Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Proton-M - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia PDF
Proton-M - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia PDF
Proton-M - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia PDF
ProtonM
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The ProtonM, (ПротонМ) GRAU index 8K82M or
8K82KM, is a Russian heavy lift launch vehicle derived ProtonM
from the Sovietdeveloped Proton. It is built by Khrunichev,
and launched from sites 81 and 200 at the Baikonur
Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Commercial launches are
marketed by International Launch Services (ILS), and
generally use Site 200/39. The first ProtonM launch
occurred on 7 April 2001.[8]
Contents
1 Vehicle description
1.1 Upper stage
1.2 Payload fairing
1.3 ProtonM Enhanced
1.4 Launch profile
2 Reliability
2.1 Effect on government and industry
3 Environmental impact
4 See also
5 Notes ProtonM rocket on the launchpad
6 References Function Heavy lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer Khrunichev
Country of origin Russia
Vehicle description
Size
The ProtonM launch Height 58.2 m (191 ft)[1]
vehicle consists of 3
stages; all of them Diameter 7.4 m (24 ft)
powered by liquid Mass 705,000 kg
fueled engines using (1,554,000 lb)[1]
the hypergolic
propellant Stages 3 or 4
combination of Capacity
dinitrogen tetroxide
as the oxidizer, and Payload to LEO[a] 23,000 kg (51,000 lb)[2]
ProtonM rollout
unsymmetrical Payload to GTO 1800 6,920 kg (15,260 lb)[2]
dimethylhydrazine m/s[b]
for fuel (see infobox).
Payload to GTO 1500 6,300 kg (13,900 lb)[3]
The first stage is unique in that it consists of a central m/s[c]
cylindrical oxidizer tank with the same diameter as the other
2 stages with 6 fuel tanks attached to its circumference, each Payload to GSO[d] 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)[2]
carrying an engine. The engines in this stage can swivel Associated rockets
tangentially up to 7° from the neutral position, providing full
Family Universal Rocket
thrust vector control. The rationale for this design is logistics:
the diameter of the oxidizer tanks and the 2 following stages Launch history
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProtonM 1/6
15/07/2016 ProtonM Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
is the maximum that can be delivered by railroad to
Baikonur. However, within Baikonur the fully assembled Status Active
stack is transported again by rail, as it has enough clearance. Launch sites Baikonur Site 81
Baikonur Site
The second stage uses a conventional cylindrical design. It is
200
powered by 3 RD0210 engine and 1 RD0211 engine. The
RD0211 is a modified version of the RD0210 used to Total launches 98
pressurize the propellant tanks. The second stage is joined to Successes 88
the first stage through a net instead of a closed interstage, to
Failures 9
allow the exhaust to escape because the second stage begins
firing seconds before separation. Thrust vector control is Partial failures 1
provided by engine gimballing. First flight 7 April 2001[4]
The third stage is also of a conventional cylindrical design. It Last flight 9 June 2016
contains the avionics system that controls the first 3 stages. It
uses 1 RD0213 which is a fixed (nongimballed) version of First stage 8S810K
the RD0210, and 1 RD0214 which is a 4 nozzle vernier Length 21.18 m (69.5 ft)[5]
engine used for thrust vector control. The nozzles of the RD
0214 can turn up to 45°; they are placed around (with some Diameter 7.4 m (24 ft)[5]
separation), and moderately above the nozzle of the RD Empty mass 30,600 kg (67,500 lb)[5]
0213.
Propellant mass 428,300 kg
The ProtonM features modifications to the lower stages to (944,200 lb)[5]
reduce structural mass, increase thrust, and utilise more
propellant (less of it remains unused in the tanks). A closed Engines 6 RD275M
loop guidance system is used on the first stage, which allows Thrust 10,532 kN
more complete consumption of propellant. This increases the (2,368,000 lbf)
rocket's performance slightly compared to previous variants,
and reduces the amount of toxic chemicals remaining in the Specific impulse 285 sec
stage when it impacts downrange. It can place up to 21 Burn time 108 sec
tonnes (46,000 lb) into low Earth orbit. With an upper stage,
Fuel N2O4 / UDMH
it can place a 3 tonne payload into geosynchronous orbit, or a
5.5 tonne payload into geosynchronous transfer orbit. Efforts Second stage 8S811K
were also made to reduce dependency on foreign component
Length 17.05 m (55.9 ft)[5]
suppliers.
Diameter 4.1 m (13 ft)[5]
Upper stage
Empty mass 11,000 kg (24,000 lb)[5]
Most ProtonM launches have used a BrizM upper stage to Propellant mass 157,300 kg
propel the spacecraft into a higher orbit. Launches have also (346,800 lb)[5]
been made with BlokDM upper stages: six launches were
made with the Blok DM2 upper stage carrying GLONASS Engines 4 RD0210
spacecraft, while two further GLONASS launches have used Thrust 2,399 kN (539,000 lbf)
the Blok DM03.[9] The DM03 will be used for a total of
Specific impulse 327 sec
five launches; a further GLONASS launch is planned along
with two launches of Ekspress satellites. As of 2013, no Burn time 206 sec
ProtonM launches have been made without an upper stage. Fuel N2O4 / UDMH
However, this configuration is manifested to launch the
Multipurpose Laboratory Module and European Robotic Third stage 8S812
Arm of the International Space Station, currently scheduled Length 4.11 m (13.5 ft)[6]
to be launched together in 2017.
Diameter 4.1 m (13 ft)[6]
Payload fairing Empty mass 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)[6]
Propellant mass 46,562 kg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProtonM 2/6
15/07/2016 ProtonM Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Commercial launches (102,652 lb)[6]
conducted by ILS use
two kinds of Engines 1 RD0212
fairings:[10][11] Thrust 613.8 kN (138,000 lbf)
19 October 2011 Viasat1 weighing 6.740 tonnes has been
lifted into geostationary transfer orbit by the ProtonM/BrizM Phase III.[14]
Launch profile
In a typical mission, a ProtonM is accompanied by a BrizM upper stage. The ProtonM launches the orbital
unit (that is: the payload, the payload adapter and the BrizM) into a slightly suborbital trajectory. The first and
second stages and the payload fairing crash into designated crash sites; the third stage crashes into the ocean.
After the third stage separates, the orbital unit coasts for a brief period, then BrizM performs its first firing to
achieve orbital injection into a parking orbit with 51.5° inclination, at 170 km to 230 km altitude (the Mission
Planner's Guide also mentions 64.8° and 72.6° as standard inclinations for the parking orbit). Subsequently the
BrizM performs orbital maneuvers to place the payload into either its final orbit or a transfer orbit. If a transfer
orbit is used the final maneuver(s) are performed by the payload on its own propulsion system.
Reliability
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProtonM 3/6
15/07/2016 ProtonM Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
As of May 2015 more than 100 ProtonM launches have occurred, of
which 10 have failed. Three of these failures were the results of
problems with the ProtonM itself, six were caused by the BrizM upper
stage malfunctioning and leaving cargo in a useless orbit, and one was
the result of a Blok DM03 upper stage being incorrectly fuelled,
leaving the Proton too heavy to achieve orbit.
ProtonM in assembly building In September 2007, a ProtonM/BrizM rocket carrying Japan's JCSAT
awaiting for rollout 11 communications satellite failed to achieve orbit, and fell in the
Ulytau District of Kazakhstan. An investigation determined that first
and second stages of the rocket had failed to separate, due to a damaged
pyrotechnic cable.[15]
In July 2013, a ProtonM/DM03 carrying three GLONASS satellites failed shortly after liftoff.[16] The booster
began pitching left and right along the vertical axis within a few seconds of launch. Attempts by the onboard
guidance computer to correct the flight trajectory failed and ended up putting it into an unrecoverable pitchover.
The upper stages and payload were stripped off 24 seconds after launch due to the forces experienced followed
by the first stage breaking apart and erupting in flames. Impact with the ground occurred 30 seconds after
liftoff.
The preliminary report of the investigation indicated that three of the first stage angular velocity sensors,
responsible for yaw control, were installed in an incorrect orientation. As the error affected the redundant
sensors as well as the primary ones, the rocket was left with no yaw control, which resulted in the failure.[17]
Telemetry data also indicated that a pad umbilical had detached prematurely, suggesting that the Proton may
have launched several tenths of a second early, before the engines reached full thrust.
In May 2014, another ProtonM launch ended in failure, resulting in the loss of an Ekspress
telecommunications satellite. Unlike the 2013 disaster, this occurred more than nine minutes into the flight
when one of the third stage verniers shut off, causing loss of attitude control. An automatic shutdown and
destruct command was issued and the remains of the upper stages and payload landed in northern China. An
investigation committee concluded that the failure was most likely due to one of the turbopumps breaking off
its mount, rupturing a propellant line and causing the vernier to lose thrust.
In May 2015, a ProtonM with a Mexican telecommunications satellite was lost due to problems with the third
stage. Russian sources indicated that the problems had been the same as with the 2014 failure.[18]
Although other ProtonM launches are recorded as failures, these failures have been caused by the upper stages
used to allow the rocket to deliver payloads to higher orbits. On 5 December 2010, the upper stage and
payloads failed to reach orbital velocity due to overloading of the upper stage with 1.5 tonnes of liquid oxygen,
resulting in the loss of three GLONASS satellites it was carrying.[19]
Five launches have succumbed to problems with the BrizM upper stage; Arabsat 4A in February 2006, AMC
14 in March 2008, EkspressAM4 in August 2011, Telkom 3 and EkspressMD2 in August 2012[20] and Yamal
402 in December 2012. All of the payloads were unusable except for Yamal 402, which was able to correct its
orbit at the expense of several years' operational life, and AMC14 which was sold to the US Government after
SES determined that it couldn't complete its original mission.
Effect on government and industry
As a result of the July 2013 Proton M launch, a major reorganization of the Russian space industry was
undertaken. The United Rocket and Space Corporation was formed as a jointstock corporation by the
government in August 2013 to consolidate the Russian space sector. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProtonM 4/6
15/07/2016 ProtonM Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
said "the failureprone space sector is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems."[21]
Three days following the failure, the Russian government had announced that "extremely harsh measures"
would be taken "and spell the end of the [Russian] space industry as we know it."[22]
Environmental impact
Critics claim that Proton rocket fuel (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)) and debris created by
Russia's space programme is poisoning areas of Russia and Kazakhstan. Residents claim that acid rain falls
after some launches. Anatoly Kuzin, deputy director of the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space
Center, has however denied these claims, saying: "We did special research into the issue. The level of acidity in
the atmosphere is not affected by the rocket launches [and] there is no data to prove any link between the
illnesses [in Altai] and the influence of rocket fuel components or space activity of any kind".[23]
See also
Comparison of heavy lift launch systems
List of Proton launches
Notes
a. 180 km (97 nmi) circular LEO 51.5° inclination from Baikonur
b. 1,800 m/s (5,900 ft/s) ΔV deficit GTO (with BrizM from Baikonur)
c. 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) ΔV deficit GTO (with BrizM from Baikonur)
d. GSO (with BrizM from Baikonur)
References
1. "Commercial Launch Vehicle | ILS Proton Breeze M | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Retrieved
20160407.
2. "Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide Section 2 LV Performance" (PDF). www.ilslaunch.com. Retrieved
20160407.
3. Clark, Stephen (June 9, 2016). "Upgraded Proton booster adds satellite to Intelsat’s fleet". Spaceflightnow.com.
4. McDowell, Jonathan. "Proton". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Jonathan's Space Page.
5. "1st and 2nd Stage | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Retrieved
20160407.
6. "3rd Stage | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Retrieved 20160407.
7. "Breeze M | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Retrieved
20160407.
8. "Commercial Launch Heritage | Proton Rocket | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Retrieved
20160410.
9. Krebs, Gunter. "Proton". Gunter's Space Page.
10. "Payload Fairing | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle | International Launch Services". www.ilslaunch.com. Retrieved
20160407.
11. "Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide Section 4 Spacecraft Interfaces" (PDF). www.ilslaunch.com.
Retrieved 20160407.
12. "DIRECTV 10". ILS.
13. "ILS Reaps Reward of Khrunichev Takeover". Satellite Finance. December 2009.
14. Krebs, Gunter. "ViaSat 1". Gunter's Space Page.
15. Zak, Anatoly (6 September 2007). "Proton/JCSAT11 launch failure". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
16. "Russian ProtonM rocket crashes on takeoff". 2 July 2013.
17. "Russia's Proton crashes with a trio of navigation satellites". RussianSpaceWeb. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
18. "Названа предварительная причина аварии «Протона» с мексиканским спутником". slon.ru. 16 May 2015.
Retrieved 16 May 2015.
19. "Russia clears Proton to resume flying in December". Spaceflight Now. 10 December 2010.
20. "Russian rocket fails to reach target orbit". 7 August 2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProtonM 5/6
15/07/2016 ProtonM Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
21. Messier, Doug (30 August 2013). "Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company".
Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
22. Nilolaev, Ivan (3 July 2013). "Rocket failure to lead to space industry reform". Russia Behind The Headlines.
Retrieved 1 September 2013.
23. "Russians say space rocket debris is health hazard". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ProtonM&oldid=724590158"
This page was last modified on 10 June 2016, at 06:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProtonM 6/6