MANUAL ON SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT (SECOND EDITION) Prepared by: ‘THE EXPERT COMMITTEE Constituted by: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ORGANISATION MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT NEW DELHI DECEMBER, 1993PPHEE 0-8 10,000—1994 (DSK—IV) Price : (nland) Rs. 210.00 (Foreign) £ 24.49 or $ 75 60 Conts. PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVT. OF INDIA PRESS, NASIK-422 006 AND PUBLISHED BY THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI-110 054 1995at wed Paar aI Brae MINISTER OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT mee GOVT. OF INDIA FOREWORD New Deiti December 1999 Sate water supply and hygienic sanitation facilities are the two basic essential amenities the community needs on a top priority for healthy living. While provision of safe drinking water takes precedence in the order of provision of basic amenities to community, the importance of hygienic sanitation facilities through low cost on-site sanitation, conventional sewerage and sewage treatment can no longer be allowed to lag behind, as about 80% of water used by the community comes out of houses in the form of waste water which unless properly collected, conveyed, treated and safely disposed of may eventually pollute our precious water resources and cause environmental degradation As of now about 45% of urban population has been provided with reasonable hygienic sanitation facilities in our country and as such there is still much to accomplish so as to reach 100% coverage. While it is necessary to adopt conventional sewerage and treatment methods in our metro and mega cities, it is economical to go in for low cost option wherever feasible particularly in small and medium towns. Yet another important area which needs the urgent attention of our Public Health and Environmental Engineers is possibility of re-use and recycling of waste water after necessary treatment for various beneficial uses so as to reduce the ever increasing demand for fresh water. It is hoped the revised Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment brought out by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation of this Ministry will meet the professional needs af the practising Engineers dealing with sanitation sector in the country for achieving the goal of “sanitation for all” within a reasonable time frame. LP Mane. (SHEILA KAUL)oe RSPREFACE ‘The first Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment was published by the erstwhile Ministry of Works & Housing {presently Ministry of Urtian Development) on the basis of recommendations of an Expert committee in 1977. The said Manual has been in use widely by field Enginpess who are engaged in the field of sewerage and sewage treatment. However, over a poriod of time there has been an advancement in the technotosy and as sich the need for revising and updating the Said manuiai has been keenly felt for quite some time. The conference on Mid-Decade Review of Water Decade Programme held in October, 1985 recommended the seiting up of Expert Committee for Undertaking this task. Accordingly the Ministry of Urban Development, Gow. of India constituted an Expert Committee in December, 1985 with the following composition - 1 Shri, V:Venugopatan Chairman Adviser(PHEE) ntral Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation Ministry of Utban Development Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi 2 SHILA, Bulasu, Member Actng Director National Environmental Engg, Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur-20, a Director Member Al india nsthute of Hygiene: & Public Hoalth or his representative, Chitaranjan Avenue, Calcutta 4 Chiet Engineer (Urban), Membor Maharashtra Water Supply & Sewerage Board, C1LO.C.0., Bhavan, South Wing, 2nd Floor New Bombay: 14, Chief Engineer (Usban Services) Member Tamil Nadu Water Supply & Drainage Board, TWAD Building Chepauk, Madras. 5 Director (Engg) Member Madras Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board, Pumping Station Road, Chindariper. Madras. Chiet Engineer Member Local Self Govt, ana Urban Development Deptt Govt, of West Bengal Not, Gansin Place, Catcuttat 4a Dr. B. Pitchai Prot, & Director, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Madras, Member 9, Shri MR. Parthasarathy, Member Dy. Adviser (PHE) CP.HEEO. Ministry of Urban Development, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi 10. Chiet Engineer, Member Gujarat Water Supply & Sewerage Board, Near Mayur Hotel, Sector-16, Gandhinagar-382016. 11, Director or his representative Member Central Ganga Authority, Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Dethi 42, Chairman or his representative Member Genital Board for Preventation and Control of Water Pollution, Nehru Place, New Delhi 13, Dr H.C. Arora, Member-Secretary Depuly Adviser (Trg) CPHEEO Ministry of Urban Development, Niunan Bhavan, New Delhi Since some of the members of the Expert Committee including the then Chairman trad retired t becamp necessary to reconstiute the said Expert Committee in March, 1990 with the following composition: 1 Adviser (PHEE), Chairman Ministry of Urban evelopment (Sn.P.S.Rajvanshy, had taken over the charge of the C.P.H.E.E.0. New Det Past of Adviser since November, 1990) Shri, $.S. Patwardhan Member Member Secretary, Maharashtra Water Supply & Sewerage Board, Bombay, Shri. 8. Neogi Member Chief Engineer, Gout. of West Bengal Municipal Engg, Dept. Catcutta (i ise10. W 32, 13, Shi, J.D. Seth, Chiet Engineer. Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat Shi, L-Panneerselvam. Deputy Drecior, Ganga Project Directorate, New Dethi 01, K.R-Ranganathan, Member Secretary, Central Pollution Contro} Board, Now Delhi Shri, AK Awasthi, Deputy Director Indian Standards institute, New Dethi Dr$R. Shukla, Dy. Adviser (PHE) CPHEEO Ministry of Uchan Development New Dethy Shri, A.Setharaman, Assit. Adviser(PHE), Ministry of Urban Development CP REED, Shri, V.8, Rama Prasad, Dy, Adviser (PHE) Ministry of Urban Development, CPHEEO. Dr, 8.D. Badtinath Asst. Director, NEERI, Nagpur 0-0. M. Mohan, Director (Project), HMWSS Board, Hyderabad, Dr. .C,Agarwal, Professor of Envisonmentat Engg, Motilal Engineering College, Allahabad) Dr, R.Guruswamy, Professor, Anna University, Madras, Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Secretary Member Member Member Member ) ene15. Shri. S.Deivamani, Member Ald. Engineering Director Madras Metro Water Supply & Sewerage Board, Madras, 16. Shi. S.Shankarappa, Member Chief Engineer, Municipal Corporation at Greater Bombay, Bombay. 17. Shri, MR.Parthasarathy, Member Rid, Dy.Adviser (PHE), Ministry of Urban Devetopment CP.HE.EO,, Bangalore 18 Shri Cruz, Member Rid, Engineer-in-Chiet, Delhi Water Supply & Sewerage Disposal Undertaking, Doth. 19. Shri, S.0.Mundra, Member Director, Geo-Millers & Co. Pvt, Lid, New Delhi 20. Shri. S.J. Arceivala, Member Managing Director, Mis. Associate Industrial Consultants (India) Pvt, Ltd., Bombay, 21, Or RH. Siddigh Member Professor. Aligath Muslim University, Aligact. 22. Shi. S.LAbhyankar Member Hony, Technical Adviser, netian Pump & Pump Mfg. Asscen., Bombay, The originally constituted Export committee met 5 limes and the reconstituted Committee hold 16 meetings in aif, to discuss and finalise the draft Manual. Later, in October, 1992 the Ministry had constituted a three members Editorial Committee consisting of the following members for editing and finalising the said draft document: JDGnwz, Consuttant, WAPCOS. 2 Dr. 1. Agarwaa, Head of the Opt, of Chul Engineering, MINREC, Allahabad. 3. Dr. OM, Mohan, Director (Projects) HMWSS Board, Hyderabad (AP. (si) ssn =nnaaae‘The Sait Editorial committee met 3 times to complete the task assigned to it In all there, aro 26 chapters in the Manual covering various important aspects such as Planning, Legal, Financial and Administrative aspects. Design and Construction of Sewers, Sewage Treatment Plants, Sludge Treatment and Disposal, Tetliary Treatment of Sewaye for Reuse. fluent Disposal and i's Uilisation. On-Site Sanitation. Corrosion Prevention and i's control, Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage System as well as Treatment Plants etc. Its pertinent to mention that several moditications have been suggested in various chapters mentioned above. For instance, since conventional sewerage is very expensive it has to be confined to Class-| cities and capitals of States/UTS. Even in such cities, sewerage has to be confined to core areas only and the tringe areas have to be provided with less expensive on-site sanitation systems, Similarly, taking into account the hydraulics and other relevant factors, the design of sewers has been modified to make it economical. In so far as treatment of sewage is concerned), Anaerobic method such as USAB technology has been introduced since itis fess energy intensive and economical in operation and maintenance. Similatly, duckweed ponds have been suggested for teating sewage in an economical way with impressive cash returns. Adequate emphasis has been given to reuse and recycling of sewage effluent after tertiary treaiment, keeping in view the ever incieasing demand for fresh water for various beneficial uses, Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage Systems and Sewage Treatment Plants is often neglected due to inadequate funds and tack of trained technical manpower. Therefore, these aspects have been given due emphasis and discussed in detail, Later, in November, 1992 the draft Manual was circulated to various State Public Health Engineering Depits. and Water Supply and Sewerage Boards with a view to have their valuable suggestions on the same before i's finalisation and printing. Finally the comtents of the Manual were thoroughly discussed in greater detail, topic by topic at a special conference of Chiat Engineers incharge of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector held at Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) on 24th and 25th September, 1993 organised by the Ministry of Urban Development and Keiala Water Authority ‘The said Conterence was well attended and valuable suggestions that emerged during the discussions have been incorporated 10 the extent possible to make this Manual useful trom the practising Engineer's point of view, There are no two opinions that the said Manual will be a boon to the field Engineers in the country ‘The Expert Committee thanks the Ministry of Urbans Development, Govt. of india for providing all facilities. The initiative taken and sincere efforts made by ShiiV.Venugopalan, the then Adviser(PHEE) in gotting the onginal Expert Committee constituted is gratctully acknowledged, The Committee expresses its appreciation to Shri.V.B. Rama Prasad, Dy.Adviser (PHE} and Member Secretary for his untiring efforts in making possible the completion of the manually it's tinest form despite his arduous normal duties, Special mention is made of the services of Shri. R.Sethuraman, Dy Adviser(Tig,) and Shri. Sankaranarayanan, Asst, Adviser (PHE) who unstintingly devoted thei time in all phases of this work. The valuable contribution of Dr$.R. Shulka, Dy.Aduiser (PHE), Shi.8.8.Unpal, Asst, Adviser (PHE} and Shri Sukanta Kar, Scientific Officer in CPHEEO are gratefully acknowledged, The committee thanks DrO.M, Mohan, Presently Director (Projects). Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply ane Sewerage Board tor getting the final draft computerised, Thanks are also due to the Gow, of Kerala and Kerala Water Authority for hosting the aforesaid conference Last but not the least, the committee desires to record their deep appreciation of the services sendered by different Officers and staf members of the PHE and Accounts Section of the Ministry and the Secretariat of CPHEEO, P.S.RAJVANSHY ADVISER (PHEE) CPHEEO i)4 12 19 134 132 133 134 14 48 184 182 18 16.4 162 ar ara 18 184 seas tase 1043 1844 CONTENTS PLANNING OBJECTIVE NEED FOR PLANNING BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Engineering Con: Environmental Considerations Process Considerations Gost Considerations DESIGN PERIOD POPULATION FORECAST General Considerations Final Forecast ESTIMATION OF WASTE WATER FLOW Sources of Waste Water Por Capita Waste water Flow SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS Effect of Industrial Waste SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION Basic Information Physieat Aspects Developmental Aspects Fiscal Aspects Other Aspects Project Surveys Preliminary Project Surveys Detaled Project Surveys, onstruction Surveys rn " " " 1"1948 192 193.4 1932 1933 1934 13.38 19.36 19.4 19.44 1942 1943 1944 194s 22 224 22.4 22.3 PROJECT REPORT General Project Reports Kdentification Report Prefeasil ity Report Executive Summary Introduction Project Area and The Need for The Project Long Term Plan for Wastewater Disposal Proposed Waste Viater Project Gonclusions and Recommendations Feasibility Report Contents Background The Proposed Project Insttationst and Financial Aspects Gonctusions and Recommendations MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATION, LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS MANAGEMENT Government of india (6.0.!) Level State Government Level Local Body Level COMMON ASPECTS OF MANAGENENT General Administration Supervisory Stat Operating Statt Personne! Administration Inventory Control n @ 2 2 1“ “ 1“ wv 8 20 a 2 a 6 % 7 2 a a 7 2 2 2 30 30aaa 2242 228 23 234 232 24 244 242 25 2.5.1 252 25.3 25.4 28.5 a 3a 324 3.22 323 324 325 326 322 uw Financial Control Accounting Budgeting Public Relations OTHER ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT Inservice Training Long Term Planning LEGAL ASPECTS Municipal Bylaws Prevention of Pottution FINANCIAL ASPECTS General ‘Scope Sources for Raising Capital Financial Appraisal Statutory Water and Sanitation Boards DESIGN OF SEWERS itRoDUGTION ESTIMATION OF SANITARY SEWAGE Design Period Population Forecast Tributary Area Percapita Sewage Flow Flow Assumptions Storm Runoff Ground Water Infiltration a” 3 a By 32 2 3 2 8 “ Fr Fa 38 26 8 7 Fa 3 ar Fe 9 Fr 0a3 334 sata aaa 3344 3345 34 344 342 Baza 242 3423 3424 3428 344 344A 3442 3443 344d 3448 3446 3447 3448 ESTIMATION OF STORM RUNOFF Rational Method Runoff - Raint Intensity Relationship ‘Storm Frequency Intensity of Precipitation ‘Time of Concentration Coeticient of Runott HYDRAULICS OF SEWERS Type of Flow Flow - Friction Formulae Mannings Formula Darcy Welebach Formula Hazen.iiams Formula Friction Coeticlents Modited Hazen-Wiiams. Formula Depth of Flow Formula for Self Cleansing Velocity Velocities Velocity At Minimum Flow Erosion and Maximum Velocity ‘Sewer Transitions Non Uniform Flow Specie Eneray Hydraulic Jump Back Water Curves Sewer Transitions Bends Junction Vertical Drops and Other Energy Dissipators a “ “ a “a 48 46 “ 48 “ 4“ 4 se 52 8 8 8 53 se 54 65 56 8 a354 3482 2482 3454 1458 346 347 348 as 38.4 382 353 ass 3.5.4 38 3.6.1 3.6.2 36.3 364 36.8 3.6.6 3.6.7 37 374 372 4373 374 Inverted Syphon Hydraulic Gatculations Velocity ‘Size and Arrangement of Pipes Inlet and Outlet Chambers, General Requirements Relief Sewers Force Mains ‘Sulphide Generation DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS Introduction Available Head Layout of Systems Plans Design Approach Design Steps SMALL BORE SEWER SYSTEMS System Description Components of System Suitability of the System Design Criteria Appurtenances Disposal of Effluent Limitations SHALLOW SEWERS System Description Components of the System Applicability Limitations 7 a 6 6 “1 ot 6 6 ot eo 86 ss 6 66 70 i 0 70 n n ” n n n na 4a a2 424 aaa aaa 4243 422 4224 4222 4222 4224 4228 4228 43. 44 45 454 45.2 453 46 ar ATA 472 413 4a 49 a0 NON CIRCULAR SEWERS ‘SEWER APPURTENANCES iwTroDucTION MANHOLES: Ordinary Manholes Spacing Constructlonat Details Covers and Frames Types of Manholes str nt - Through Manholes ‘Junetion Manholes Side Entrance Man Holes Drop Mantoles Scraper (service) Type Manhole Flushing Manholes INVERTED SIPHONS. HOUSE SEWER CONNECTIONS STORM WATER INLETS Curb Inlets. Gutter Iniets Combination Inlets CATCH BASINS REGULATOR OR OVERFLOW DEVICE Side Flow Weir Leaping Weir Float Actuated Gates and Valves FLAP GATES AND FLOOD GATES MEASURING DEVICES SEWER VENTILATORS n ” 4 ™ ” « ” " n n n ny n 4 a a 22 2 9 8 " es oy 4 a ca 8s62 634 632 6024 63.22 6323 e324 vu MATERIALS FOR SEWER CONSTRUCTION ipopucTion TYPES OF MATERIAL, Brick Concrete Precast Concrete CastinSits Reinforced Concrete Stoneware or Vitrified Clay Asbestos Cement Iron and Stee! ast on tee! Ductite tron Pipes Plastic Pipes General Pvc Pipes Hight Density Polyethylene (DPE) Pipes Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Pipes Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastic Pipes (FRP) Pitch Fibre Pipes JOINTING IN SEWER PIPES STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BURIED SEWERS mvrRopuction TYPE OF LOADS LOADS ON CONDUNTS DUE TO BACKFILL Types of Installation or Construction Conditions Loads for Different Conditions Embankment or isiecting Conduit Condition Treneh Condition Tunnel Conultlon Emtect of submergence 251 CPHEEO/ND/94 cd 7 a7 cy 8 0 so %0 a % * a s 82 " 2 8 s 104 107 ot+4 644 642 543 ss 654 652 653 e534 e532 684 esa 5542 655 86 er 68 1. TAA Tas rane rA8a TA84 ras TaA8 7A2 Tad 7422 va LOAD ON CONDUIT DUE To SUPER IMPOSED LOADS Concentrated Load Distributed Load Conduits Under Railway Track SUPPORTING STRENGTH OF RIGID CONDUIT Laboratory Test Strength Field Supporting Stronath ‘Supporting Strength in Tronch Conditions Classes of Being Load Factors Supporting Strength in Embankment Conditions Classos of Bedding Load Factors Conduits Under Simultaneous intemal Pressure and Extemal Loading RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS IN STRUCTURAL. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS CONSTRUCTION METHODS Trench Dimensions Excavation Shoring Underground Services Dewatering Foundation and Bedaing Tunnelling ‘Shatts Methods of Tunnelling a 1 1 115 118 16 16 116 116 18 418 170 20 saa a 125 24 126 126 126 126 126 06 a7 aw wa aw 2 174.3 yaaa ase rasa 1134 1438 a4 1142 7483 7a84 7382 718 maT 748 719 74.10 ea a2 a3 24 8s 86 a7 Laying of Pipe Sewers Stoneware Pipes RCC. Pipes astin-situ Concrete Sections Construction of Brick Sewers ‘cast Iron Pipes Jointing of Sewers Stoneware Pipes con Pipes CA Pipes Hydraulic Testing of Pipe Sewers Wiser Test air Testing Check for Obstruction Construction of Manholes Sewer Connections Backfiling of the Trenches Removal of Sheeting MAINTENANCE OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS WTRODUCTION TYPES OF MAINTENANCE NEGESSITY OF MAINTENANCE ORGANISATION FOR MAINTENANCE PROVISIONS IN DESIGN House connecTIOns. PLANNING FOR SEWER MAINTENANCE va a9 129 19 130 130 190 130 130 wt nat 13 1m 1m 132 139 133 aa a4 104 14 14 ana 138 198 8es 8.8.4 88.2 8.8.3 88.4 8.8.5 887 88.8 882 sas 8.8.9 8.10 sto 3.10.2 3.103 104 3.108 an aaa aat2 att x SEWER CLEANING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES Portable Pump Sot Manit Rope and Cloth Ball Sectional Sewer Rods Sewer Cleaning Bucket Machine Dredger (Clam-shetl) Roding Machine with Flexible Sewer Rods Scraper Hydraulically Propelled Devices Flush Bags Sewer Batis Sewer Scooters Velocity Cleaners (Jetting Machines) ‘Suction Units (Gully Emptier) Pneumatic Plugs HAZARDS Gases In Sewerage System PRECAUTIONS Traffic Control Manhole Safety Infection ns of Pumping Stations Precautions Against Electrical Shocks SAFETY EQUIPMENT Gas Masks Breathing Apparatus [Air Hose Respirator 136 18 136 7 a7 at 107 wt ut 144 ut 142 a 12 a4 44 ue 148 us 46 M6 46 ur ur “7 ua oyana aad 8448 8.448 atta 811s ars 8134 8132 3.133 8.13.6 8195 ass aaa4 8142 at8a 8.152 84183 154 ssa 81842 sae 8.164 8.16.2 xi Portable Lighting Equipment Nonsparking Toots Portable Air Blowers Safety Belt Inhatators Diver's Suit EMERGENCY MAINTENANCE INSPECTION Necessity for Inspection Type of Inspection Direct Inspection Indirect Inspection Planning for Sewer Inspection SEWER REHABILITATION Methods Sewer Renovation SAFETY PRACTICES Safety Practice Programme Keeping Records of Injury Searching out Hazards Safe Equipment, Working Methods ‘otvation and Training Changing Working Habits RECORDS Mops and Profiles Data ue us ue ua 49 us 49 150 150 160 181 18 18 182 182 182 183 13 183 153 153 189 153