Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

C H A P T E R 9
Conics, Parametric Equations,

and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.1 Conics and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Section 9.2 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations . . . . . . . . . . 434
Section 9.3 Parametric Equations and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Section 9.4 Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Section 9.5 Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . .452
Section 9.6 Polar Equations of Conics and Kepler’s Laws . . . . . . . 458
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

C H A P T E R 9
Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.1 Conics and Calculus
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
x 22 y 12
2. x2 8y 4. 1
16 4
Vertex: 0, 0
Center: 2, 1
p2 > 0
Ellipse
Opens upward Matches (b)
Matches graph (a).
x2 y2 x 22 y2
6. 1 8. 1
9 9 9 4
Circle radius 3. Hyperbola
Matches (g) Center: 2, 0
Horizontal transverse axis.
Matches (d)
10. x2 8y 0 12. x 12 8 y 2 0

x2 42y y
x 12 42 y 2
Vertex: 0, 0 (0, 0)
x Vertex: 1, 2 y
−8 −4 4 8
Focus: 0, 2 Focus: 1, 4
−4 x
−8 −4
Directrix: y 2 Directrix: y 0
4 8
−8 −4
(1, − 2)
−12 −8
−12
14. y 2 6y 8x 25 0 16. y 2 4y 8x 12 0
y 2 6y 9 8x 25 9 y 2 4y 4 8x 12 4
y 32 42x 2 y 22 42x 2
Vertex: 2, 3 y
Vertex: 2, 2 y
Focus: 4, 3 8 Focus: 0, 2 4
2
Directrix: x 0 4
Directrix: x 4 x
x −6 −4 −2 4 6
−20 −16 −12 −8 −4
(2, − 2)
(− 2, − 3)
−4
−8
−6
−12 −8
424
Section 9.1 Conics and Calculus 425
18. y 16x2 8x 6 16x2 8x 16 10 20. x2 2x 8y 9 0

6y x 42 10 x2 2x 1 8y 9 1
6y 10 x 42 x 12 42 y 1
x 42 6y 53 Vertex: 1, 1 2
x 42 4 32 y 5 Focus: 1, 3 −8 10

3
Directrix: y 1
Vertex: 4, 53 4
Focus: 4, 16 −10

19 −2 10
Directrix: y 6
−4
22. x 12 42 y 2 24. Vertex: 0, 2

x2 2x 8y 15 0 y 22 42x 0
y 2 8x 4y 4 0
26. y 4 x 22 4x x2 28. From Example 2: 4p 8 or p 2

x 4x y 0
2
Vertex: 4, 0
x 42 8 y 0
x2 8x 8y 16 0
x 22 y 42 y
30. 5x2 7y 2 70 y
32. 1
1 14 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
x
6
x2 y2 −1
1 4 1 3
14 10 a2 1, b2 , c2 −2
2 4 4 (− 2, − 4)
−3
a2 14, b2 10, c2 4 −6 −2
x
2 4 6
Center: 2, 4 −4
Center: 0, 0
2 ±
−4 3 −5
Foci: , 4
Foci: ± 2, 0 −6
2
Vertices: ± 14, 0 Vertices: 1, 4, 3, 4
2 14 3
e e
14 7 2
34. 16x2 25y2 64x 150y 279 0

16x2 4x 4 25y2 6y 0 279 64 225
10 y
x 22 y 32 1
1
58 25 −1 1 2 3 4
x
−1
5 2 9
a2, , b2 , c2 a2 b2 −2 (2, −3)
8 5 40
−3
Center: 2, 3 −4
Foci: 2 ±
310
20
, 3
Vertices: 2 ±
10
4
, 3
c 3
e
a 5
426 Chapter 9 Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates
36. 36x2 9y 2 48x 36y 43 0
4
36 x2 x
3
4
9
9 y 2 4y 4 43 16 36
9
x 23 y 2
2 2
1
14 1
1 3
a2 1, b2 , c2
4 4
Center: 32, 2
32, 2 ± 23

Foci:
Vertices: 32, 3, 32, 1 3
Solve for y:
9 y 2 4y 4 36x2 48x 43 36 −4 2
36x2 48x 7 −1
y 22
9
1
y 2 ± 36x2 48x 7 (Graph each of these separately.)
3
38. 2x2 y 2 4.8x 6.4y 3.12 0

50x2 25y 2 120x 160y 78 0

50 x2
12
5
x
36
25 32
25 y 2 y
5 256
25
78 72 256 250
x 65 2 y 165 2
1
5 10
a2 10, b2 5, c2 5
Center: 56, 165

Foci: 56, 165 ± 5 7
Vertices: 56, 165 ± 10

−7 5
Solve for y: y2 6.4y 10.24 2x2 4.8x 3.12 10.24
−1
y 3.22 7.12 4x 2x2

y 3.2 ± 7.12 4x 2x2 (Graph each of these separately.)
40. Vertices: 0, 2, 4, 2 42 Foci: 0, ± 5

1 Major axis length: 14
Eccentricity:
2
Horizontal major axis Vertical major axis
Center: 2, 2 Center: 0, 0
a 2, c 1 ⇒ b 3 c 5, a 7 ⇒ b 24
x 22 y 22 x2 y2
1 1
4 3 24 49
x2 y2
44. Center: 1, 2 46. 1
25 9
Vertical major axis
a 5, b 3, c a2 b2 34
Points on ellipse: 1, 6, 3, 2
Center: 0, 0 y
From the sketch, we can see that y

10
h 1, k 2, a 4, b 2 (1, 6) Vertices: ± 5, 0 8
6 6
x 12 y 22 Foci: ± 34, 0 4

2
1. x
4 16 3 −8 −4 −2 4 8 10
(1, 2)
(3, 2)
Asymptotes: y ± x −4
x
5 −6
−4 −2 4 −8
−10
−2
y 1 2 x 4 2
48. 1 50. y 2 9x2 36x 72 0
122 52
y 2 9x2 4x 4 72 36 36
a 12, b 5, c a 2 b2 13
y2 x 22
Center: 4, 1 1
36 4
Vertices: 4, 11, 4, 13
Foci: 4, 14, 4, 12 a 6, b 2, c a2 b2 210
12 Center: 2, 0
Asymptotes: y 1 ± x 4
5
Vertices: 2, 6, 2, 6
Foci: 2, 210, 2, 210
y
20
Asymptotes: y ± 3x 2
y
5
x
1 2 6 7 8
−5
5
x
− 20 −2 −1 4 5
−5
52. 9x2 6x 9 4 y2 2y 1 78 81 4 1 54. 9x 2 y 2 54x 10y 55 0

9x 32 4 y 12 1 9x 2 6x 9 y 2 10y 25 55 81 25
y 12 x 32 1
1
14 19
x 32 y 52
1 1 13 1
a ,b ,c y 19 1
2 3 6
3 1 10
Center: 3, 1 a , b 1, c
2
3 3 10
Vertices: 3, 21, 3, 23 1 Center: 3, 5
−3
x
3 ± 13, 5
Vertices:

−1
1
Foci: 3, 1 ± 13 −1 −8 2
6
Foci: 3 ± , 5
10 0
3 3
Asymptotes: y 1 ± x 3
2
Solve for y:
y2 10y 25 9x2 54x 55 25
y 52 9x2 54x 80

y 5 ± 9x2 54x 80
(Graph each curve separately.)

56. 3y 2 x 2 6x 12y 0 58. Vertices: 0, ± 3

3 y 2 4y 4 x 2 6x 9 0 12 9 3 Asymptotes: y ± 3x
y 22
x 3 2 Vertical transverse axis
1
1 3
a3
a 1, b 3, c 2 6 a
Slopes of asymptotes: ± ± 3
b
Center: 3, 2 Thus, b 1. Therefore,
Vertices: 3, 1, 3, 3 −4 10
y 2 x2
1.
Foci: 3, 0, 3, 4 −4
9 1
Solve for y:
3 y 2 4y 4 x2 6x 12
x2 6x 12
y 22
3
x 6x 12
2
y2 ±
3
(Graph each curve separately.)
60. Vertices: 2, ± 3 62. Center: 0, 0

Foci: 2, ± 5 Vertex: 3, 0
Vertical transverse axis
Focus: 5, 0
Center: 2, 0
Horizontal transverse axis
a 3, c 5, b2 c2 a2 16
a 3, c 5, b2 c2 a2 16
y2 x 22
Therefore, 1. x2 y2
9 16 Therefore, 1.
9 16
y 2 x2
64. Focus: 10, 0 66. (a) 1, y 2 2x2 4, 2yy 4x 0,
4 2
3
Asymptotes: y ± x 4x 2x
4 y
2y y
± 24 4
Center: 0, 0 since asymptotes intersect at the origin. At x 4: y ± 6, y ±
6 3
c 10
4
b 3 3 At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 4x 3y 2 0
Slopes of asymptotes: ± ± and b a 3
a 4 4
c2 a2 b2 100 4
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 4x 3y 2 0
3
Solving these equations, we have a2 64 and b2 36.
Therefore, the equation is (b) From part (a) we know that the slopes of the normal
lines must be 34.
x2 y2
1. 3
64 36 At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 3x 4y 36 0
4
3
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 3x 4y 36 0
4
68. 4x2 y 2 4x 3 0 70. 25x2 10x 200y 119 0 72. y2 x 4y 5 0

A 4, C 1 A 25, C 0 A 0, C 1
AC < 0 Parabola Parabola
Hyperbola
74. 2x2 2xy 3y y 2 2xy 76. 9x2 54x 81 36 4 y2 4y 4

2x2 y 2 3y 0 9x2 4y2 54x 16y 61 0
A 2, C 1, AC > 0 A 9, C 4, AC > 0
Ellipse Ellipse
c
78. (a) An ellipse is the set of all points x, y, the sum of 80. e , c a2 b2 0 < e < 1
a
whose distance from two distinct fixed points (foci)
is constant. For e
0, the ellipse is nearly circular.
x h y k
2 x h y k 2 2 2
For e
1, the ellipse is elongated.
(b) 1 or 1
a2 b2 b2 a2
82. Assume that the vertex is at the origin. 84. (a) Without loss of generality, place the coordinate system
so that the equation of the parabola is x2 4py and,
(a) x2 4py
hence,
82 4p 100
3
y 2p1 x.
1600 Therefore, for distinct tangent lines, the slopes are
p
3 unequal and the lines intersect.
x2 4x 4y 0
1600
3
6400 (b)
x2 4 y y
3
dy
2x 4 4 0
(b) The deflection is 1 cm when dx
y
2
100
⇒ x± 1283
± 6.53 meters. dy 1
x1
dx 2
y At 0, 0, the slope is 1: y x. At 6, 3, the
5
100
slope is 2: y 2x 9. Solving for x,
x 2x 9
4
100
( 3
−8, 100 ) ( 0, 1003 ) ( 8, 1003 ) 3x 9
2
100
1
x3
100
x y 3.
−8 −4 4 8
Point of intersection: 3, 3
86. The focus of x2 8y 42y is 0, 2. The distance from a point on the parabola, x, x28, and the focus, 0, 2, is
x 0 x8 2 .
2 2
d 2
Since d is minimized when d 2 is minimized, it is sufficient to minimize the function y
x2

2
f x x2 2 . 3 x 2 = 8y
8 (0, 2) 2
x, x
( )8
x2
x3 1
x
fx 2x 2 2 x. x
8 4 16 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
fx 0 implies that −2
x3
16x 1 0 ⇒ x 0.
2
xx
16
This is a minimum by the First Derivative Test. Hence, the closest point to the focus is the vertex, 0, 0.
1
88. (a) C 0.0853t2 0.2917t 263.3559 90. x y2
4
(b) 320
1
x y
2
y2
1 x2 1
0 18 4
y4 dy 21 4 y
0
4 2 4
dC s 1 2
dy
(c) 0.1706t 0.2971 0 0
dt

4
y 1
y4 y2 4 ln y 4 y 2
5 4 0
3
1
4
420 4 ln 4 20 4 ln 2
2
1
25 ln2 5
5.916
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
The consumption of fruits is increasing at a rate of

0.1706 pounds/year.
92. x2 20y 94. A 2 h
0
4py dy

2
x
y h
20 4p y12 dy
0
x
y
23y
h
10 4p 32

r 2 r 0
x100 x2
S 2
0
x 1
x
10
dx 2
0 10
dx 8
ph32
3
10 23100 x
r

2 32
100 r 232 1000
0 15
c
96. (a) At the vertices we notice that 98. e
a
the string is horizontal and
has a length of 2a. c
0.0167
149,570, 000
(b) The thumbtacks are located
at the foci and the length of Focus Focus c
2,497,819
string is the constant sum of Vertex Vertex
Least distance: a c 147,072,181 km
the distances from the foci.
Greatest distance: a c 152,067,819 km
AP x2 y2
100. e 102. 1
AP a2 b2
122,000 4000 119 4000 x2 y2
2 2 2 1
122,000 4000 119 4000 a 2 a b a
121,881 x2 y2

0.9367 2 2 1
130,119 a 2 a a c2a2
x2 y2
1
a2 a21 e2
As e → 0, 1 e2 → 1 and we have
x2 y2
2 2 1 or the circle x2 y 2 a2.
a a
x2 y2
104. 1 y
4.52 2.52

y2
x2 4.52 1
2.5 2 5 ft
x
9 3 ft
x ± 2.52 y 2
5
9 ft
V Area of bottomLength Area of topLength
V
4.52.5
2
16 16 0.5
0
9
5
2.52 y 2 dy (Recall: Area of ellipse is ab.)
2 y2.52 y 2 2.52 arcsin 2.5 0

0.5
144 1 y 72 1
90 90 0.56 2.52 arcsin
318.5 ft3
5 5 5
106. 9x2 4y 2 36x 24y 36 0

18x 8yy 36 24y 0
8y 24y 18x 36
18x 36
y
8y 24
y 0 when x 2. y undefined when y 3.
At x 2, y 0 or 6.
Endpoints of major axis: 2, 0, 2, 6
At y 3, x 0 or 4.
Endpoints of minor axis: 0, 3, 4, 3
x 22 y 32
Note: Equation of ellipse is 1
4 9
108. (a) A 4
0
4
3
4
16 x2 dx
3
2
x16 x2 16 arcsin
x
4
4
0
12

4
9
16x 31x
4
9
(b) Disk: V 2 16 x2 dx 3
48
0 16 8 0
3
y 16 x2
4
3x
y
416 x2
1 16169x x
2
1 y2 2
S 22 4
0
3
4
16 x2 16161616 x x 9x dx 4 43
2
2
2 4
0
16 x2
256 7x2
416 x2
dx
3
4
4
0
256 7x2 dx
3 3

7x 7

4
7x256 7x2 256 arcsin 487 256 arcsin
138.93
87 16 0 87 4
—CONTINUED—
108. —CONTINUED—
(c) Shell: V 4 4
0
416 x dx 3 2316 x
x
3 2
1 2 2 32
4
0
64
4
x 9 y 2
3
4y
x
3 9 y2

1 9916y y
2
1 x 2 2
S 22
0
3 4
3
9 y 2 99 99y y 16y
2
2
2
dy
4 3
0
4
9
81 7y 2 dy
16
7y81 7y
3
2
81 ln 7y 81 7y 2
9 27 0
8
3712 81 ln37 12 81 ln 9
168.53
97
x2 y2 y0
110. (a) 21 (b) Slope of line through c, 0 and x0, y0: m1
a 2
b x0 c
2x 2yy y0
2 0 Slope of line through c, 0 and x0, y0: m2
a2 b x0 c
xb2
y
ya2
b2 x
At P, y
a2
y0 m.
0
m m
y0
x0 c
b2x0
2
a y0 a2y 2 b2x0x0 c
(c) tan 2 2 0
1 m2m a y0x0 c b2x0 y0

y0 2
bx
1 2 0
x0 c a y0
a2y02 b2x02 b2x0c a2b2 b2x0c b2a2 x0c b2

x0y0a b a y0c x0y0c a y0c y0cx0c a
2 2 2 2 2 2 y0c
arctan b2
y0c
arctan
b2
y0c
m m
y0
x0 c
b2x
2 0
a y0 a2y 2 b2x0x0 c
tan
1 2 0
1 m1m a y0x0 c b2x0y0

2
y0 bx
1 2 0
x0 c a y0
a2y02 b2x02 b2x0c a2b2 b2x0c b2a2 x0c b2

2
a x0y0 a cy0 b x0 y0 x0y0a b a cy0 y0cx0c a y0c
2 2 2 2 2 2
yb c
2

arctan
0

Since
, the tangent line to an ellipse at a point P makes equal angles with the lines through P and the foci.
c a2 b2 114. The transverse axis is vertical since 3, 0 and 3, 3
112. (a) e ⇒ ea2 a2 b2. Hence,
a a are the foci.
x h2 y k2
a2

b2
1 Center: 3, 23
3 5
x h2 y k2 c , 2a 2, b2 c2 a2
2 1. 2 4
a 2
a 1 e2
Therefore, the equation is
x 22 y 32
(b) 1
4 41 e2 y 32 2 x 32
1.
1 54
7
−3 9
−1
(c) As e approaches 0, the ellipse approaches a circle.
116. Center: 0, 0

Foci: ± c, 0
Vertices: ± a, 0
The difference of the distances from any point on the hyperbola is constant. At a vertex, this constant difference is
a c c a 2a.
Now, for any point x, y on the hyperbola, the difference of the distances between x, y and the two foci must also be 2a.
x c2 y 02 x c2 y 02 2a
x c2 y 2 2a x c2 y 2
x c2 y 2 4a2 4ax c2 y 2 x c2 y 2

4xc 4a2 4ax c2 y 2
xc a2 ax c2 y 2 y
x2c2 2a2cx a4 a2x2 2cx c2 y 2 ( x, y )
x2 c2 a2 a2y2 a2 c2 a2 (c, 0)

x
x2 y2 (− c, 0) (− a, 0) (a, 0)
1
a2 c2 a2
Since a2 b2 c2, we have x2a2 y 2b2 1.
x2 y2
118. c 150, 2a 0.001186,000, a 93, 120. 2 21
a b
b 1502 932 13,851
2x 2yy b2x
x2 y2 2 2 0 or y 2
2 1 a b ay
93 13,851
b2x0
When y 75, we have y y0 x x0
a2y0
x2 932 1 752
13,851 a2y0y a2y02 b2x0x b2x02
b2x02 a2y02 b2x0x a2y0 y
x
110.3 miles.
a2b2 b2x 0 x a2y 0 y
x0x y0 y
2 1
a2 b
122. Ax2 Cy2 Dx Ey F 0 (Assume A 0 and C 0; see (b) below)

A x2
D
A E

x C y 2 y F
C

A x2
D
A
D2
4A
E

E2
x 2 C y2 y 2 F
C 4C
D2

4A 4C
E2
R
x 2AD y 2CE
2 2
R

C A AC
(a) If A C, we have (b) If C 0, we have
x 2AD y 2CE
2 2 2
R D D2
A x F Ey .
A 2A 4A
which is the standard equation of a circle. If A 0, we have

E 2 E2
(c) If AC > 0, we have C y F Dx .
2C 4C
x 2A y 2C
D 2 E 2
These are the equations of parabolas.

1 (d) If AC < 0, we have
R R
A C
x 2AD y 2CE
2 2
which is the equation of an ellipse.

±1
R R
A C
which is the equation of a hyperbola.
124. True 126. False. The y4 term should be y2. 128. True
Section 9.2 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations
2. x 4 cos2 y 2 sin
0 ≤ x ≤ 4 2 ≤ y ≤ 2
(a) (c) 3

0
2 4 4 2
−1 5
x 0 2 4 2 0
y 2 2 0 2 2 −3
(b) y x
(d) cos2
3 4
2
y2
1 sin2
x
4
1 2 3 5
x y2
−2 1
4 4
x 4 y2, 2 ≤ y ≤ 2
(e) The graph would be oriented in the opposite direction.
Section 9.2 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations 435
4. x 3 2t 6. x 2t2
y 2 3t y t4 1
3 2 x 2x
2
y23 x2
y 1 1, x ≥ 0
4
2y 3x 13 0 For t < 0, the orientation is right to left.
y
For t > 0, the orientation is left to right.
y
6 6
5
4
4
2 3
2
x
2 4 6 8 1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
8. x t 2 t, y t 2 t
Subtracting the second equation from the first, we have
xy 2 1
y
x y 2t or t t 0 1 2
2 4
x 2 0 0 2 6
x y 2 x y 3
y y 6 2 0 0 2
4 2 2
Since the discriminant is

x
−1 2 3 4
B2 4AC 2 2 41 1 0, −1
the graph is a rotated parabola.
1
4 t, t ≥ 0
10. x 12. x 1
t
14. x t 1
y3t yt2
yt1
y3 x 4, x ≥ 0
1 1
x y 2 1 y 3
x1 implies t
y
t x1 y
3
1 5
2 y 1
1
x1 4
x y 3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 2
1
−2
1
−3 x
−2 2 x
1 2 3 4 5
−3
16. x et, x > 0 y

18. x tan2 y
y e2t 1 y sec2
3 4
2
sec2 tan2 1
3
1 1
y x2 1 1, x > 0
x2 x 2
−3 −2 −1
−1
1 3 yx1
1
−2
x ≥ 0
−3 x
1 2 3 4
20. x 2 cos 22. x cos 24. x 4 2 cos

y 6 sin y 2 sin 2 y 1 2 sin
y 4 sin cos
2x 6y x 4 2 4 cos2
2 2
cos2 sin2 1
1 x2 sin2 y 1 2 4 sin2
x2 y2
1 ellipse y ± 4x1 x2 x 4 2 y 1 2 4
4 36
3 3
y
−1 7
4 −2 2
2
x
−6 −4 4 6 −3 −5
−2
26. x sec 2 28. x cos3 1.5
y tan y sin3
−3 3 −2 2
x2 sec2 x2
3 cos2
y2 tan2 −2 y2
3 sin2 −1.5
30. x ln 2t 3 32. x e2t 4
y t2 y et
ex y2 x
t −2 3 −1 3
2
−1
y > 0 −1
e 2x 1 2x y x, x > 0
y e
r 4
34. By eliminating the parameters in (a) – (d), we get x2 y 2 4. They differ from each other in orientation and in restricted
domains. These curves are all smooth.
(a) x 2 cos , y 2 sin (b) x
4t 2 1
t
4 2
1
t
y
1
t
y
x ≥ 0, x 2 y0
3
y
1
2
x
−3 −1 1 3
1
x
−1 1 3
−3
−1
−2
(c) x t y 4 t (d) x 4 e2t y et

x ≥ 0 y ≥ 0 2 < x ≤ 0 y > 0
y y
3 3
1 1
x x
1 2 3 −3 −2 −1
Section 9.2 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations 437
36. The orientations are reversed. The graphs are the same. They are both smooth.
38. The set of points x, y corresponding to the rectangular equation of a set of parametric equations does not show
the orientation of the curve nor any restriction on the domain of the original parametric equations.
40. x h r cos 42. x h a sec

y k r sin y k b tan
xh xh
cos sec
r a
yk yk
sin tan
r b
x h 2 y k 2 x h 2 y k 2
cos2 sin2 1 1
r2 r2 a2 b2
x h 2 y k 2 r 2
44. From Exercise 39 we have 46. From Exercise 40 we have 48. From Exercise 41 we have
x 1 4t x 3 3 cos a 5, c 3 ⇒ b 4
y 4 6t. y 1 3 sin . x 4 5 cos
Solution not unique Solution not unique y 2 4 sin .
Center: 4, 2
Solution not unique
2
50. From Exercise 42 we have 52. y 54. y x2
x1
a 1, c 2 ⇒ b 3 Example
Example
x 3 tan x t, y t2
2
x t, y
y sec . t1 x t 3, y t6
Center: 0, 0 2
x t, y
Solution not unique t 1
The transverse axis is vertical,
therefore, x and y are interchanged.
56. x sin 58. x 2 4 sin 60. x 2 sin

y 1 cos y 2 4 cos y 2 cos
6 9 4
−6 6 −9 9
− 5
−2 −3 0
Not smooth at x 2n 1 Smooth everywhere

3t
62. x 2
64. Each point x, y in the plane is determined by the plane
1 t3
curve x f t , y gt . For each t, plot x, y . As t
3t 2 −3 3 increases, the curve is traced out in a specific direction
y
1 t3 called the orientation of the curve.
−2
Smooth everywhere
66. (a) Matches (ii) because 1 ≤ x ≤ 0 and 1 ≤ y ≤ 2. (b) Matches (i) because x y 2 2 1 for all y.
68. x cos3 70. x cot

y 2 sin
2
y 4 sin cos
Matches (a) Matches (c)
72. Let the circle of radius 1 be centered at C. A is the point of tangency on the line OC. OA 2, y
AC 1, OC 3. P x, y is the point on the curve being traced out as the angle changes
AP
AB . AB 2 and AP ⇒ 2. Form the right triangle CDP. The angle 3
C
OCE
2 and 2
α

DCP 2

2
3
2
. 1 A
D
P = ( x, y )
θ
x

x OE Ex 3 sin 2
sin 3
2
3 cos cos 3
1 B E x

y EC CD 3 sin cos 3 2 3 sin sin 3
Hence, x 3 cos cos 3, y 3 sin sin 3.
74. False. Let x t 2 and y t. Then x y 2 and y is not a function of x.
76. (a) x v0 cos t

y h v0 sin t 16t 2

x 2
x x
t ⇒ y h v0 sin 16
v0 cos v0 cos v0 cos
16 sec2 2
y h tan x x
v02
16 sec2 2
(b) y 5 x 0.005x 2 h tan x x (c) 80
v02

h 5, tan 1 ⇒ , and
4
16 sec2
4 16 0 250
0.005 22 −5
v02 v0
32 (d) Maximum height: y 55 at x 100
v02 6400 ⇒ v0 80.
0.005
Range: 204.88
Hence, x 80 cos45 t
y 5 80 sin45 t 16t 2.
Section 9.3 Parametric Equations and Calculus 439
Section 9.3 Parametric Equations and Calculus
dy dydt 1 dy dyd 12e2 1 1

2. 3t23 4. e32 32
dx dxdt 13t23 dx dxd 2e 4 4e
6. x t, y 3t 1 8. x t2 3t 2, y 2t
dy 3 dy 2 2
6t 6 when t 1. when t 0.
dx 12t dx 2t 3 3
d 2y 3t d 2y 222t 3 4 4
6 concave upwards when t 0.
dx2 12t dx2 2t 3 2t 32 9
concave downward
10. x cos , y 3 sin

dy 3 cos dy

dx sin
3 cot dx is undefined when 0.
d 2y 3 csc2 3 d 2y
dx 2

sin
3
sin
dx2
is undefined when 0.
12. x t, y t 1 14. x sin , y 1 cos

dy 1 2t 1 dy sin
0 when .
dx 1 2t dx 1 cos
t 1 cos cos sin2
2 when t 2.
t 1 d2y 1 cos 2

2
1 cos
d 2y

t 1 2t t 12t 1 t 1 dx
dx2 1 2t
1 1
when .
1 cos 2 4
1
1 when t 2.
t 132 concave downward
concave downward
1
16. x 2 3 cos , y 3 2 sin 18. x t 1, y 1, t 1
t
dy 2 cos 2
cot (a) 4
dx 3 sin 3
dy
At 1, 3, 0, and is undefined. −3 5
dx
Tangent line: x 1 −4
dy
At 2, 5, , and 0. (b) At t 1, x, y 0, 2, and
2 dx
dx dy dy
Tangent line: y 5 1, 1, 1
dt dt dx
7
4 23
3 dy 23 dy
At ,2 , , and . (c) 1. At 0, 2, y 2 1x 0
6 dx 3 dx
y x 2
Tangent line:
(d) 4
4 33
y2
23
3
x
2
−3 5
23x 3y 43 3 0
−4
3
20. x 4 cos , y 3 sin ,
4
3 4 3
(a) 4 (b) At
4
, x, y ,
2 2
, and
dx dy 32 dy 3
−6 6 22, ,
dt dt 2 dx 4
−4
(d) 4
4 3
(c)
dy
dx
3
. At
4
,
2 2

, y
3
2

3
4
x
4
2
−6 6
3
y x 32 −4
4
22. x t2 t, y t3 3t 1 crosses itself at the point x, y 2, 1.

At this point, t 1 or t 2.
dy 3t2 3

dx 2t 1
dy
At t 1, 0 and y 1. Tangent Line
dx
dy 9
At t 2, 3 and y 1 3x 2 or y 3x 5. Tangent Line
dt 3
24. x 2, y 21 cos

dy
Horizontal tangents: 2 sin 0 when 0, ± , ± 2, . . . .
d
Points: 4n, 0, 22n 1, 4 where n is an integer.
Points shown: 0, 0, 2, 4, 4, 0
dx
Vertical tangents: 2 0; none
d
26. x t 1, y t 2 3t 28. x t2 t 2, y t 3 3t
dy 3 dy
Horizontal tangents: 2t 3 0 when t . Horizontal tangents: 3t 2 3 0 when t ± 1.
dt 2 dt
Points: 2, 2, 4, 2
Point: 21, 49 dx 1
Vertical tangents: 2t 1 0 when t .
dx dt 2
Vertical tangents: 1 0; none
dt
Point: 74, 118
30. x cos , y 2 sin 2
dy 3 5 7
Horizontal tangents: 4 cos 2 0 when , , , .
d 4 4 4 4
22, 2 , 22, 2 , 22, 2 , 22, 2

Points:
dx
Vertical tangents: sin 0 when 0, .
d
Points: 1, 0, 1, 0
32. x 4 cos2 , y 2 sin 34. x cos2 , y cos

dy 3 dy
Horizontal tangents: 2 cos 0 when , . Horizontal tangents: sin 0 when x 0, .
d 2 2 d
Since dxd 0 at 2 and 32, exclude them. Since dxd 0 at these values, exclude them.
dx dx
Vertical tangents: 8 cos sin 0 when Vertical tangents: 2 cos sin 0 when
d d
0, . 3
, .
Point: 4, 0 2 2
Exclude 0, .
Point: 0, 0
1
36. x t2 1, y 4t3 3, 1 ≤ t ≤ 0 38. x arcsin t, y ln1 t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤
2
dydt
2 2
dx dy dx
2t, 12t2, 4t2 144t4 dy 1 2t
dt dt dt
dx
dt

1
,
1 t 2 dt

2 1 t2

t

1 t2
s
1
0
4t2 144t4 dt 1
0
2t1 36t2 dt
s 12
dxdt dydt dt
2 2
1 1 t dt
1 36t232 1

0
1 3732 4.149 12 12
1
54 1 54 dt
0
2 2
0 1 t2
1 t1

12
ln
2 t1 0
1
ln
2
1
3
1

ln3 0.549
2
t5 1 dx dy t 4 1 dx dy
40. x t, y 3, 1, 4 42. x a cos , y a sin , a sin , a cos
10 6t dt dt 2 2t d d
S
1
2
1 t2 2t1 dt
4
4
2
S4
0
2
a2 sin2 a2 cos2 d

2
t4 1
4
2
dt
4a 0
2

d 4a
2
0
2a
1 2 2t

1
2
t4
2
1
4 dt
2t

10t 6t
5 2
1 779
3
1 240
dx
44. x cos sin , y sin cos , cos
d
dy
sin
d
S 0
2
2 cos2 2 sin2 d
0
2
d
2
2 2
0
2 2
4t 4t 2
46. x , y
1 t3 1 t3
dy 1 t 38t 4t 23t2
(a) x 3 y 3 4xy (b)
dt 1 t 32
4t2 t3
4
0 when t 0 or t
3 2.
1 t32
−6 6
4 3 2, 4 3 4 1.6799, 2.1165

3
3
Points: 0, 0,
−4
(c) s 2
1
0
41 2t 3
1 t 32
2

4t2 t 3
1 t 32
2
dt 2 1
0
16
1 t 34
t 8 4t 6 4t 5 4t 3 4t 2 1 dt
8 0
1
t 8 4t 6 4t 5 4t 3 4t 2 1
1 t 32
dt 6.557
48. x 3 cos , y 4 sin 4
dx dy
3 sin , 4 cos
d d −6 6
s
0
2
9 sin2 16 cos2 d 22.1 −4
dx dy 1
50. x t, y 4 2t, 1, 2 52. x t3, y t 1, 1 ≤ t ≤ 2, y-axis
dt dt 3
(a) S 2 0
2
4 2t1 4 dt
dx
dt
t2,
dy
dt
1
254t t 2
2
0
85 S 2 1
2
13 4
3
t t 1 dt
4
9
x 132
2
(b) S 2 0
2
t1 4 dt 5 t 2

2
0
45
32
9
17 232 23.48
dx dy
54. x a cos , y b sin , a sin , b cos
d d
(a) S 4 0
2
b sin a2 sin2 b2 cos2 d
4 0
2
ab sin 1
a2 b2
a2
cos2 d
4ab
e 2
0
e sin 1 e2 cos2 d
2
2ab ab

e
e cos 1 e2 cos2 arcsine cos

0

e
e1 e2 arcsine
2aabb arcsin
a2 b2
2b abe arcsine
2
2b2 2 2
2 2 a
a2 b2
e a
c
: eccentricity
a
—CONTINUED—
54. —CONTINUED—
(b) S 4 0
2
a cos a2 sin2 b2 cos2 d
4 0
2
a cos b2 c2 sin2 d
4a
c 2
0
c cos b2 c 2 sin2 d
2
2a

c
c sin b2 c2 sin2 b2 ln c sin b2 c 2 sin2 0

2a

c
c b2 c2 b2 ln c b2 c 2 b2 ln b
2a 2
2ab2
a b
2 2
ln
b
a a2 b2
2a 2
b2
e
ln
1e
1e
56. (a) 0 58. One possible answer is the graph given by
(b) 4 x t, y t. y
4
3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
−2
−3
−4
60. (a) S 2 a
b
gt dxdt dydt dt
2 2
62. Let y be a continuous function of x on a ≤ x ≤ b.
Suppose that x f t, y gt, and f t1 a, f t 2 b.
(b) S 2 b
f t dt
dx dy 2 2 Then using integration by substitution, dx f t dt and
a dt dt
a
b
y dx t2
t1
gtf t dt.
dx 1
64. x 4 t, y t, , 0 ≤ t ≤ 4
dt 24 t
A 4
0
t 1
24 t

dt 2
0
4 u2 du
1
2
u4 u2 4 arcsin
u
2
2
0

Let u 4 t, then du 1 24 t dt and t 4 u2.
x
1
4
0
4 tt 1
24 t
dt
2
1
4
0
t dt
1 2 32
2 3
t
0
4

8
3
y
1
2 4
0
t 2 1
24 t

dt
1
4 0
4
t
4 t
dt
1 28 t
4 3
4 t

0
4

8
3
x, y 38, 38

dx
66. x cos , y 3 sin , sin
d
V 2 2
0
3 sin 2sin d
18 0
2
sin3 d 18 cos
cos3
3
0
2
12
dx
68. x 2 cot , y 2 sin2 , 2 csc2
d
A2 0
2
2 sin2 2 csc2 d 8 0
2
d 8
0
2
4
3
70. 8 a2 is area of asteroid (b). 72. 2a2 is area of deltoid (c). 74. 2ab is area of teardrop (e).
12
144 x2
76. (a) y 12 ln
x
144 x 2
(b) x 12 sech
t
12
t
, y t 12 tanh , 0 ≤ t
12
0 < x ≤ 12 60
60
0 12
0
0 12
0 Same as the graph in (a), but has the advantage of showing
the position of the object and any given time t.
dy 1 sech2t12 t y
(c) sinh
dx secht12 tant12 12 24
(0, y0)
t
12 t
12
t
Tangent line: y t0 12 tanh 0 sinh 0 x 12 sech 0
12
16
12
t0

( x, y )
y t0 sinh
8
x
12 4
y-intercept: 0, t0

x
2 4 6 10 12
12 sech 12t

12 tanh 12t
2 2
Distance between 0, t0 and x, y: d 0 0
12
d 12 for any t ≥ 0.
78. False. Both dxdt and dydt are zero when t 0. By eliminating the parameter,
we have y x 23 which does not have a horizontal tangent at the origin.
Section 9.4 Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs
7
2. 2, 4
4. 0, 76
6. 3, 1.57
x 3 cos1.57 0.0024
7
x 2 cos
7
4
2 x 0 cos 6
0
y 3 sin1.57 3
7 x, y 0.0024, 3
y 2 sin 74
2 y 0 sin 6
0
π
2
x, y 2, 2 x, y 0, 0

π π (− 0.0024, 3)
2 2
(− 2, 2)
(0, 0)
0 0 0
1 2 1 1 2
Section 9.4 Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs 445
11
8. r, 2, 6
10. r, 8.25, 1.3 12. x, y 0, 5
x, y 2.2069, 7.9494 r ±5
x, y 1.7321, 1
y
tan undefined
3 3

y
8
(2.2069, 7.9494)
, , 5, , 5,
2 6 2 2 2 2
(−1.7321, 1) 4
1 y
2
x
x
−2 −1 1 2
x
−2 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2 −1 1 2
−1
−4
−1
−6 −2
−8 −3
−2
−4
−5 (0, −5)
14. x, y 4, 2 y
r ± 16 4 ± 2 5
x
1 2 3 4 5
−1
2 1
tan −2
(4, −2)
4 2 −3
0.464 −4
2 5, 0.464, 2 5, 2.678 −5
16. x, y 3 2, 3 2 18. x, y 0, 5

r, 6, 0.785 r, 5, 1.571
20. (a) Moving horizontally, the x-coordinate changes. Moving vertically, the y-coordinate changes.
(b) Both r and values change.
(c) In polar mode, horizontal (or vertical) changes result in changes in both r and .
22. x2 y 2 2ax 0 π
2
24. x 10 π
2
r 2 2ar cos 0 r cos 10

rr 2a cos 0 r 10 sec
0 0
r 2a cos a 2a 2 4 6 8 12
26. xy 4 28. x2 y 22 9x2 y 2 0

r cos r sin 4 r 22 9r 2 cos2 r 2 sin2 0
r 2 4 sec csc r 2r 2 9cos 2 0
8 csc 2 r 2 9 cos 2
π π
2 2
0 0
2 4 1 2
5
30. r 2 32. r 5 cos 34.
6
r2 4 r 2 5r cos 5
tan tan
x2 y 2 4 x2 y2 5x 6
25 25 y 3
y
x2 5x y2
4 4 x 3
3
x 25
52
2 2
1 y2 y x
3
x
−1 1 y y
−1 4 2
3
2 1
1
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 6 −2 −1 1 2
−2
−1
−3
−4
−2
36. r 2 csc 38. r 51 2 sin 40. r 4 3 cos

r sin 2 0 ≤ < 2 0 ≤ < 2
y2 3
6
−10 10
y20
−4 10
y
3
−18
−6
x
−1 1 2
5 1
42. r
2
4 3 sin
44. r 3 sin
2
46. r2 .

0 ≤ < 4 Graph as
Traced out once on 0 ≤ ≤ 2
4 1 1
3 r1 , r2 .

−6 6 It is traced out once on 0, .
1.5
−3 3
−4
−1
−2 2
−1.5
48. (a) The rectangular coordinates of r1, 1 are r1 cos 1, r1 sin 1. The rectangular coordinates of r2, 2 are
r2 cos 2, r2 sin 2.
d 2 x2 x12 y2 y12
r2 cos 2 r1 cos 12 r2 sin 2 r1 sin 12
r22 cos2 2 2r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 r12 cos2 1 r22 sin2 22 2r1r2 sin 1 sin 2 r12 sin2 1
r22 cos2 2 sin2 2 r12 cos2 1 sin2 1 2 r1r2cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2
r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2
d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2
(b) If 1 2, the points lie on the same line passing through the origin. In this case,
d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos0
r1 r22 r1 r2

(c) If 1 2 90, then cos1 2 0 and d r12 r22, the Pythagorean Theorem!
(d) Many answers are possible. For example, consider the two points r1, 1 1, 0 and r2, 2 2, 2.
d 1 2 2

212 cos 0

2
5
Using r1, 1 1, and r2, 2 2, 52 , d 1 2

22 212 cos
5
2
5.
You always obtain the same distance.
50. 10, 76

, 3, 52. 4, 2.5, 12, 1
d 42 122 2412 cos2.5 1

d 102 32 2103 cos
7
6
160 96 cos 1.5 12.3
109 60 cos 6 109 30 3 7.6
54. r 21 sin 56. (a), (b) r 3 2 cos

dy 2 cos sin 2 cos 1 sin 4

dx 2 cos cos 2 sin 1 sin
dy −8 4
At 2, 0, 1.
dx
7 dy

−4
At 3, , is undefined.
6 dx r, 1, 0 ⇒ x, y 1, 0
3 dy

At 4,
2
,
dx
0. Tangent line: x 1
dy
(c) At 0, does not exist (vertical tangent).
dx
58. (a), (b) r 4 60. r a sin

6 dy
a sin cos a cos sin
d
−8 8 2a sin cos 0
3
−6
0, , ,
2 2
at r, 4, 4
⇒ x, y 2 2, 2 2 dx
d
a sin2 a cos2 a1 2 sin2 0
Tangent line: y 2 2 1 x 2 2 1 3 5 7

sin ± , , , ,
y x 4 2 2 4 4 4 4
(c) At
dy
,
4 dx
1. Horizontal: 0, 0, a, 2
a 2 2, 4
, a 2 2, 34

Vertical:
62. r a sin cos2 64. r 3 cos 2 sec

dy 2
a sin cos3 2a sin2 cos a cos3 sin
d
2asin cos3 sin3 cos −2 4
2a sin cos cos2 sin2 0

−2
3
0, tan2 1, , Horizontal tangents: 2.133, ± 0.4352
4 4
2a 2a 3
Horizontal: 4
,
4
, 4
,
4
, 0, 0
66. r 2 cos3 2 68. r 3 cos π
2
2 r 2 3r cos
x2 y2 3x
−3 3 0
2 1 2 4
3 9
x y2
2 4
−2
3
Horizontal tangents: Circle: r
2
1.894, 0.776, 1.755, 2.594, 1.998, 1.442
Center: 32, 0

Tangent at pole:
2
70. r 31 cos π

2
Cardioid
Symmetric to polar axis since r is a function of cos .
0
1
2
0
3 2 3
3 9
r 0 3 6
2 2
72. r sin5 74. r 3 cos 2

Rose curve with five petals Rose curve with four petals

Symmetric to Symmetric to the polar axis, , and pole
2 2
3
Relative extrema occur when Relative extrema: 3, 0, 3, 2
, 3, , 3,

2
dr 3 5 7 9
5 cos5 0 at , , , , . 3
d 10 10 10 10 10 Tangents at the pole: ,
4 4
2 3 4 5 7
Tangents at the pole: 0, , , , and given the same tangents.
5 5 5 5 4 4
π
2 π
2
0
1 0
2
76. r 2 78. r 1 sin 80. r 5 4 sin

Circle radius: 2 Cardioid Limaçon
4
x2 y2 π Symmetric to
2 2
π
2

0
2 6 6 2
0 0
r 9 7 5 3 1
1 1 2
π
2
0
2 4
6 1
82. r 84. r
2 sin 3 cos
2r sin 3r cos 6 Hyperbolic spiral
2y 3x 6
3 5 3

Line 4 2 4 4 2
π
4 2 4 1 4 2
r
2
3 5 3
π
2
0
1
0
1
86. r2 4 sin π
2
Lemniscate

Symmetric to the polar axis, , and pole
2

0
2
Relative extrema: ± 2,
2
5
0
6 2 6
r 0 ± 2 ±2 ± 2 0
Tangent at the pole: 0
88. Since 90. r 2 cos 2 sec

1 Strophoid
r 2 csc 2 ,
sin

r ⇒ as ⇒
2
the graphs has symmetry with respect to 2.
Furthermore,
r ⇒ as ⇒
2
r ⇒ as ⇒ 0
r 2 cos 2 sec 22 cos2 1 sec
r ⇒ as ⇒ .
r cos 4 cos2 2
1 r r
Also, r 2 2 2
sin sin y x 4 cos2 2
ry 2y r lim 4 cos2 2 2
→ ±2
2y
r . x = −2
y1 2
Thus, r ⇒ ± as y ⇒ 1.
−3 3
4
−2
−4 4
y=1
−2
92. x r cos , y r sin 94. Slope of tangent line to graph of r f at r, is
y dy f cos f
sin
x2 y2 r 2, tan .
x dx f sin f
cos
If f 0 and f
0, then is tangent at the
pole.
96. r 4 cos 2 98. r 2 sec

Rose curve Line
Matches (b) Matches (d)
100. r 61 cos

(a) 0, r 61 cos (c)
2
2

9
r 6 1 cos

−9 15
6 1 cos cos sin sin
2 2
−9
61 sin
15

(b)
4
, r 6 1 cos
4

12
−12 12
−3
−9 15 The graph of r 61 cos is rotated through the

angle 2.
−6
The graph of r 61 cos is rotated through the

angle 4.

102. (a) sin
2
sin cos
2
cos sin
2
(b) sin sin cos cos sin
cos sin
r f sin

r f sin 2
f sin
f cos
3 3 3

(c) sin
2
sin cos
2
cos sin
2
cos
3

r f sin
2
f cos
104. r 2 sin 2 4 sin cos

(a) r 4 sin
6

cos
6

(b) r 4 sin
2

cos
2
4 sin cos
2 2
−3 3 −3 3
−2 −2
2 2 (d) r 4 sin cos 4 sin cos

(c) r 4 sin
3

cos
3
2
−3 3
−3 3
−2
−2
π
106. By Theorem 9.11, the slope of the tangent line through A and P is 2 Radial line
f cos f sin Polar curve ψ

f sin f cos r = f (θ)
This is equal to P = (r, θ)
tan tan sin cos tan Tangent

tan . line
1 tan tan cos sin tan θ
0
A
Equating the expressions and cross-multiplying, you obtain

f cos f sin cos sin tan sin cos tan f sin f cos
f cos2 f cos sin tan f sin cos f sin2 tan f sin2 f sin cos tan f sin cos f cos2 tan
f cos2 sin2 f tan cos2 sin2
f r
tan .
f drd
r 31 cos r 4 sin 2

108. tan 110. tan
drd 3 sin drd 8 cos 2
3 1 22 2 2 sin 3 3
At , tan . At , tan .
4 2 2 6 2 cos 3 2
2 2 2 1.041 59.64 23 0.7137 40.89

arctan arctan
5 4
−8 2 −6 6
−5 −4
r 5
112. tan undefined ⇒ .
drd 0 2
6
−9 9
−6
114. True 116. True
Section 9.5 Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates
12 3 cos
2 2
2. (a) r 3 cos π
2
(b) A 2 d
0
9 2
0
cos2 d
2 4
0

9
2 0
2
1 cos 2 d
sin 2 2 9
9

9
2
2

4
32
2 0
A
4
Section 9.5 Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates 453

4 4 10
4. A 2
1
2 0
6 sin 22 d 36
0
sin2 2 d 6. A 2
1
2 0
cos 5 d
2

36 0
4
1 cos 4
2
d
1
2

1
10
sin10
10

0

20
4
sin 4
18 4
18 4
92

2 2
8. A 2
1
2 0
1 sin d
2

10. A 2
1
2 arcsin23
4 6 sin 2 d
3
2
1
2 cos sin 2
4
2

0

3 8
4
2
arcsin23
16 48 sin 36 sin2 d
2
arcsin23
16 48 sin 361 cos
2
2

d
2

34 48 cos 9 sin 2
arcsin23
1.7635
2
−8 8
−12
12. Four times the area in Exercise 11, A 4 33 . More specifically, we see that the area inside the outer loop is
12
2 2
2
6
21 2 sin 2 d
6
4 16 sin 16 sin2 d 8 63. 6
The area inside the inner loop is

3 2
2
1
2 7 6

21 2 sin 2 d 4 63. −4
−1
4
Thus, the area between the loops is 8 63 4 63 4 123.
14. r 31 sin 16. r 2 3 cos

r 31 sin r cos
Solving simultaneously, Solving simultaneously,
31 sin 31 sin 2 3 cos cos
2 sin 0 1
cos
2
0, .
5
, .
Replacing r by r and by in the first equation 3 3
and solving, 31 sin 31 sin , sin 1, Both curves pass through the pole, (0, arccos 23), and
2. Both curves pass through the pole, 0, 3 2, 0, 2, respectively.
and 0, 2, respectively.
Points of intersection: 3, 0, 3, , 0, 0 Points of intersection: 12, 3 , 12, 53 , 0, 0

18. r 1 cos 20. π
4 2
r 3 cos
r2
Solving simultaneously, Line of slope 1 passing through
0
1 cos 3 cos the pole and a circle of radius 2 1 3
centered at the pole.

1
cos Points of intersection:
2
5
, . 2, 4 , 2, 4
3 3
Both curves pass through the pole, 0, , and 0, 2,
respectively.
Points of intersection: 32, 3 , 32, 53 , 0, 0

22. r 3 sin π
2
Points of intersection:
r 2 csc
17 3
2
, arcsin
17 3
2 ,
17 3 17 3
1 2
0 2
, arcsin 2 ,
3.56, 0.596, 3.56, 2.545
The graph of r 3 sin is a limaçon symmetric to

2, and the graph of r 2 csc is the horizontal
line y 2. Therefore, there are two points of intersection.
Solving simultaneously,
3 sin 2 csc
sin2 3 sin 2 0
3 ± 17
sin
2
arcsin 17 3
2 0.596.
24. r 31 cos 6
r=
1 − cos θ
5
6
r
1 cos
−10
The graph of r 31 cos is a cardioid with polar axis symmetry. The graph of
5
r 61 cos
−5
r = 3(1 − cos θ )
is a parabola with focus at the pole, vertex3, , and polar axis symmetry. Therefore, there are two
points of intersection. Solving simultaneously,
6
31 cos
1 cos
1 cos 2 2
cos 1 ± 2
arccos 1 2 .
Points of intersection: 32, arccos 1 2 4.243, 1.998, 32, 2 arccos 1 2 4.243, 4.285

2
26. r 4 sin 28. A 4
1
2 0
91 sin d
2

r 21 sin 2
9
18 1 sin 2 d 3 8

Points of intersection: 0, 0, 4,
2 0 2
(from Exercise 14) 7
The graphs reach the pole at different times ( values).

6 −7 7
r = 4 sin θ
−7
−6 6
−2
r = 2 (1 + sin θ)
30. r 5 3 sin and r 5 3 cos intersect at

4 and 5 4.
32. A 2 1
2 2
6
3 sin 2 d
1
2 2
6
2 sin 2 d
A2
1
2
5 4
5 3 sin 2 d

6
2
4 cos 2 4 sin d
4
2

59 9
30 cos sin 2
5 4

2 sin2 4 cos
6
33
2 4 4
4
59 5 59

2 9 2 9
30 30
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
−4 4
59
302 50.251
2
−4
8
−12 12
−8
34. Area Area of r 2a cos Area of sector 36. r a cos , r a sin

twice area between r 2a cos and the lines
tan 1, 4

, . 2
3 2 1
A2 a cos 2 d
A a 2
2
3
a 2
1
2 2
3
2a cos 2 d
a2
2 0
4
1 cos 2
d
2 2
2 a 2 0
2a 2 1 cos 2 d 4
sin 2

3 3 1
a2
2 2
2 a 2 sin 2 2 0
2a 2
1 1
3 2 3
a2
2 4

2

2 a 2
3
2a 2 3
2

3 4

2 a 2
6
33a 2
1 1
a2 a2
4 8
π π
2 θ = 3 π
2 r = a sin θ
a
0 0
a 2a
a
π
θ =−3 r = a cos θ
38. By symmetry, A1 A2 and A3 A4.
A1 A2
1
2 6
3
2a cos 2 a2 d
1
2
4
6
2a cos 2 2a sin 2 d

a2
2 6
3
4 cos2 1 d 2a2 4
6
cos 2 d
a2

6 4 3

a2
2
sin 2
3

a 2 sin 2
6

2 2
3 a 2 1
2
a2
4
1
1 2 a 2
A3 A4
2 2
a
4
π
2
π
θ= 3
π

2a θ= 4
r = 2a sin θ
1 5 2
A5
2 6
a 2
1
2 5 6
2a sin 2 d 5π
θ= 6 a
A2 A7 π
θ= 6

A3
5 a 2 A6 A1
2a 2 1 cos 2 d 0
12 5 6 A5 A4 a 2a
r=2 r = 2a cos θ

5 a 2 5 a 2 3 3

12
a 2 2 sin 2
5 6

12
a2
3

2
a2
12

2 π
θ = −3
12 12
6 4
A6 2 2a sin 2 d 2 a2 d
0 6
2a 2 0
6
1 cos 2 d a 2
4
6
a 2 3
a 2 5 3

6

a 2 2 sin 2
0

12
a2
3

2

12
a2
12

2
12
4
A7 2 2a sin 2 a2 d
6
a2 4
6
4 sin2 1 d a 2 sin 2
4
6
a212 1 23
[Note: A1 A6 A7 A4 a2 area of circle of radius a]

40. r sec 2 cos , < < y
2 2
1
r cos 1 2 cos2
r 2 cos2
x12
r 2
12 2
x2
x y2 x
x 2 y 2x x 2 y 2 2x 2 −1
y 2x 1 x 2 x3
x 21 x
y2
1x

4
1
A2 sec 2 cos 2 d
2 0

0
4
sec2 4 4 cos2 d
4
0
sec2 4 21 cos 2 d tan 2 sin 2
4
0
2

2
42. r 2a cos 44. r 81 cos , 0 ≤ ≤ 2

r 2a sin r 8 sin
s
2
2
2a cos 2 2a sin 2 d s2 0

81 cos 2 8 sin 2 d

2
2
2a d 2
2
2
2 a 16 0

1 2 cos cos2 sin2 d
162

0
1 cos d
162

0
1 cos
1 cos
1 cos d
162

0
sin
1 cos
d

3221 cos
0
64

46. r sec , 0 ≤ ≤ 48. r e, 0 ≤ ≤ 50. r 2 sin2 cos , 0 ≤ ≤
3
10 2
3
−2 4
−3 4
−25 5
−5 −2
−3
Length 31.31 Length 7.78

Length 1.73 exact 3
52. r a cos
r a sin
S 2
0
2
a cos cos a2 cos a2 sin2 d
2 a2 2
0
cos2 d a2 0
2
1 cos 2 d
sin 2 2a2

2
a2
2 0 2
54. r a1 cos

r a sin
S 2
0

a1 cos sin a21 cos 2 a2 sin2 d 2 a2
0

sin 1 cos 2 2 cos d
22 a2 0

1 cos 32sin d
42 a2
5
1 cos 52
0

32 a2
5
56. r 58. The curves might intersect for different values of :

r 1 See page 696.
S 2
0

sin 2 1 d 42.32
60. (a) S 2

f sin f 2 f2 d
(b) S 2

f cos f 2 f2 d
62. r 8 cos , 0 ≤ ≤
(a) A
1
2 0

r 2 d
1
2 0

64 cos2 d 32
0
1 cos 2
2
d 16
sin 2
2

0
16
(Area circle r2 42 16)
(c), (d) For 4 of area 4 12.57: 0.42

1
(b)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
For 2 of area 8 25.13: 1.57 2
1
A 6.32 12.14 17.06 20.80 23.27 24.60 25.08

For 4 of area 12 37.70: 2.73
3
(e) No, it does not depend on the radius.
64. False. f 0 and g sin 2 have only one point of
intersection.
Section 9.6 Polar Equations of Conics and Kepler’s Laws
2e 2e
2. r 4. r
1 e cos 1 e sin
2 2
(a) e 1, r , parabola (a) e 1, r , parabola
1 cos 1 sin
1 2 1 2
(b) e 0.5, r , ellipse (b) e 0.5, r , ellipse
1 0.5 cos 2 cos 1 0.5 sin 2 sin
3 6 3 6
(c) e 1.5, r , hyperbola (c) e 1.5, r , hyperbola
1 1.5 cos 2 3 cos 1 1.5 sin 2 3 sin
4 9
e = 1.5
e=1
−9 3 e = 1.5
e=1
−9 9
e = 0.5
−4 e = 0.5 −3
4
6. r
1 0.4 cos
4
(a) Because e 0.4 < 1, the conic is an ellipse with (b) r
1 0.4 cos
vertical directrix to the left of the pole.
The ellipse is shifted to the left. The vertical directrix is to
(c) 7 9
the right of the pole
4
r .
−10 10
−8 8
1 0.4 sin
The ellipse has a horizontal directrix below the pole.
−7 −5
8. Ellipse; Matches (f) 10. Parabola; Matches (e) 12. Hyperbola; Matches (d)
Section 9.6 Polar Equations of Conics and Kepler’s Laws 459
6 5 1
14. r 16. r 18. r3 2 cos 6
1 cos 5 3 sin 1 3 5sin
6
Parabola since e 1 3 r
Ellipse since e < 1 3 2 cos
Vertex: 3, 0 5
2
5 5 3

π
2
Vertices: , , , 1 2 3 cos
8 2 2 2
2
π Ellipse since e < 1
2 3

65,
0
4 8
0
Vertices: 6, 0,
1 2
π
2
0
1 2 3 4 5
6 2 4
20. r 22. r
3 7 sin 1 7 3sin 1 2 cos
7 Hyperbola since e 2 > 1
Hyperbola since e > 1.
3
3 3 3
Vertices:
43, 0, 4,
Vertices:
, , ,
5 2 2 2
π
2
π
2
0
2 0
2
24. 4 Hyperbola 26. 4 Hyperbola
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
6 6
28. r 30. r

1 cos
3 3 7 sin 2 3
6
Rotate graph of r .
6 3 7 sin
Rotate the graph of r
1 cos
Clockwise through angle of 2 3.

counterclockwise through the angle . 4
3
6
−6 6
−14 10
−4
−10
2
32. Change to :r 34. Parabola

6

1 sin
6 e 1, y 1, d 1
ed 1
r
1 e sin 1 sin
36. Ellipse 38. Hyperbola 40. Parabola

3 3 Vertex: 5,
e , y 2, d 2 e , x 1, d 1
4 2 e 1, d 10
ed ed ed 10
r r r
1 e sin 1 e cos 1 e cos 1 cos
23 4 3 2

1 3 4 sin 1 3 2 cos
6 3

4 3 sin 2 3 cos
42. Ellipse 44. Hyperbola

3 Vertices: 2, 0, 10, 0

Vertices: 2, , 4,
2 2 3 10
e ,d
1 2 3
e ,d8
3
ed
r
r
ed 1 e cos
1 e sin
5

8 3 1 3 2 cos
1 1 3 sin
10
8
2 3 cos
3 sin
4
46. r is a parabola with horizontal directrix above the pole.
1 sin
(a) Parabola with vertical directrix to left pole. (b) Parabola with horizontal directrix below pole.
(c) Parabola with vertical directrix to right of pole. (d) Parabola (b) rotated counterclockwise 4.
x2 y2 x2 y2
48. (a) 1 (b) 2
21
a2 b2 a b
x 2b 2 y 2a 2 a 2b 2
x 2b 2 y 2a 2 a 2b 2
b 2r 2 cos 2 a 2r 2 sin 2 a 2b 2
b 2 r 2 cos 2 a2r 2 sin2 a 2b 2
r 2 b 2 cos 2 a 2 1 cos 2 a 2b2
r 2 b 2 cos 2 a 21 cos 2 a 2b 2 r 2 a 2 cos 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
a 2b 2 b2
r 2 a 2 cos 2 b 2 a 2 a 2b 2 r2
a 2 c 2 cos 2 1 c 2 a 2 cos 2
a 2b 2 a 2b 2
r2 2 b 2
a2 a cos a c 2 cos 2
b2 2 2

1 e 2 cos 2
b2 b2

1 c a 2 cos 2 1 e 2 cos 2
Review Exercises for Chapter 9 461
5 3
50. a 4, c 5, b 3, e 52. a 2, b 1, c 3, e
4 2
9 1
r2 r2
1 2516 cos 2 1 34 cos 2
3 22 sin d 4
2 2 2
1 1
54. A 2 d
3.37
2 2 2 3 2 sin 2
ed
56. (a) r (b) The perihelion distance is a c a ea a1 e .
1 e cos
1 e2 a
When 0, r c a ea a a1 e . When , r a1 e .
1e
Therefore,
The aphelion distance is a c a ea a1 e .
ed
a1 e 1 e2 a
1e When 0, r a1 e .
1e
a1 e 1 e ed
a1 e 2 ed.
1 e2 a
Thus, r .
1 e cos
58. a 1.427 109 km 60. a 36.0 10 6 mi, e 0.206

e 0.0543 1 e 2 a 34.472 10 6
r
1 e cos 1 0.206 cos

1 e 2 a 1.422792505 109
r
1 e cos 1 0.0543 cos Perihelion distance: a1 e 28.582 10 6 mi
Perihelion distance: a1 e 1.3495139 109 km Aphelion distance: a1 e 43.416 10 6 mi
Aphelion distance: a1 e 1.5044861 109 km
62. r a sin b cos

r 2 ar sin br cos
x 2 y 2 ay bx
x 2 y 2 bx ay 0 represents a circle.
Review Exercises for Chapter 9
2. Matches (b) - hyperbola 4. Matches (c) - hyperbola
6. y 2 12y 8x 20 0
y
y 2 12y 36 8x 20 36 16
y 6 2 42 x 2 12
Parabola
Vertex: 2, 6
x
−4 8 12
8. 4x 2 y 2 16x 15 0 y
4x 2 4x 4 y 2 15 16 1
(2, 0)
x 2 2 y 2 x
1 1 2 3
14 1
−1
Ellipse
Center: 2, 0 −2
Vertices: 2, ± 1
10. 4x 2 4y 2 4x 8y 11 0 y

4 x2 x
1
4 4 y 2 2y 1 11 1 4 3
x 12 2 y 1 2
1
1
2 2 x
−2 1 3 4
Hyperbola −1
−2
Center: 12, 1
Vertices: ± 2, 1
1
2
Asymptotes: y 1 ± x
1
2
12. Vertex: 4, 2

Focus: 4, 0
Parabola opens downward
p 2
x 4 2 42 y 2
x 2 8x 8y 0
14. Center: 0, 0 16. Foci: 0, ± 8

Solution points: 1, 2 , 2, 0 Asymptotes: y ± 4x
Substituting the values of the coordinates of the given Center: 0, 0
points into
Vertical transverse axis

x2
b2
y2
2 1,
a
c8
a
we obtain the system y x 4x asymptote → a 4b
b
b1 a4 1, 4b

2 2
2 1. b2 c2 a2 64 4b 2 ⇒ 17b2 64
64 1024
⇒ b2 ⇒ a2
Solving the system, we have 17 17
y2 x2
a2
16
3
and b 2 4,
x2
4

3y 2
16
1.
102417 6417
1
x2 y2 21
18. 1, a 5, b 2, c 21, e
4 25 5
By Example 5 of Section 9.1,
C 20 0
2
1 2521 sin d
23.01.
2
1 2
20. y x
200
1 2
(a) x 2 200y (b) y x
200
x2 450 y
1
y x
Focus: 0, 50 100
1 10,000
x 2
1 y 2
S 2 x1
100 2
x
dx
38,294.49
10,000
0
22. (a) A 4 a
0
b
a
a 2 x 2 dx
4b 1
a 2 xa 2 x 2 a 2 arcsin
x
a
a
0
ab
(b) Disk: V 2 0
b
a2 2
b2
2 a 2
b y 2 dy 2
b 0
b
b 2 y 2 dy
2 a 2 2
b2
1

b y y3
3
b
0
4
a 2b
3
S 4
0
b
a
b
b 2 y 2

b 4 a 2 b 2 y 2
bb 2 y 2
dy

4 a
b2 0
b
b 4 c 2y 2 dy
2 a
b 2c
cyb 4 c 2y 2 b 4 ln cy b 4 c 2y 2 0
b
2 a 2

b 2c
b cb 2 c 2 b 4 ln cb bb 2 c 2 b 4 lnb 2

ab 2 ca
eb ln11 ee
2 2
2 a 2 ln 2 a 2
c e
(c) Disk: V 2 a
0
b2 2
a2
2 b 2
a x 2 dx 2
a 0
a
a 2 x 2 dx
2 b 2 2
a2
1

a x x3
3
a
0
4
ab 2
3
S 22 0
a
b
a
a 2 x 2

a 4 a 2 b 2 x 2
aa 2 x 2 dx

4 b
a2 0
a
a 4 c 2x 2 dx
2 b
a 2c cx
cxa 4 c 2x 2 a 4 arcsin 2
a
a
a b 2

a 2c
a ca 2 c 2 a 4 arcsin
c
a 2 b 2 2 abe arcsine
24. x t 4, y t2 26. x 3 3 cos , y 2 5 sin 28. x 5 sin3 , y 5 cos3
t x 4 ⇒ y x 4 2
x 3 3 y 5 2 5x 5y
2 2 23 23
1 1
Parabola
x 3 2 y 2 2 x23 y23 523
y
1
7
9 25 y
6
5
Ellipse 6
4
4
y
3 2
2 7
x
6
1 −6 −4 2 4 6
5
x
4
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 −4
2
1 −6
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−3
y2 x2
30. x h 2 y k 2 r 2 32. a 4, c 5, b2 c2 a2 9, 1
16 9
x 5 2 y 3 2 2 2 4
y2 x2
Let sec 2 and tan 2 .
16 9
Then x 3 tan and y 4 sec .
34. x a b cos t b cos a b b t

y a b sin t b sin a b b t
(a) a 2, b 1 (b) a 3, b 1 (c) a 4, b 1
x cos t cos t 2 cos t x 2 cos t cos 2t x 3 cos t cos 3t
y sin t sin t 0 y 2 sin t sin 2t y 3 sin t sin 3t
2 4 4
y=0
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2
−3 3 −6 6 −6 6
−2 −4 −4
(d) a 10, b 1 (e) a 3, b 2 (f) a 4, b 3

x 9 cos t cos 9t t t
x cos t 2 cos x cos t 3 cos
2 3
y 9 sin t sin 9t
t t
10 y sin t 2 sin y sin t 3 sin
2 3
4 4
−15 15
−6 6 −6 6
−10
−4 −4
36. x t u r cos r sin 38. x t 4

rcos sin y t2
y v w r sin r cos dy 2t
(a) 2t 0 when t 0.
dx 1
r sin cos
y
Point of horizontal tangency: 4, 0
(b) t x 4
y x 4 2
(c) y
θ rθ
r 6
w
5
θ v ( x, y )
u
x 4
t
3
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
40. x 42. x 2t 1
t
1
y t2 y
t 2 2t
dy 2t
(a) 2t 3 dy t 2 2t 2 2t 2
dx 1t 2 (a)
dx 2
No horizontal tangents t 0
1t
0 when t 1.
(b) t
1 t 2t 2 2
x
Point of horizontal tangency: 1, 1
1
y 2 x1
x (b) t
2
(c) y
1 4
y
4
x 1 2 2 2x 1 2 x 3 x 1
3
(c) y
2 2
1
x
−2 2 4
x
−2 −1 1 2
44. x 6 cos 46. x e t

y 6 sin y et
dy 6 cos 3 dy et 1 1
(a) cot 0 when , . (a) 2t 2
dx 6 sin 2 2 dx et e x
Points of horizontal tangency: 0, 6 , 0, 6 No horizontal tangents
(b) t ln x
6x 6y
2 2
(b) 1
1
y eln x e ln1x , x > 0
(c) y x
(c) y
4
3
2
x 2
−4 −2 2 4
−2
1
−4
x
1 2 3
48. x 2 sin 50. x 6 cos

y 2 cos y 6 sin
(a), (c) 8 dx
6 sin
d
dy
−8 8 6 cos
d
−4
s

36 sin 2 36 cos 2 d 6

6
dx

0
3 0
(b) At ,
1.134, 2 ,
6 d 2 (one-half circumference of circle)
dy dy
0.5, and
0.441
dt dx
52. x, y 1, 3 y
(−1, 3)
r 1 2 3 2 10
2
arctan 3
1.89 108.43
1
r, 10, 1.89 , 10, 5.03

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
1
54. r 10 56. r
2 cos
r 2 100
2r r cos 1
x 2 y 2 100
2 ± x 2 y 2 x 1
4x 2 y 2 x 1 2
3x 2 4y 2 2x 1 0
3
58.
r 4 sec
3
4
cos 3
60.
4
4 tan 1

12 cos 32 sin y
1
r cos 3 sin 8 x
x 3 y 8 y x

2
y
62. x 2 y 2 4x 0 64. x 2 y 2 arctan a2
x
r 2 4r cos 0
r 2 2 a 2
r 4 cos
π
66. 2
68. r 3 csc , r sin 3, y 3 π
12 2
Horizontal line
Line
0
1 2
0
1 2 3 4
70. r 3 4 cos
Limaçon
Symmetric to polar axis
π
2
2
2
0
3 2 3
0
r 1 1 3 5 7
72. r 2
Spiral
Symmetric to 2
π
2
3 5 3
2 4 8
0
0
4 2 4 4 2
3 5
r 0 2 3
5 2 2
74. r cos 5 π

2
Rose curve with five petals

Symmetric to polar axis
2 3 4
Relative extrema: 1, 0 , 1,
5
, 1,
5, 1,
5
, 1,
5 1
0
3 7 9
Tangents at the pole: , , , ,
10 10 2 10 10
π
76. r 2 cos2 2
0
Lemniscate 6 4
Symmetric to the polar axis 2
r ±1 ± 0
Relative extrema: ± 1, 0 2
0
1
3
2
Tangents at the pole: ,

4 4
78. r 2 sin cos 2 0.75 80. r 4sec cos 3
Bifolium Semicubical parabola

Symmetric to 2 Symmetric to the polar axis −1 5
−1 1
r ⇒ as ⇒
−0.25
2 −3

r ⇒ as ⇒
2
82. r 2 4 sin2
r cos 4 cos 2 sin r
(a) 2r ddr 8 cos2 (b)
dy

dx r sin 4 cos 2 cos r
dr 4 cos2 cos2 sin sin2 cos

d r cos2 cos sin2 sin
Horizontal tangents:
Tangents at the pole: 0,
2
dy
0 when cos2 sin sin 2 cos 0,
(c) 2 dx
−3 3

tan tan 2 , 0, , 0, 0 , ± 23,
3

3
Vertical tangents when cos 2 cos sin 2 sin 0:
−2

tan 2 tan 1, 0, , 0, 0 , ± 23,
6

6
84. False. There are an infinite number of polar coordinate representations of a point. For example, the point x, y 1, 0
has polar representations r, 1, 0 , 1, 2 , 1, , etc.
86. r a sin , r a cos

The points of intersection are a2, 4 and 0, 0 . For r a sin ,
dy a cos sin a sin cos 2 sin cos
m1 .
dx a cos 2 a sin 2 cos 2
At a2, 4 , m1 is undefined and at 0, 0 , m1 0. For r a cos ,
dy a sin 2 a cos 2 cos 2
m2 .
dx a sin cos a cos sin 2 sin cos
At a2, 4 , m2 0 and at 0, 0 , m2 is undefined. Therefore, the graphs are orthogonal at a2, 4 and 0, 0 .
88. r 51 sin 90. r 4 sin 3
A2
1
2 32
2
51 sin d
117.81
2 75

2
A3 1
2 0
3
4 sin 3 2 d
4
12.57 4
−8 8 4
−6 6
−12
−4
92. r 3, r 2 18 sin 2 4
9 r 2 18 sin 2
−6 6
1
sin 2
2
−4

12

12 512 2
A2
1
2 0
18 sin 2 d
1
2 12
9 d
1
2 512
18 sin 2 d

1.2058 9.4248 1.2058
11.84
dr
94. r e, 0 ≤ ≤ 96. r a cos 2, 2a sin 2
d
A
1
2
0

e 2 d
133.62
s8 0
4
a 2 cos 2 2 4a 2 sin 2 2 d
4
10
8a 1 3 sin 2 2 d (Simpson’s Rule: n 4)

0
−25 5 a

1 41.1997 21.5811 41.8870 2
6
−5

9.69a

Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

C H A P T E R 9

Conics, Parametric Equations,

Section 9.1 Conics and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Section 9.2 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations . . . . . . . . . . 434

Section 9.3 Parametric Equations and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Section 9.4 Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Section 9.5 Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . .452

Section 9.6 Polar Equations of Conics and Kepler’s Laws . . . . . . . 458

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

10. x2 8y 0 12. x 12 8 y 2 0

Focus: 4, 3 8 Focus: 0, 2 4

18. y 16x2 8x 6 16x2 8x 16 10 20. x2 2x 8y 9 0

x 42 4 32 y 5 Focus: 1, 3 −8 10

Focus: 4, 16 −10

22. x 12 42 y 2 24. Vertex: 0, 2

26. y 4 x 22 4x x2 28. From Example 2: 4p 8 or p 2

34. 16x2 25y2 64x 150y 279 0

Center: 2, 3 −4

36. 36x2 9y 2 48x 36y 43 0

Vertices:  32, 3,  32, 1 3

38. 2x2 y 2 4.8x 6.4y 3.12 0

Center:  56, 165

Vertices:  56, 165 ± 10

y 3.22 7.12 4x 2x2

40. Vertices: 0, 2, 4, 2 42 Foci: 0, ± 5

Center: 2, 2 Center: 0, 0

From the sketch, we can see that y

x 12 y 22 Foci: ± 34, 0 4

52. 9x2 6x 9 4 y2 2y 1 78 81 4 1 54. 9x 2 y 2 54x 10y 55 0

Vertices: 3, 21, 3, 23 1 Center: 3, 5

y 52 9x2 54x 80

(Graph each curve separately.)

56. 3y 2 x 2 6x 12y 0 58. Vertices: 0, ± 3

60. Vertices: 2, ± 3 62. Center: 0, 0

68. 4x2 y 2 4x 3 0 70. 25x2 10x 200y 119 0 72. y2 x 4y 5 0

74. 2x2 2xy 3y y 2 2xy 76. 9x2 54x 81 36 4 y2 4y 4

Since d is minimized when d 2 is minimized, it is sufficient to minimize the function y

fx 0 implies that −2

The consumption of fruits is increasing at a rate of

92. x2 20y 94. A 2 h

 2 y2.52 y 2 2.52 arcsin 2.5 0

106. 9x2 4y 2 36x 24y 36 0

a2y02 b2x02 b2x0c a2b2 b2x0c b2a2 x0c b2

a2y02 b2x02 b2x0c a2b2 b2x0c b2a2 x0c b2

(c) As e approaches 0, the ellipse approaches a circle.

116. Center: 0, 0

x c2 y 2 2a x c2 y 2

x c2 y 2 4a2 4ax c2 y 2 x c2 y 2

x2c2 2a2cx a4 a2x2 2cx c2 y 2 ( x, y )

x2 c2 a2 a2y2 a2 c2 a2 (c, 0)

122. Ax2 Cy2 Dx Ey F 0 (Assume A  0 and C  0; see (b) below)

which is the equation of an ellipse.

Section 9.2 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations

Since the discriminant is

the graph is a rotated parabola.

16. x et, x > 0 y

20. x 2 cos  22. x cos  24. x 4 2 cos 

26. x sec  2 28. x cos3  1.5

30. x ln 2t 3 32. x e2t 4

(c) x t y 4 t (d) x 4 e2t y et

40. x h r cos  42. x h a sec 

56. x  sin  58. x 2 4 sin  60. x 2 sin 

Vertices: 32, 3, 32, 1 3

Center: 56, 165

Vertices: 56, 165 ± 10

Vertices: 3, 21, 3, 23 1 Center: 3, 5

fx 0 implies that −2

92. x2 20y 94. A 2 h

2 y2.52 y 2 2.52 arcsin 2.5 0

x2c2 2a2cx a4 a2x2 2cx c2 y 2 ( x, y )

122. Ax2 Cy2 Dx Ey F 0 (Assume A 0 and C 0; see (b) below)

20. x 2 cos 22. x cos 24. x 4 2 cos

26. x sec 2 28. x cos3 1.5

(c) x t y 4 t (d) x 4 e2t y et

40. x h r cos 42. x h a sec

56. x sin 58. x 2 4 sin 60. x 2 sin

Not smooth at x 2n 1 Smooth everywhere

68. x cos3 70. x cot

Hence, x 3 cos cos 3, y 3 sin sin 3.

76. (a) x v0 cos t

12. x t, y t 1 14. x sin , y 1 cos

22, 2 , 22, 2 , 22, 2 , 22, 2

e cos 1 e2 cos2 arcsine cos

c sin b2 c2 sin2 b2 ln c sin b2 c 2 sin2 0

Let u 4 t, then du 1 24 t dt and t 4 u2.

x, y 38, 38

y-intercept: 0, t0

12 sech 12t

x, y 2, 2 x, y 0, 0

14. x, y 4, 2 y

2 5, 0.464, 2 5, 2.678 −5

16. x, y 3 2, 3 2 18. x, y 0, 5

r 2 2ar cos 0 r cos 10

26. xy 4 28. x2 y 22 9x2 y 2 0

36. r 2 csc 38. r 51 2 sin 40. r 4 3 cos

d 2 x2 x12 y2 y12

r2 cos 2 r1 cos 12 r2 sin 2 r1 sin 12

r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2

d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2

d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos0

r1 r22 r1 r2

Using r1, 1 1, and r2, 2 2, 52 , d 1 2

50. 10, 76

d 42 122 2412 cos2.5 1

54. r 21 sin 56. (a), (b) r 3 2 cos

58. (a), (b) r 4 60. r a sin

Tangent line: y 2 2 1 x 2 2 1 3 5 7

62. r a sin cos2 64. r 3 cos 2 sec

2a sin cos cos2 sin2 0

70. r 31 cos π

72. r sin5 74. r 3 cos 2

, 3, , 3,

76. r 2 78. r 1 sin 80. r 5 4 sin

Tangent at the pole: 0

88. Since 90. r 2 cos 2 sec

96. r 4 cos 2 98. r 2 sec

−9 15 The graph of r 61 cos is rotated through the

The graph of r 61 cos is rotated through the

2 2 (d) r 4 sin cos 4 sin cos

f cos f sin Polar curve ψ

tan tan sin cos tan Tangent

r 31 cos r 4 sin 2

2 2 2 1.041 59.64 23 0.7137 40.89

21 2 sin 2 d 4 63. −4

Thus, the area between the loops is 8 63 4 63 4 123.

14. r 31 sin 16. r 2 3 cos

Points of intersection: 32, 3 , 32, 53 , 0, 0

30. r 5 3 sin and r 5 3 cos intersect at