1. .

Oceanograph y  Is a composite science that draws on the methods and knowledge of

biology, chemistry, physics, and geology to study all aspects of the world ocean.
2. 2. The Vast World Ocean The world ocean covers 71 percent of the earth’s surface, or about
361 million sq km (140 million sq mi). Its average depth is 5,000 m (16,000 ft), and its total
volume is about 1,347,000,000 cu km (322,300,000 cu mi).
3. 3. Pacific Ocean
4. 4. Size: How big is the Pacific Ocean? With a surface of
169,479,000sqkm/65,436,200sqmiles it provides almost half of the Earth’s water area. Did
you know that the size of the Pacific Ocean is bigger than the total size of the landmass of all
the continents together? Depth: How deep is the Pacific Ocean?  The average depth is
about 3,800 m. The Challenger Deep in the Marina Trench, which is located to the West of
the Philippines and north of New Guinea, is the deepest point in the Pacific Ocean with
10,920m/35,827ft.
5. 5. Atlantic Ocean
6. 6. There are many islands in the Atlantic Oceans, among the most well-known are: •The
Bahamas •Canary Islands (Spain) •Azores (Portugal) •Cap Verde Islands •Greenland, which
not only is the largest island in the Atlantic Ocean, but also on earth.
7. 7. Atlantic Ocean Islands: The Bahamas
8. 8.  Size: How big is the Atlantic Ocean? The Atlantic is the world’s second largest ocean
and covers 25% of the Earth’s surface, after the Pacific Ocean. In size the Atlantic Ocean is
comparable with roughly 6.5 times the size of the USA.  Depth: How deep is the Atlantic
Ocean? The greatest depth is the Milwaukee Deep in Puerto Rico: 8,605 metres. The
average depth is about 3,339 metres (10,955 ft
9. 9. Indian Ocean
10. 10. There are many islands in the Indian Oceans, among the most well-known are:
•Mauritius •Reunion •Seychelles •Madagascar •The Comores (Spain) •Maldives (Portugal)
•Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon
11. 11. Indian Ocean Island:
12. 12.  Size: How big is the Indian Ocean? The Indian Ocean is the world’s third largest ocean
and covers 20% of the Earth’s surface, after the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. In size the
Indian Ocean is comparable with roughly 5.5 times the size of the USA.  Depth: How deep
is the Indian Ocean? The lowest point is in the Java Trench which is about 7,258 metres
(23,812ft.) deep. The average depth is about 3,890 metres (12,762 ft.).
13. 13. Arctic Ocean
14. 14.  The Arctic Ocean (also known as the Northern Ocean), located in the Northern
Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the
world's five major oceanic divisions.  Antarctica is colder than the Arctic. The lowest
temperature recorded there was – 89.2C (–90.4F)  The Arctic Ocean covers 5.4 million
square miles, which is more than the area of Europe.
15. 15. Compositio n of Seawater
16. 16. Seawater is a complex solution of salts, consisting of about 3.5 percent (by weight)
dissolved mineral substances. If all of the water were evaporated from the oceans, a layer of
salt approaching 60 meters (200 feet) thick would cover the entire ocean floor.
17. 17. Salinity and Its Variation What is Salinity?  is the measure of all the salts dissolved in
water. usually measured in parts per thousand (ppt or ). The average ocean salinity is
35ppt and the average river water salinity is 0.5ppt or less. This means that in every kilogram
(1000 grams) of seawater, 35 grams are salt
18. 18. MIX: Sodium chloride (NaCI) 23.48 grams Magnesium chloride (MgCI ) 4.98 Sodium
sulphate (Na SO ) 3.92 Calcium chloride (CaCI ) 1.10 Potassium chloride (KCI) 0.66 Sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO ) 0.192 Potassium bromide (KBr) 0.096 2 2 4 2 3 Hydrogen borate (H
BO ) Strontium chloride (SRCI ) Sodium fluoride (NaF) 3 3 2 0.026 0.024 0.003 Recipe for
artificial seawater Add: Water (H O) to form 1000 grams of2
19. 19. Sources of Sea Salts
20. 20.  Chemical weathering of rocks on the continents is one of the source.  The second
major source of elements found in the ocean water is Earth’s interior.  Outgassing-
(sometimes called offgassing, particularly when in reference to indoor air quality) is the
release of a gas that was dissolved, trapped, frozen or absorbed in some material
21. 21. The Ocean’s Layered Structure
22. 22. 1. Photic zone- In this layer, there is more interaction with the surface. Also water is
being constantly evaporated, and its where there is most ocean life. 2. Pycnocline- In this
layer is where the thermocline is and where density drops rapidly with depth. This is a thin
layer where the two other layers interact. 3 major ocean layers:
23. 23. 3. Deep layer - In this layer the water is cold and dense. There is the least amount of life
there too.
24. 24. Mapping the Ocean Floor
25. 25. The H.M.S Challenger
26. 26.  From Dec. 1872 to May 1876, the Challenger expedition made the first, and perhaps
still most comprehensive, study of the global ocean ever attempted by one agency.  The
11,000- kilometre (68,000 mile) trip took the ship and its crew of scientists to every ocean
except the Arctic.
27. 27. Oceanographers studying the topography of the ocean floor have delineated 3 major
units: 1. Continental Margin 2. Deep-ocean Basins 3. Mid-ocean Ridges
28. 28. 2 main types of continental margin: Active Passive
29. 29. Continental Shelf- is a gently sloping submerged extending from the shoreline toward the
deep-ocean basin On the average, the continental shelf is about 80 kilometres (50 miles)
wide and 130 meters (423 feet) deep at its seaward edge.
30. 30. Continental slope- a relatively steep structure (as compared with the shelf) that marks the
boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental Rise- the slope drops to
about one-third degree, or about 6 meters per kilometre. Consists of a thick accumulation of
sediment that moved downslope from the continental shelf to the deep-ocean floor
31. 31. The Ocean Basin
32. 32. Located on either side of the mid-ocean ridge is the ocean basin. It is made up of low
hills and flat plains. This is the deepest part of the ocean floor.
33. 33. Deep-ocean Trenches- are long, relatively narrow features that form the deepest parts of
the ocean. The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world's
oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, to the east of the Mariana Islands.
34. 34. Challenger Deep The Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is the lowest point on Earth.
Its deepest part, called the Challenger Deep, is almost 7 miles (11 kilometers) below the
ocean surface. The submarine vessel shown here, named the Trieste, became the first
vessel to reach the bottom of the
35. 35. Abyssal plain- are incredibly flat features; in fact, these regions are likely the most level
places on Earth Seamounts- is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach
to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island.
36. 36. Mid-ocean ridge On the bottom of the ocean, there is a central ridge, or mountain range,
that divides the ocean floor into two parts. These underwater volcanic mountains are known
as the mid-ocean ridge.
37. 37. Marine Life Zones and Habitats
38. 38. Life Zone Subdivision characteristics based on the available light Photic has light
Euphotic has enough for photosynthesis Aphotic no light based on distance from shore
Intertidal bet. tidelines, waves hit shore Neritic above continental shelf, rich in biodiversity
Oceanic open ocean, beyond shelf break
39. 39. based on depth Pelagic all water above ocean floor, organisms swim or float Benthic
bottom of ocean, organisms attach to, or crawl on seafloor Abyssal deep-sea bottom, dark,
cold, high pressure