EE 224 Signals and Systems I

• Complex numbers
• sinusodal signals
• Complex exponentials ejωt
• phasor addition

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 Complex Numbers

Rectangular Polar
y z z
r

θ
x
Good for addition/subtraction Good for multiplication/division
z1 = x1 + jy1 jθ1 z = r ejθ2
z2 = x2 + jy2 z1 = r1 e 2 2
z1 · z2 = r1 · r2 ejθ1 +θ2
z1 ± z2 = (x1 ± x2 ) + j(y1 ± y2 ) z1 r1 jθ1 −θ2
z2 = r2 e

z = x + jy z = rejθ
j tan−1 y
p
2
= x +y e 2 x = r cos(θ) + jr sin(θ)
EE 224 — Iowa State University
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Euler’s formula
• eiθ = cos(θ) + i sin(θ)
• Proof using power series

(iθ)2 (iθ)3 (iθ)4 (iθ)5 (iθ)6

eiθ = 1 + iθ + + + + + + ···
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
θ2 iθ3 θ4 iθ5 θ6
= 1 + iθ − − + + − + ···
2! 3! 4! 5!  6!
θ2 θ4 6 3 5
 
θ θ θ
= 1− + − + ··· + i θ − + − ···
2! 4! 6! 3! 5!
= cos θ + i sin θ

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Examples/Exercises
• find (2 + 3j)(3 + 4j)

• convert 1 + j to polar form

jπ
• convert 5e 3 to rectangular form

jπ jπ
• find 4e 2 + 2e 3

jπ jπ
• Compute 4e 2 /(5e 6 )

2 + 3j
• Compute
3 + 4j
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Complex Exponentials
• z(t) = ejωt : unit magnitude, phase linearly increase with t
• simple but extremely important
• Using Euler’s formula, we have
ejωt = cos(ωt) + j sin(ωt)
• The geometric picture is very simple: a point on the unit
circle moving at a constant angular speed of ω radians per
second.

ω rad/sec ω is known as
• radian frequency
• angular speed
1 • radial frequency
• circular frequency
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Sinusoids
The real part of ejωt is x(t) = cos(ωt) ω rad/sec

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Sinusoids
The real part of ejωt is x(t) = cos(ωt) ω rad/sec

x(t)
t
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Sinusoids
The real part of ejωt is x(t) = cos(ωt) ω rad/sec
x(t)
1
t

In general, we can have a complex

exponential with magnitude A and
initial phase θ: z(t) = Aej(ωt+θ)
A cos(ωt + θ)

t
EE 224 — Iowa State University
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Sinusoids
The real part of ejωt is x(t) = cos(ωt) ω rad/sec
x(t)
1
t

In general, we can have a complex

exponential with magnitude A and
initial phase θ: z(t) = Aej(ωt+θ) Always use cos form
for consistency.
A cos(ωt + θ) sin is special case:
sin(ωt) = cos(ωt − π2 )
t
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Two important properties

• A delayed version of a complex exponential is a complex

exponential of the same frequency.
Aejω(t−τ ) = Ae−jωτ ejωt
• A linear combination of two (or more) complex
exponentials of the same frequency yields a complex
exponential of the same freqeuncy.

A1 ejθ1 ejωt + A2 ejθ2 ejωt = Aejθ ejωt

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Two important properties

• A delayed version of a complex exponential is a complex

exponential of the same frequency.
Aejω(t−τ ) = Ae−jωτ ejωt
• A linear combination of two (or more) complex
exponentials of the same frequency yields a complex
exponential of the same freqeuncy.

A1 ejθ1 ejωt + A2 ejθ2 ejωt = Aejθ ejωt

A1 ejθ1 + A2 ejθ2 = Aejθ

EE 224 — Iowa State University

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Two important properties

• A delayed version of a complex exponential is a complex

exponential of the same frequency.
Aejω(t−τ ) = Ae−jωτ ejωt
• A linear combination of two (or more) complex
exponentials of the same frequency yields a complex
exponential of the same freqeuncy.

A1 ejθ1 ejωt + A2 ejθ2 ejωt = Aejθ ejωt

• These two properties make the signal ejωt important

ejωt αejωt
System
input output
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The Phasor Concept
A1 ejθ1 ejωt + A2 ejθ2 ejωt = Aejθ ejωt
• Take the real part

A1 cos(ωt + θ1 ) + A2 cos(ωt + θ2 ) = A cos(ωt + θ)

Phasor Addition
Pn
To obtain i=1 Ai cos(ωt + θi ), do
• Represent each signal Ai cos(ωt + θi ) as a phasor Ai ejθi
• Add all the phasors to obtain
n
X
Aejθ = Ai ejθi
i=1

• The final answer will be A cos(ωt + θ)

EE 224 — Iowa State University
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The Phasor Concept
A1 ejθ1 ejωt + A2 ejθ2 ejωt = Aejθ ejωt
• Take the real part

A1 cos(ωt + θ1 ) + A2 cos(ωt + θ2 ) = A cos(ωt + θ)

Example:
• To compute 2 cos(10πt) + 2 cos(10πt + π2 )
j0 jπ
√ jπ
• Convert to sum of phasors 2e + 2e 2 = 2 + 2j = 2 2e 4
√ j π j10πt √
• Final answer: Re[2 2e 4 e ] = 2 2 cos(10πt + π4 )

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Phasor Addition — Geometric View

ω rad/sec
A2 ejθ2

A1 ejθ1

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Phasor Addition (cont’d)
A1 cos(ωt + θ1 ) + A2 cos(ωt + θ2 ) = A cos(ωt + θ)
• The sum of sinusoids of the same frequency is still of the
same frequency
A2 cos(ωt + θ2 ) A2 ejθ2

A1 cos(ωt + θ1 ) A cos(ωt + θ) A1 ejθ1 Aejθ

• A delayed sinusoid is still a sinusoid (of the same frequency)

LTI System
input output

• application: phasor in circuits

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Summary
• Complex numbers

• Euler formula

• Complex exponential signal ejωt

• Two properties of ejωt

• Sinusoids A cos(ωt + θ)

• Phasor addition

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