flow rate (200 Heating rate (20°C/min) 72.47 ± 0.40 wt%

mL/min)

NA NA 56.67 wt%
N2 Flowrate (300 mL/min) Heating rate (10°C/min) 83.02 %

Heating rate (20°C/min) NA 70.67 wt% (max: 5 mm)

NA NA 23 - 46%

Heating rate (10°C/min) NA 21 - 23 wt%

NA NA 40 wt%

NA NA 27.82 - 33.56 wt%

Duration (50 min) NA NA
 Yield

Bio Oil Gas Other

50% (w) 42.5% (-) 15.2% (w) 19.0% (-) NA

NA NA NA

23.1 wt% (without catalyst) NA NA

48.81 - 36.83% NA NA

16.67 wt% 26.67 wt% NA

 NA NA NA

28 wt% (max: 1.18 mm) 52.67 wt% (max: 1.18 mm) NA

44 - 56% 9 - 28% NA

max phenol content = 8.1

51 - 53 wt% 25 - 28 wt% wt%

NA NA NA

49.28 - 55.55 wt% 10.89 - 22.9 wt% NA

NS NA NA
 Detail Result

1 2

The yield of bio-oil reduces from 50.0 to The solid mass incress from 38.3% to 124.8% and then
42.5 wt% due to the capture and reduces to 100.9% under the competition of high-
conversion of heavy oil during its temperature-favored pyrolysis and low-temperature-
internal recycling favored heavy oil sorption

Biochar produced at 750 W recorded the lowest yield

The biochar yield was decreased with (28%) while the highest yield (36%) was obtained at 550
increasing microwave power W.

There is a reduction in the oil yield from 23.1 wt% without

The HHV of PKS was 18.51 MJ/kg catalyst to 11.7–14.4 wt% with catalysts (485oC)

As the temperature was increased (650

to 850oC), the mass yield of the biochar The mass yield of gas increased (27.75% to 42.59%),
decreased from 24.94% to 20.58%, together with an elevation of the energy yield from 10.25 to
while the biochar energy yield was 31.33%
reduced from 33.58% to 27.40%.

This kernel shell bio-char gives neat,

smokeless fire which does not polute the NA
environment. It finds use for domestic
heating.
As the temperature increased from 250 As the temperature increased, the fixed carbon and ash
to 750oC, the yield of PKS char gradually increased from 26.31% and 6.38% to 77.28% and 17.41%
decreased from 83.02% to 31.35% respectively.

The maximum bio-oil yield was 38.67 wt

% at 450 °C for a feed particle size of The lowest bio-oil yield was 28% of the total biomass feed
1.18mm with a residence time of 95 at temperature of 550 °C.
min.

The HHV = 23.48 MJ/kg (550oC) The highest aromatic content is in 550oC bio-oil.

The maximum content of phenolic

compounds in the bio-oil was 24.8 wt.% The maximum phenol content in the bio-oil, as determined
by the external standard method, was 8.1 wt%.
(500 C)
o

The RSM based on CCRD is efficiently The predicted optimum conditions for the pyrolysis
applicable in microwave assisted process was at 31.5 min (t), 30 g (sample mass) and 100
pyrolysis. mL/min (N2 flow rate)

The bio-oil derived from the auger reactor contained

The highest bio-oil yield of the two- degradation products of the hemicelluloses of PKS, such as
stage pyrolysis was ~56 wt%. acetic acid, and furfural
The yield of HCNFs increased from The HCNFs-coated bio-char has great potential for removal
5.85% at 500oC to 9.88% at 600oC of heavy metals from waste water.
 3 4

The heavy oil was The yields of CO, CO2, CH4,

completely captured by the H and others are enhanced
PKS sample during its 2

internal recycling to to the heavy oil recycling

Bio-chars get from

microwave pyrolysis (Power -
= 750 W) has the highest
porosity

The char yield decreased Catalytic pyrolysis showed

from 30 wt% without higher gas yield than non-
catalyst to 12.4 wt% with catalytic pyrolysis
zsm-5

The phenol content of PKS

bio-oil (13.49%) was higher NA
than in WS bio-oil (1.62%)
and PS bio-oil (0.55%)

NA NA
The HHV of the samples of
PKSC-450, PKSC-550, PKSC-
650, and PKSC-750 were all
higher than the standard
coal (29.31 MJ·kg-1)
As the pyrolysis
temperature increased, the
mass fraction of solid
residues increased from
30.46 to 93.94%

The maximum liquid

product was 38.67 wt% of The optimum residence
biomass feed, at a particle time was 95 min
size of 1.18mm for 95 min.

The maximum mass

fraction of biomass (57%)
converted to bio-oil at NA
550oC when 2 L/min of gas
and 10 g/min of biomass

The max surface area of the

activated carbons produced NA
was 807 m2/g.

Caloric value = 29.9 MJ/kg,

fixed carbon content = 59.8 NA
wt%, volatile content = 36.4
wt%, yield = 40 wt%

The fluidized bed reactor
produced a bio-oil with
high concentrations of
acetic acid and phenol
The maximum
concentrations of acetic
acid and phenol in bio-oil
were ~78 and 12 wt% dry
basis, respectively.
NA NA
 Key Findings

PKS sample can sorb and retain a substantial amount of heavy oil as high as 0.25 g/g. The
recycled heavy oil is converted to light oil, char, and gas, and it contributes to the increases in
char and gas yields equally. The resulting bio-oil can be completely evaporated upon 200 °C.
Most compounds in the bio-oil (mainly acetic acid, phenols, furans, and so on) and all gas
components are apparently enhanced after the internal recycling of heavy oil.

Microwave vacuum pyrolysis of PKS generated a yield of up to 36 wt% of biochar. The biochar
has high surface area and pore volume, which provided many adsorption sites for water and
nutrients required for mushroom cultivation. Biochar of higher surface area was obtained
when higher microwave power was applied. The addition of biochar as bio-fertilizer can
promoted the growth of mycelium and increased the yield of Oyster mushroom compared
those by conventional mushroom cultivation method.

The yield of oil from catalytic pyrolysis decreased while gas yields increased compared to
non-catalytic pyrolysis, due to the catalytic reaction of primary volatiles. Char yields were
affected by the pore structure of the catalysts and temperature. The oil was characterized by
lower H/C and O/C molar ratios, and high concentration of nitrils. The oils showed potentials
use as feedstocks for bio-diesel and chemicals.

Both the mass and energy yields of gases from PKS pyrolysis (at 650–850oC) were lower than
those obtained from the WS and PS. Bio-oil is the primary product of PKS pyrolysis, with mass
and energy yields of 48.81–36.83% and 56.16–41.28%, respectively. Phenol (13.49%) is a
major component of PKS bio-oil, while acetic acid is the primary compound in both WS bio-oil
(14.34%) and PS bio-oil (6.89%). PKS biochar (on an ash-free basis) exhibits higher
productivity than either WS or PS biochars.

The kernel shell bio-char is useful for domestic and industrial heating. It is thus renewable
source of energy, unlike petroleum and coal which are huge wasting energy of sources. Energy
production through thermochemical conversion of palm kernel shell biomass is a venture that
needs encouragement as the world is going green energy production.
The results showed that higher pyrolysis temperature promoted the content of carbon
element, the value of HHV, pH and SBET, also the thermal stability, while led to the reduction
of H/C, O/C, and the content of surface functional group. The maximum value of HHV and pH
was obtained along with 31.55 MJ/kg and 10.03 at 750oC which made PKSC being high-
quality fuels for energy production or acid soil remediation.

The effect of particle size on the bio-oil products yield shows that 1.18mm is the optimum
particle size of PKS to produce bio-oil
and gas products, and 5mm is the optimum particle size to produce char at the same
temperature (550 °C). Also, the effect of
temperature and residence time on products yield showed that a temperature of 450 °C at 95
min residence time was the optimum temperature to produce the bio-oil, 350 °C at a
residence time of 60 min was the best temperature to produce the char and 550 °C at a
residence time of 120 min is the maximum temperature to produce the gas product under the
same conditions of particle size.

The higher feeding rate and higher gas flow rate facilitated to enhance the bio-oil yield. The
bio-oil produced up to pyrolysis temperature 500 C formed two distinct phases; however,
they were in one homogeneous phase when bio-oil was produced above this temperature. The
water content was reduced with increasing pyrolysis temperature.

PKS was pyrolyzed in a fluidized-bed reactor to give gas, bio-oil, and biochar. The bio-oil yield
was 50–53 wt.%. The acetic acid content reached 21 wt.%. The content of phenolic
compounds was 17.9–24.8 wt.%. The phenol content (8 wt.%). Activated carbons derived
from PKS biochar were microporous and had BET surface areas up to 807 m2/g. PKS
appeared to be a useful biomass source for renewable phenol and activated carbon.

The predicted optimum conditions of reaction time, sample mass, and nitrogen gas flow rate
were at 31.58 min, 30 g and 100 mL/min, resulting in calorific value, fixed carbon content,
volatile matters content and yield percentage of 29.9 MJ/kg, 59.8 wt%, 36.4 wt% and 40.0 wt
%, respectively. The correlation coefficients obtained for all of the responses justify an
excellent correlation between the independent variables.

The two-stage pyrolysis induced a decrease in the bio-oil yield compared to the one stage
pyrolysis, it produced two different bio-oils in a single operation. The bio-oil derived from the
auger reactorwas rich in degradation products of the hemicelluloses of PKS, such as acetic
acid, methyl acetate, and furfural, while that derived from the fluidized bed reactorwas
enriched with acetic acid, phenol, and acetol. With decreasing the auger reactor temperature
and increasing the resi residence time of PKS in the auger reactor, the acetic acid
concentration in the bio-oil derived from the auger reactor increased.
HCNFs were successfully produced on the surface of bio-chars during microwave pyrolysis of
PKS at 500 and 600oC. The yield of HCNFs increased with microwave pyrolysis temperature.
Self-extrusion mechanism of pyrolysis vapors/liquids through particle nanopores and
solidification/graphitization of volatiles on bio-char surface was proposed as the mechanism
of formation and growth of HCNFs.
 Key Gaps

The pyrolysis system with heavy oil internal recycling has

more complex structure than those without heavy oil https://www.sciencedirect.
recycling. There is an addition of isothermal and non- com/science/article/pii/S0
isothermal zones in pyrolisis system with heavy oil 960852418314202
internal recycling.

This experiment needs a vacuum condition to remove https://www.sciencedirect.

more the volatile matter and moisture contents from the com/science/article/pii/S0
pyrolysis of the feedstocks. 048969717335349

https://www.sciencedirect.
This experiment seems to be not environmentally com/science/article/pii/S0
friendly because of the use of catalyst as the variation. 960852414008943

https://www.sciencedirect.
Long experiments by the use of three kinds of feedstock com/science/article/pii/S0
(PKS, WS and PS). 196890416306161

This experiment only calculated the bio-char, bio-oil and http://www.internationaljo

gases get from the pyrolysis, without any others analysis. urnalssrg.org/IJME/2018/V
So, its less informatif about the condition of products olume5-Issue4/IJME-
produced. V5I4P101.pdf
This experiment need a longer time and more complex https://www.sciencedirect.
procedures in preparing the PKS before take it into the com/science/article/pii/S0
pyrolysis process. 165237017304205

https://www.sciencedirect.
Take a long times (7 days) to reduce the moisture content com/science/article/pii/S2
of PKS until reach below 10%. 214157X18301990

https://www.sciencedirect.
There is a difficulty in visually observing the gas stream com/science/article/pii/S0
after its produced from the pyrolysis process. 961953413003838

The two stages pyrolysis process needs to build a https://www.sciencedirect.

complex structure of apparatus. So, its consumed more com/science/article/pii/S0
heating duration and energy. 960852414011699

Because of PKS have very poor absorbance properties https://www.sciencedirect.

towards microwave irradiation. So, the system needs to com/science/article/pii/S0
surround the sample quartz reactor with carbon bed. 960148113000049

The two stages pyrolysis process needs to build a https://www.sciencedirect.

complex structure of apparatus. So, its consumed more com/science/article/abs/pi
heating duration and more energy required. i/S0360544216309689
There is some challenges to synthesis of carbon materials
from renewable sources such as biomass using these https://www.sciencedirect.
microwave radiation system (the choice of precursors, com/science/article/pii/S0
catalyst and source gases. So, this bring difficulties in 196890417305666
increasing the yield and improving the properties of the
carbon materials.