Hydrostatic transmission

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 Transmission

Transform rotational mechanical

power from the engine to the wheels

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Car vs Wheel Loader

Continuously Variable Transmissions

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Mechanic Variators

+ High efficiency
- Low torque
- Not infinitely variable

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Electric Variator

+/- Medium efficiency

+ Infinitely variable
- Low power density
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Hydrostatic Variators

+/- Medium efficiency

+ Infinitely variable
+ High power density
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 State-of-the-art
wheel loaders < 100 kW

+/- Medium efficiency

+ Smooth switch between forward and reverse speed
- Limited conversion range (Theoretical range)
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 State-of-the-art
wheel loaders > 100 kW

- Bad efficiency
- Vehicle speed coupled to engine speed
+ Compact, cheap and robust
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 Transmission

Variable pump
Variable/fix motor
In-Line
Bent-Axis

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 Open and closed system
Primary controlled system Secondary controlled system

Closed system Open system

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Closed hydrostatic transmission

1 1
εp εm

1 Head components: Variable pump (-1.0 ≤ εp ≤ 1.0), fix or

variable motor (0.2 ≤ εm ≤ 1.0).
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 Closed hydrostatic transmission

1 1
εp εm

2 Booster pump for cooling flow and to keep constant

pressure on the transmission low pressure side (low and
high pressure side can be shifted). 12
Closed hydrostatic transmission
3

1 1
εp εm

3 Anti-cavitation valves to make sure that the

pressure on the low pressure side will stay at some
proper level (plow > pa). 13
Closed hydrostatic transmission
3

1 1
εp εm

4 Cooling valve for direction control of the cooling

flow.
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Closed hydrostatic transmission
3

1 1
εp 5 εm

5 Pressure relief valves: Max load pressure

limitation on both pressure sides.
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Hydrostatic transmission

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 Hydrostatic 2-motor transmission with
clutch and “zero-motor”
nm 2
Um = ≥ 1,0
nm1

Dp = Dm1 = Dm2, Um =1

Theoretical gear ratio

nm1 ε p Dp
=
n p ε m1 Dm1 + ε m 2 Dm 2U m

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Vehicle transmission with wheel-
motors and “diff-lock”
Diff-
lock

Normal driving: parallel connected motors

Diff-lock: serial connected motors

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 Dimensioning of a hydrostatic vehicle
transmission

Given parameter values:

Tm,max = 950 Nm nm,max = 4000 rpm
∆pmax = 42 MPa np = 2000 rpm Pinmax = 70 kW
εmmin = 0,2 ηvp = ηvm = 0,95 ηhmp = ηhmm = 0,9
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 Reminders
• Quizzes ready on Friday for the computer labs
• If the models/quizzes are not ready, you are
not allowed to attend the lab.
• Design task first submission on Monday
October 8th at 23:59.

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