A H M 531 Impact of a Jet By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

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A H M 531 Impact of a Jet By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Object:
To study the relation between the force produce and the change of
momentum when a jet strikes a vane .
Introduction :
One way of producing mechanical work from fluid under pressure is
to use the pressure to accelerate the fluid to a high velocity in a jet
.the jet is directed on the vanes of a turbine wheel which is rotated by
the force generated on the place as the jet strikes the vanes .
Theory :
If a flow Q m3/s with a velocity Uo m/s strikes a vane perpendicular
to it , the flow is deflected by an angle ß so that the fluid leaves the
vanes with velocity U1 inclined at an angle ß to the original axis of
flow .the force acting on the fluid being equal to the rate of change of
momentum that is :
F = ρ Q (U1 cos ß - Uo )
Where : ρ =density in Kg/m3
The force R on the vane is equal & opposite to F so that :
R = ρ Q ( Uo - U1 cos ß)
Case one :
In the case of flat plate ß = 90o and the force acting on the plate :
R = ρ Q ( Uo)
Case two :
In the case of a hemispheric cup we may assume that ß = 180o hence :
R = ρ Q ( Uo + U1)
Since the changes in peizometric pressure and elevation are neglected
the maximum value of U1 will be Uo thus max. force on the
hemispheric cup is ( 2 ρ Q Uo ) i.e. twice the force on the flat plate .

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A H M 531 Impact of a Jet By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Apparatus :
The bench supply is led to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered
nozzole ( d = 10 mm). This produces a jet of water which impinges on
a vane in the form of a flat plate or a hemispheric cup. The nozzle
and the vane are contained within a transparent cylinder at the base
of which there is an outlet that leads the flow to the weighing tank
.The vane is supported by a lever which carries a jockey weight ( w =
600gm ) and restrained by a spring. The lever may be set to a
balanced position by placing the jockey weight at its zero position
and then adjusting the knurled nut above the spring. Any force
generated by impact of the jet on the vane may be measured by
moving the jockey weight along the lever a distance Y until the tally
shows that the lever has been restored to its original balanced
position .Taking moments about the pivot of the lever which is
150mm away from the center of the vane gives the force exerted on
the vane R2 thus
@ F = 0 , T(x) – mg(0.15) = 0 --------------- ( a )
@ F ≠ 0 , F(0.15) +T(x) –mg(0.15 +Y ) = 0 ,
F(0.15) +T(x) –mg(0.15) + mgY = 0 , put ( a ) equation
……..
→ F( 0.15 ) + mgY = 0 , remember that R = - F ……….
→ -R(0.15) = - mgY ,
R = (mgY/0.15) = ( 0.6 * 9.81*Y /0.15 ) = ( 9.81*4*Y ) ……..
R2 = ( 9.81*4*Y ) = practice measured force on flat plate &
hemispheric cup.

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A H M 531 Impact of a Jet By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Procedure :
- Level the apparatus and set the lever to a balanced position
with the jockey weight at its zero position .
- Admit the water at max. Flow rate through the supply valve .
- Note the position of the jockey which restates the lever to the
balanced position
- To determine the flow rate ,take reading of volume and time
using the volumetric tank .
- A series of reading with equally y ( spaced position ) of the
jockey .
- The experiment may be then repeated using the hemispheric
cup .

Calculation : ( for flat plate ) :

- Q = ( ( volume of used water ) /( the time for this volume) ) .

- U nozzle = the velocity at exit from the nozzle = ( Q / Area of nozzle ) ,
where dnozzle = 10 mm .
- Uo2 = U nozzle 2 – ( 2 g S ) , where S = 35 mm = the height of vane
above tip of nozzle .
- R1 = ρ Q ( Uo) = theoretical value ( predicted value ) .
- R2 = 9.81 * 4 * Y = practice value .

Calculation : ( for hemispherical cup ) :

Similar with flat plate but :

- R1 = 2 ρ Q ( Uo) = theoretical value ( predicted value ) .

FOR FLAT PLATE CALCULATION :

Y Q Time Q x10-4 U nozzle Uo R1 R2
mm Liter sec. m3/sec. m/sec. m/sec. prediction practice
10 5 59 0.847 1.06 0.689 0.0584 0.3924
20 5 30 1.66 2.1 1.92 0.3187 0.785
30 5 19 2.53 3.18 3.07 0.7767 1.177
40 5 15 3.33 4.18 4.09 1.362 1.5696
50 5 14 3.57 4.5 4.42 1.578 1.962
60 5 12 4.16 5.2 5.13 2.134 2.3544
68 =Ymax 5 11 4.54 5.71 5.54 2.5151 2.668

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A H M 531 Impact of a Jet By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

FOR HEMISPHERIC CUP CALCULATION :

Y Q Time Q x10-4 U nozzle Uo R1 R2
3
mm Liter sec. m /sec. m/sec. m/sec prediction practice
30 5 25 2 2.545 2.41 0.964 1.18
60 5 19 2.53 3.182 3.07 1.553 2.35
90 5 14 3.57 4.5 4.42 3.156 3.532
120 5 12 4.16 5.27 5.2 4.33 4.71
137 = 5 11 4.5 5.66 5.6 5.04 5.38
Ymax

Sample of calculation :
For flat plate :
Y = 10 mm
T = 59 sec.
Q Vol. = 5 L
Q = ( Vol. / T ) = (5x10-3)/(59) = 8.47x10-5 m3/sec.
A nozzle = ( π x (0.01)2/4) = 7.95x10-5 m2
U nozzle = (Q/A nozzle ) =1.06 m/sec.
½
Uo = ( U nozzle 2 – 2 x 9.81 x S ) = 0.689 m/sec.
R1 = ρ Q ( Uo) = 0.0584 N .
R2 = 9.81 * 4 * Y = 0.3924 N .
There is a large amount of error .
For hemispheric cup :
Same steps but R2 = 2 ρ Q ( Uo) .

Discussion & Conclusion :

From the results above , we can conclude that the force on the
hemispheric cup is double the force on the flat plate ( take Ymax as
example 2x2.668 ~= 5.38 ) .We can see the relation between Ymax
in each flat plate & hemispheric cup : Ymax for hemispheric = 2
Ymax for flat plate .
We can see the different between the predicted value for force (R1)
& measured value for force ( R2 ) .This different come from many
errors :
1. when we calibrating the machine .
2. personal errors in taking the volume reading .
☺ In this experiment we know how can we generated energy from
water force .
☺ If ß = 60o , then R1 = 0.5 ρ Q ( Uo) .

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A H M 531 Impact of a Jet By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Note :
2R Flat = R Hemispherical
2Y Flat = Y Hemispherical
З% = ( Rexp. /Rtheo. )x100
Rexp. = (mass / arm length) x 9.81Y = (weight / arm length) x Y

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A H M 531 Impact of a Jet By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

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