Soal Tes TOEFL Dan Pembahasan Jawaban Reading PDF

Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of the
Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of

cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In both
areas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding
and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.
By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain
native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;
and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of
carbohydrates and fat in the diet.
The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest
and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and
domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” is not
used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major
subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period
elsewhere in the world.
Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of the
continent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there is
little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticated
foods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering
wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has
been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants
rather than for food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated
plants were all weedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that
would form around human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground,
deposit trash, and dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other
plants almost domesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed
habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution.
Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with
cultivation, because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main
collectors of plant food and had detailed knowledge of plants.
10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic
peoples?
(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet
(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology
(C) Their development of agriculture
(D) Their distribution of work between men and women
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) Their development of agriculture

Tipe soal: Main Idea Question
Cara Jawab:: lihat kalimat pertama setiap paragraf. Temukan keyword (biasanya
berulang-ulang atau berhubungan dari 1 paragraf ke paragraf lainnya) yang menjadi
pembahasan utama.
Paragraf 1: Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the
peoples of the Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to
beginnings of cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant
foods.
Paragraf 2: The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of
the Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years
ago and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago.
Paragraf 3: Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern
part of the continent.
Dapat kita temukan bahwa 'cultivation' menjadi keyword dari paragraf-paragraf di atas.
Pilihan jawaban C merupakan yang paling berhbungan dengan 'cultivation' yaitu
agriculture.
11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to
(A) seeds
(B) river valleys
(C) the Midwest and the Southeast
(D) experimentation and domestication
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) experimentation and domestication

Tipe Soal: Reference Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda untuk
mengidentifikasi noun yang diganti menjadi sebuah pronoun)
Cara Jawab:: temukan noun yang terletak sebelum pronoun 'these'.
--> The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the
Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago
and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” is
not used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major
subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period
elsewhere in the world.
Dapat kita identifikasi bahwa pilihan yang paling tepat ialah pilihan D.
12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North
America?
(A) 7,000 years ago
(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago
(C) Long after the Neolithic period
(D) Before the Archaic period
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago

Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk
menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage).
Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan
pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: domestication of plants begin
--> The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the
Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago
and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago.
Jadi jawaban paling tepat ialah pilihan B.
13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) sufficient
(B) healthful
(C) varied
(D) dependable
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (A) sufficient

Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda
mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage)
Cara Jawab: Sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat.
'Adequate' merupakan sinonim dari 'sufficient'.
14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the
cultivation of plants in eastern North America?
(A) Lack of enough wild food sources
(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements
(C) Provision of work for an increasing population
(D) Desire for the consistent availability of food
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) Desire for the consistent availability of food
pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: motive
--> there is little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources. (Pilihan A)
--> Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. (Pilihan D)
Bisa ditemukan bahwa pilihan A telah dibantah dalam passage (there is little
evidence ....).
15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) in addition to
(B) instead of
(C) as a replacement
(D) such as
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) instead of

'Rather than' merupakan sinonim dari 'instead of'.
16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to

(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritional value
(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant
(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down
(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate
pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: sumpweed
--> By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated
certain native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or
marsh elder; and squash or gourds of some kind.
'Including' menunjukkan sebuah contoh (example). Pilihan tepat ialah D.
17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) stayed
(B) originated
(C) grew well
(D) died out
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) grew well

'Thrived' merupakan sinonim dari 'grew well''.
18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all early domesticated
plants?
(A) They were varieties of weeds.
(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.
(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.
(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (A) They were varieties of weeds.
pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: early domesticated plants
--> One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were all weedy
species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form around human
settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and dig
holes.
19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who began cultivating
plants were
(A) medical workers
(B) leaders of ceremonies
(C) women
(D) hunters
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) women

pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: people who began cultivating plants were
--> Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with
cultivation, because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main
collectors of plant food and had detailed knowledge of plants.
'experimenters with cultivation' mewakili makna 'began cultivating plants'.
Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass
migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the
others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the
route by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of
trail pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context
changes. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by
other ants in either direction.
Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to
be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species
use a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to
these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta
texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of
ants three times around Earth.
The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and
the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will
evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is
called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating
from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other
antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in
the vapor space. The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then
pursues this new course until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings
back to the right, and so weaves back and forth down the trail.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The mass migration of ants
(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
(C) Different species of ants around the world
(D) The information contained in pheromones
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
Tipe Soal: Main Idea Question
Cara Jawab: Cukup lihat baris pertama setiap paragraf
Paragraf 1: Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake
mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for
the others to follow.
Paragraf 2: Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food
trail has to be kept secret from members of other species.
Paragaf 3: The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the
way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae.
Cara termudah untuk tahu, tanpa berpikir panjang: Lihat keyword (kata yang terulang).
Kita lihat terdapat "ants" dan "trail". Dari pilihan jawaban sangat jelas pilihan jawaban
yang paling sesuai (Pilihan B).
21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) look up
(B) walk toward
(C) revolve around
(D) search for food
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) search for food

Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban
terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat.
forage: to go from place to place searching, especially for food

Jadi, pilihan jawaban yg sesuai / sinonim ialah jawaban D.
22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) periodically
(B) incorrectly
(C) rapidly
(D) roughly
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (A) periodically

intermittent: not happening regularly or continuously; stopping and starting repeatedly or
with periods in between
Jadi, pilihan jawaban yg sesuai / sinonim ialah jawaban A.
23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single

(A) message
(B) dead ant
(C) food trail
(D) species
Kunci & Pembahasan:
24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones?
(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals
(B) To attract different types of ants
(C) To protect their trail from other species
(D) To indicate how far away the food is
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) To protect their trail from other species

pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: different compounds
Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to
be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species
use a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. (Paragraph 2)
a wide variety = different (keyword)

has to be kept secret from members of other specie = to protect their trail from other
species (answer key)
25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out
(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail
(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce
(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world
(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail

pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant
Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana
calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants
three times around Earth. (line 11-13)
one milligram of this substance = how little pheromone

would suffice to lead a column of ants = is needed to mark a trail
26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?
(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.
(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail
(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.
(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.
pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: guided
The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and
the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. (line 14-15)
the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antenna = They sense the vapor through
their antennae.
27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) include
(B) provide
(C) cover
(D) select
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) provide

furnish: to provide with furniture; to put furniture in

Sangat jelas, jawabannya ialah B (provide).
28. The word “oscillating “ in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) falling
(B) depositing
(C) swinging
(D) starting
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) swinging

oscillating: to move repeatedly from one position to another

swing: to move easily and without interruption backwards and forwards or from one side
to the other, especially from a fixed point, or to cause something or someone to do this
29. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found
(A) in the receptors of the ants
(B) just above the trail
(C) in the source of food
(D) under the soil along the trail
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) just above the trail

pada pertanyaan.
Keyword: highest amount
A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over
the trail, in what is called a vapor space. (line 16-17
the highest amount = the highest concentration (keyword)

over the trail = just above the trail (kunci jawaban)
The Quakers, also called the Society of Friends, are a Christian group that arose in the
mid-17th century in England and the American colonies. Quakerism came into being in
England on or around 1652, when George Fox began to organize converts to preach his
doctrine of "God in every man". The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the
"inward light". They believed people should sense God inside of themselves, without
church buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy, or many of the outward trappings
associated with Christianity.
The Society of Friends is part of the left wing of the 17th -century English Puritan
movement; in America, Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced
much official persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official persecution,
including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that worship of God should be very
personal. The term "Quaker" may refer to their penchant for "quaking" during religious
services, or it may be a derogatory reference to supposed Quaker cowardliness and belief
in pacifism.
Quakerism in the American colonies existed mainly in the northeast. The American
Quaker population surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn founded the state of
Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and a "holy experiment" in religious toleration.
Quakers were prominent and powerful in the Pennsylvania state government in the
period before the American Revolution. During and after the Revolution, Friends
concerned themselves with the plight of Native Americans. They also worked with
escaped slaves and for the abolition of slavery. They continued to be known for their
efforts at social reform.
13. In which of the following publications would this passage be most likely to appear?
(A) an anthology of English literature
(B) an introductory American history book
(C) a book about Eastern religions
(D) a basic math textbook
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Cara menjawab soal seperti ini (menanyakn topik bacaan) ialah cukup dengan membaca
kalimat pertama setiap paragraf. Kadang juga kalimat terakhir dari paragraf pertama dan
kalimat pertama untuk paragraf selanjutnya.
14. The word 'their' in line 4 refers to:

(A) trappings
(B) preachers
(C) religious services
(D) the Friends
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Soal ini terkait 'pronoun referent' yang menanyakan ke noun yang mana sebuah pronoun
(kata ganti) menunjuk.
Untuk menjawab soal seperti ini, Anda mesti melihat kata-kata sebelum 'their' yang
berbentuk jamak.
--> The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the "inward light".
Nampak bahwa hanya kata 'the friends' yang terletak sebelum 'their' sementara pilihan
lain terletak setelahnya.
15. The word 'persecuted' in line 10 in closest in meaning to:

(A) scrutinized
(B) lauded
(C) harassed
(D) believed
Pembahasan Jawaban:
scrutinized --> to examine something very carefully in order to discover information
laud --> to praise
harass --> to continue to annoy or upset someone over a period of time
prosecute --> to treat someone unfairly or cruelly over a long period of time because of
their race, religion, or political beliefs or to annoy someone by refusing to leave them
alone
Dari bebarapa pengertian di atas kata yang paling sesuai dg makna 'persecuted' ialah
'harassed'.
16. Where in the passage does the author give an example of Quaker involvement in
social issues?
(A) lines 3 - 4
(B) lines 9 - 10
(C) lines 16 - 17
(D) lines 19 - 20
Pembahasan Jawaban:
-> During and after the Revolution, Friends concerned themselves with the plight of
Native Americans. (lines 16 - 17)
Pertanyaan ini meminta Anda untuk menentukan di mana (baris ke berapa) suatu
informasi ditemukan atau dibahas.
Cara menjawab soal yg seperti ini ialah memahami terlebih dahulu ide pokok yang ada
dipertanyaan. Kemudian eliminasilah jawaban satu persatu.
Metode yang baik digunakan ialah 'skimming'. Temukan 'keyword' pada pertanyaan dan
carilah pada setiap baris (sesua dg pilihan jawaban).
17. Which of the following would be an example of "the outward trappings associated
with Christianity" referred to in lines 6 - 7?
(A) clergy
(B) silent, leaderless worship
(C) concern for social reform
(D) the doctrine of "God in every man"
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Soal ini sedikit mudah untuk ditemukan pada text (bacaan) karena keywordnya 'the
outward trappings associated with Christianity' pada pertanyaan 100% ditemukan pada
bacaan.
--> They believed people should sense God inside of themselves, without church
buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy, or many of the outward trappings
associated with Christianity.
church buildings, preachers, liturgy berhubungan dengan clergy.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that early Quakers experienced official
persecution because:
(A) they were known for "quaking" during religious services
(B) they helped found the state of Pennsylvania
(C) they came to America from England
(D) their religious beliefs were considered subversive
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Keyword pada pertanyaan ialah 'persecution'. dari teks bacaan dapat ditemukan kalimat
yg memuatnya.
--> 'Quakers experienced much official persecution, including imprisonment and
execution, for their belief that worship of God should be very personal. '
19. Why does the author mention 'execution' in line 11?

(A) It is an example of the persecution Quakers faced
(B) It is an outward trapping of Christianity
(C) This serves as an example of William Penn's policies
(D) Many religions were concerned with this issue
Pembahasan Jawaban:
--> Quakers experienced much official persecution, including imprisonment and
execution, for their belief that worship of God should be very personal.
including = termasuk
20. The paragraph after this passage would most likely be about:
(A) the decline of the Quaker population since World War I
(B) The similarities and differences between Quakers and Puritans
(C) Ways in which Quakers today show concern for others
(D) Social reforms enacted by Quakers during American Revolution
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Soal ini menanyakan topik apa yang akan menjadi pembahasan pada paragraf
selanjutnya. Anda mesti menarik kesimpulan secara tersirat (not directly stated).
Cara menjawab soal ini ialah dengan melihat bagian akhir dari kalimat akhir pada
paragraf terakhir.
--> They continued to be known for their efforts at social reform.
sesuai dengan 'Ways in which Quakers today show concern for others'
21. From the passage, it can be inferred that the Puritans were:
(A) Friends
(B) persecuted
(C) intolerant
(D) executed
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Keyword dari pertanyaan ialah 'Puritants'
--> Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official persecuted
by Puritans.
Dari kalimat dari baccan yang memuat 'Puritants' tampak bahwa 'Puritants' tidak punya
toleransi yg baik (intolerant).
22. The word 'penchant' in the line 12 most nearly means:

(A) appreciation
(B) propensity
(C) disinclination
(D) proposition
Pembahasan Jawaban:
penchant --> a liking for, an enjoyment of, or a habit of doing something, especially
something that other people might not like
propensity --> a tendency towards a particular way of behaving, especially a bad one
disinclination --> a feeling of not wanting to do something
23. Why did the American Quaker population surge after William Penn founded
Pennsylvania?
(A) Pennsylvania tolerated the Quaker religion
(B) Pennsylvania forbade religions other than Quakerism
(C) The Pennsylvania government tried to help escaped slaves
(D) Social reform was important to most Americans
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Keyword dari pertanyaan ialah 'Quaker population surge'
--> The American Quaker population surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn
founded the state of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and a "holy experiment" in
religious toleration.
Europe is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon out
from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then came the
close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days,
Europe was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's most
intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,
especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked
brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.
The surface of Europe is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters
indicates that Europe's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap. The eggshell
analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thick--a
tree shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases a rocky
core. The interior of Europe has been kept warm over the cons by tidal forces generated
by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around Jupiter.
The tides on Europe pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat keeps
what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks on
Europe's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.
Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europe
were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europe's subsurface ocean
might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast
store of internal heat. Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the
material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal
Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.
During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europe's ocean may have been
liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.

(A) The effect of the tides on Europe's interior
(B) Temperature variations on Jupiter's moons
(C) Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter's moons
(D) Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images
Pembahasan Jawaban
Skill: Main Idea Question (Pertanyaan Ide Pokok)
Cara menjawab ide pokok ialah dengan melihat kalimat pertama setiap paragraf.
2. The word "intriguing" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) changing
(B) perfect
(C) visible
(D) fascinating
Pembahasan Jawaban
Skill: Vocabulary Question (Pertanyaan tentang pemahaman kosakata)
Cara menjawab soal kosakata ialah dengan menyesuaikan konteks makna kalimat dari
kosakata yang ditanyakan.
3. In line 7, the author mentions "cracks in an eggshell" in order to help readers

(A) visualize Europe as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images
(B) appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewing Europe from
far away
(C) understand the relationship of Europe to the solar system
(D) recognize the similarity of Europe to Jupiter's other moons
Pembahasan Jawaban
Cara menjawab soal seperti ini ialah dengan memahami kalimat di mana phrase tersebut
dan kalimat-kalimat sebelumnya.
Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and
within days, Europe was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar
system's most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of
detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin,
kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979
(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europe
(B) considered Europe the most important of Jupiter's moons
(C) did not emphasize Europe because little information of interest was available
(D) did not mention Europe because it had not yet been discovered
Pembahasan Jawaban: Jawaban terdapat pada sebagian besar paragraf pertama.
Europe is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon out
from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then came the
close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days,
Europe was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's most
intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,
especially from far away.
5. What does the author mean by stating in line 7 that "this analogy is not far off the
mark"?
(A) The definition is not precise.
(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.
(C) The differences are probably significant.
(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.
Pembahasan Jawaban: Pahami kalimat dari phrase dan kalimat-kalimat sebelumnya.
Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling
cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that Europe and Antarctica have in common which
of the following?
(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.
(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.
(C) Both have an ice cap that is melting rapidly.
(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.
Pembahasan Jawaban: complete absence (betul-betul tidak ada)
The surface of Europe is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters
indicates that Europe's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap.
7. The word "endless" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) new
(B) final
(C) temporary
(D) continuous
Pembahasan Jawaban: endless (tak berujung) = continuous (berkelanjutan)
8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter's other large moons on Europe?
(A) They prevent Europe's subsurface waters from freezing.
(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europe's surface.
(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europe.
(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europe is maintained at a steady level.
Pembahasan Jawaban: Jawaban terdapat pada kalimat Jupiter's early heat was
produced by the compression of the material forming the giant planet.
9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s
surface?
(A) A long period of extremely high tides
(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice
(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice
(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky core
Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most
distinctive feature of the Pacific Ocean. Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the
surface of the Pacific, more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land area
adds up to little more than 125,000 square kilometers, about the size of New York State,
and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about a quarter of the number
that live in New York City. The oceanic islands of the Pacific are some of the most isolated
places on Earth. Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular
characteristics, but even the most favored are very isolated fragments of land, strictly
circumscribed by the ocean, strictly limited in terms of the numbers of people they can
support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the most pervasive
influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural practices of the people
that settled in the Pacific Islands.
The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime
colonization in human history. Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki
expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics
now shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from tile east by
South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current,
but from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to
island out into the Pacific. The process began over 40,000 years ago and reached Easter
Island the most isolated place on Earth-about 1.500 years ago. It ended about 1,000
years ago, when people first settled in Hawaii and New Zealand.
Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to arrive
on the shores of uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable
achievement. But having found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef,
and landed, on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for
which solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a vigorous, self-
sustaining island population.
32. The word "scattered" in line 2 is closest in meaning toD

(A) widely known
(B) usually estimated
(C) rarely inhabited
(D) irregularly distributed
33. Why does the author mention New population of the Pacific York City in line 5?
(A) To emphasize how small the Islands is
(B) To emphasize the extreme distances between the Pacific Islands and other regions
(C) To note the economic ties of the Pacific Islands to other regions
(D) To note the lack of urban environments on the Pacific Islands
34.The phrase "by virtue of" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) regarding
(B) because of
(C) taking advantage of
(D) in place of
35. The word "circumscribed" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) located
(B) flooded
(C) restricted
(D) pushed
36. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence used to determine the origins of
Pacific Islands people?
(A) Oral histories
(B) Plant dispersal
(C) Linguistics
(D) Archaeology
37. According to the-passage, where did the original inhabitants of the Pacific Islands
come from?
(A) South America
(B) Hawaii
(C) New Zealand
(D) Asia
38.The word "It” in line 16 refers to

(A) Pacific
(B) process
(C) isolated place
(D) Earth
39. The word "indeterminate" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) undecided
(B) uncertain
(C) unacceptable
(D) increasing
40. The passage is most likely followed by a discussion of

(A) how settlers adapted to newly discovered Pacific Ocean Islands
(B) the design and construction of canoes used in the Pacific Islands
(C) the characteristics sties of reefs in the Pacific Islands
(D) how early explorers of the Pacific Ocean found their way from island to island
The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no
linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for
Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we
cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient
languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform
script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform
tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.
Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these
inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian
and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,
but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar Old
Persian language.
Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French
troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone
carried the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian
hieratic, a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for
several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases
were decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European
Rosetta stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages
that replaced it.
Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early
third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions
disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years
As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent
upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures
abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although
pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke
completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The Old
European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and
eventually vanished.

(A) Reasons for the failure to understand the written records of Old European culture
(B) Influences on the development of Old European script
(C) Similarities between Old European script and other ancient writing systems
(D) Events leading to the discovery of Old European script
23. According to the passage, New Elamite is

(A) a language that was written in the cuneiform script
(B) a modem language that came from Old Persian
(C) one of the languages spoken by the Old Europeans
(D) a language that was understood by the late eighteenth century
24. According to the passage, scholarswere able to decipher cuneiform script with the
help of
(A) the Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian languages
(B) Old Persian
(C) tablets written in Old European
(D) a language spoken in eighteenth century Iran
25. The word “fortuitous” in line 5 is closet in meaning to

(A) important
(B) sudden
(C) early
(D) lucky
26. The word "them" in line 6 refers to

(A) Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian
(B) bilingual inscriptions
(C) cuneiform tablets
(D) scholars
27. When does the passage suggest that ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic script was finally
deciphered?
(A) At around the same time as cuneiform script was deciphered
(B) Shortly before the Rosetta stone was unearthed
(C) As soon as additional bilingual inscriptions became available to scholars
(D) A few decades after the hieratic script was decoded
28. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Rosetta stone?
(A) It was found by scholars trying to decode ancient languages.
(B) It contains two versions of hieroglyphic script.
(C) Several of its inscriptions were decoded within a few months of its discovery.
(D) Most of its inscriptions have still not been decoded.
29. The word "thwarted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) continued
(B) influenced
(C) encouraged
(D) frustrated
30. According to the passage, Indo-European incursions caused Old European populations
to
(A) separate into different tribes
(B) move eastward
(C) change their ways of living obtaining food
(D) start recording historical events in Writing
31. The author mentions the Balkans in the passage in order to explain why
(A) Indo-European languages were slow to spread in Old Europe
(B) the inhabitants of Old Europe were not able to prevent Indo-European incursions
(C) the use of the Old European script declined
(D) the Old European culture survived for a time after the Indo-European incursions
The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions
used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially
distinguished the nation's “urban” from its “rural” population for the first time. “Urban
population” was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after
1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants.
Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban” to take
account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in
incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived in
unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban
fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of
50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and
social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area (SMSA).
Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or
(b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social
purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller
of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the county in
which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are found to be metropolitan
in character and economically and socially integrated with the county of the central city.
By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these
urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities.
While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by
1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe
the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “towns” and
“cities”. A host of terms came into use : “metropolitan regions,” “polynucleated
population groups,” “conurbations,” “metropolitan clusters,” “megalopolises,” and so on.

(A) How cities in the United States began and developed
(B) Solutions to overcrowding in cities
(C) The changing definition of an urban area
(D) How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census
40. According to the passage, the population of the United States was first classified as
rural or urban in
(A) 1870
(B) 1900
(C) 1950
(D) 1970
41. The word “distinguished”in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) differentiated
(B) removed
(C) honored
(D) protected
42. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defined
as urban?
(A) 2,500
(B) 8,000
(C) 15,000
(D) 50,000
43. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in
1950?
(A) City borders had become less distinct.
(B) Cities had undergone radical social change.
(C) Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.
(D) New businesses had relocated to larger cities.
44. The word “those”in line 9 refers to

(A) boundaries
(B) persons
(C) units
(D) areas
45. The word “constituting” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) located near
(B) determined by
(C) calling for
(D) making up
46. The word “which ” in line 18 refers to a smaller

(A) population
(B) city
(C) character
(D) figure
47. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?

(A) It has a population of at least 50,000
(B) It can include a city's outlying regions.
(C) It can include unincorporated regions.
(D) It consists of at least two cities.
48. By 1970, what proportion of the population in the United States did NOT live in an
SMSA?
(A) 3/4
(B) 2/3
(C) 1/2
(D) 1/3
49. The Census Bureau first used the term “SMSA” in

(A) 1900
(B) 1950
(C) 1969
(D) 1970
50. Where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an
urban area?
(A) Lines 4-5
(B) Line 7-8
(C) Line 21-23
(D) Line 27-29
The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has been a
source of wonder for ages. Biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by
natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous. Newton's laws of
motion assume that the total amount of spin of a body cannot change unless an external
torque speeds it up or slows it down. If a cat has no spin when it is released and
experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist around as it falls.
In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician's trick.
The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process
is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's fall slowed down for the
phenomenon to be observed. A century ago the former was accomplished by means of
high-speed photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy. But in the
nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment.
The experiment was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in 1894. Two
sequences of twenty photographs each, one from the side and one from behind, show a
white cat in the act of righting itself. Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show
that the cat was dropped upside down, with no initial spin, and still landed on its feet.
Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret ; As the cat rotates the front of its body
clockwise, the rear and tail twist counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in
perfect accord with Newton's laws. Halfway down, the cat pulls in its legs before
reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result. The
explanation was that while no body can acquire spin without torque, a flexible one can
readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could
not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a
thousandfold.

(A) The explanation of an interesting phenomenon
(B) Miracles in modern science
(C) Procedures in scientific investigation
(D) The differences between biology and physics
32. The word “process”in line 10 refers to

(A) the righting of a tumbling cat
(B) the cat's fall slowed down
(C) high-speed photography
(D) a scientific experiment
33. Why are the photographs mentioned in line 16 referred to as an “experiment”?

(A) The photographs were not very clear.
(B) The purpose of the photographs was to explain the process.
(C) The photographer used inferior equipment.
(D) The photographer thought the cat might be injured.
34. Which of the following can be inferred about high-speed photography in the late
1800's ?
(A) It was a relatively new technology.
(B) The necessary equipment was easy to obtain.
(C) The resulting photographs are difficult to interpret.
(D) It was not fast enough to provide new information.
35. The word “rotates” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) drops
(B) turns
(C) controls
(D) touches
36. According to the passage, a cat is able to right itself in midair because it is
(A) frightened
(B) small
(C) intelligent
(D) flexible
37. The word “readily”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) only
(B) easily
(C) slowly
(D) certainly
38. How did scientists increase “the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold”(lines 25-
26)?
(A) By analyzing photographs
(B) By observing a white cat in a dark room
(C) By dropping a cat from a greater height
(D) By studying Newton's laws of motion
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in
season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the
availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to
prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the
cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail
Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and
condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low
because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned
stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all
kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.
Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their
daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and
vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and
meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer
periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western
strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to
six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store
perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the
1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most
of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and
remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly
foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat.
Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits,
vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

(A) Causes of food spoilage
(B) Commercial production of ice
(C) Inventions that led to changes in the American diet
(D) Population movements in the nineteenth century
21. The phrase “in season” in line 2 refers to

(A) a kind of weather
(B) a particular time of year
(C) an official schedule
(D) a method of flavoring food
22. The word “prevent” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) estimate
(B) avoid
(C) correct
(D) confine
23. During the 1860's, canned food products were
(A) unavailable in rural areas
(B) shipped in refrigerator cars
(C) available in limited quantities
(D) a staple part of the American diet
24. It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use
(A) before 1860
(B) before 1890
(C) after 1900
(D) after 1920
25. The word “them ” in line 14 refers to

(A) refrigerator cars
(B) perishables
(C) growers
(D) distances
26. The word “fixture” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) luxury item
(B) substance
(C) commonplace object
(D) mechanical device
27. The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice
(A) decreased in number
(B) were on an irregular schedule
(C) increased in cost
(D) occurred only in the summer
28. The word “Nevertheless” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) therefore
(B) because
(C) occasionally
(D) however
29. Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the
passage?
(A) Drying
(B) Canning
(C) Cold storage
(D) Chemical additives
30. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

(A) Tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more widely available.
(B) Commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners.
(C) Most farmers in the United States raised only fruits and vegetables.
(D) People who lived in cities demanded home delivery of foods.
With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of modern
sculpture in the United States. Direct carving ― in which the sculptors themselves carve
stone or wood with mallet and chisel ― must be recognized as something more than just
a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain
qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own
aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example, sometimes the shape or veining in a
piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but
even the subject matter.
The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in
which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then
turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.
Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily
conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving
the finished marble.
With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional

sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge
for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even as
early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist European artists were attempting direct
carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans ― Laurent and
Zorach most notably ― had adopted it as their primary means of working.
Born in France, Robert Laurent(1890-1970)was a prodigy who received his education in

the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in
the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and
learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.
Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The Priestess,
which reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacific art. Taking a
walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design. It is one of the earliest
examples of direct carving in American sculpture. The plank's form dictated the rigidly
frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as
a break with a long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect
rectangle or square.
1. The word “medium”in line 5 could be used to refer to

(A) stone or wood
(B) mallet and chisel
(C) technique
(D) principle
2. What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?

(A) A sculptor must work with talented assistants.
(B) The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.
(C) The material is an important element in a sculpture.
(D) Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.
3. The word “dictates” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) reads aloud
(B) determines
(C) includes
(D) records
4. How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?
(A) Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.
(B) Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.
(C) Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.
(D) Sculptors receive more formal training.
5.The word “witnessed” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed
6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve?

(A) New York
(B) Africa
(C) The South Pacific
(D) Paris
7. The phrase “a break with ”in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) a destruction of
(B) a departure from
(C) a collapse of
(D) a solution to
8. The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
(A) The design is stylized.
(B) It is made of marble.
(C) The carving is not deep.
(D) It depicts the front of a person.
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to
heart the admonition that form should follow function, and who thought of buildings not
as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic whole that included the land,
the community, and the society. In a very real way the houses of colonial New England
and some of the southern plantations had been functional, but Wright was the first
architect to make functionalism the authoritative principle for public as well as for
domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the
first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the
United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures as
houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the famous Larkin Building
in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company Building in Racine, Wisconsin.

(A) The architecture of public buildings
(B) An architectural pioneer
(C) New England architecture
(D) principles of architecture
2. The phrase “taken to heart” in lines 1-2 is closest in meaning to which of the
following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
3. The word “admonition” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) monition
(B) support
(C) discussion
(D) consideration
4. The word “entities” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) principles
(B) existences
(C) subtractions
(D) properties
5. In what way did Wright's public buildings differ from most of those built by earlier
architects?
(A) They were built on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials came from the southern United States.
(C) They looked more like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they would be used.
6. The author mentions the Unity Temple because it
(A) was Wright's first building
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever designed
7. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright's
architectural principles?
(A) Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings does not need to be revolutionary.
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of structure Frank Lloyd Wright
made ?
(A) houses
(B) factories
(C) southern plantations
(D) churches
Kunci Jawaban
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. C
Lichens, probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just
on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the first
life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche. Unlike
other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between two
plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that
anchors the plant. The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life
that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green
plants, algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to
manufacture their own food. The fungi are believed to supply water, minerals, and
physical support to the partnership.
Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as
is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that
condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no
rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface
of the plants at night. And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the
strong ultraviolet rays in the mountains.
Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old that
they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of these
lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years. For decades,
scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together to form a new
lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen to encounter one another. It was
finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been separated.
Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by animals;
these toll or are blown to a new location
1. Which of the following questions does the passage answer?

(A) Where can the oldest lichen be found?
(B) How long does it take for lichens to establish themselves?
(C) How large can lichens he?
(D) Where do lichens usually occur?
Kunci Jawaban: (D) Where do lichens usually occur?
Cara Jawab: Cukup lihat baris pertama setiap paragraf (juga biasa di kalimat terakhir
paragraf pertama)
-->
Paragraf 1: Lichens live where virtually nothing else can
Paragraf 2: Lichens are famous for their ability to survive
Paragraf 3: Lichens use little energy
2. The word "hardiest" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) most unusual
(B) most basic
(C) most abundant
(D) most vigorous
Kunci Jawaban: (D) most vigorous
Tipe Soal: Vocabulary in Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda
Cara Jawab: (1)Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan; (2) Jika dalam pilihan
jawaban terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks
kalimat
-> hardiest = most vigorous = strongest
3. The word "framework" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) structure
(B) fragment
(C) condition
(D)environment
Kunci Jawaban: (A) structure
kalimat
-> framework = structure
4, The author mentions "the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools" (lines
5-6) in order to explain
(A) how the sun affects lichens
(B) why plants depend on water
(C) where fungi become algae
(D) what algae are
Kunci Jawaban: (D) what algae are
Tipe soal: Factual Information Question (learner diminta u/ mengidentifikasi informasi
spesifik yg secara explicit ditampilkan dalam passage)
pada pertanyaan.
-->
he other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life that grows on
stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that lichens use less energy and grow more slowly
when
(A) the environment is polluted
(B) they are exposed to ultraviolet rays
(C) they are very old
(D) the supply of water is inadequate
Kunci Jawaban: (D) the supply of water is inadequate
Tipe Soal: Inference Question (learner diminta u/ mengidentifikasi informasi spesifik yg
TIDAK secara explicit ditampilkan dalam passage)
Cara Jawab: (1) Jika sebuah effect dinyatakan dl passage, maka yg diujikan ialah cause.
(2) Jika sebuah comparison dl passage, pertanyaan yg diujikan basis of the comparison.
(3) Jika deskripsi dari new phenomenon, yg diujikan karakteristik dari old phenomenon.
-->
Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as
is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that
condition for prolonged periods of time.
6. Which of the following term is defined in the passage?

(A) "anchors" (line 5)
(B) "stagnant" (line 6)
(C) "dew" (line 11)
(D) "ultraviolet" (line 13)
--> dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface of the plants at night
7. The word "prolonged" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) precise
(B) extended
(C) approximate
(D) regular
Kunci Jawaban: (B) extended
kalimat
-> prolonged = extended = panjang (lama)
8. All of the following are mentioned in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT

(A) They are capable of producing their own food.
(B) They require large amounts of minerals to prosper.
(C) They are a union of two separate plants.
(D) They can live thousands of years.
Kunci Jawaban: (B) They require large amounts of minerals lo prosper.
pada pertanyaan.
-->
(paragraph 1) --> ... lichens are actually a partnership between two plants. The
framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that anchors the
plant. The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life that grows on
stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants, algae are
capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture their own
food. The fungi are believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to the
partnership.
(paragraph 2) --> Some lichens can even grow where there is no rain at all, surviving on
only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface of the plants at night.
And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong ultraviolet rays in
the mountains.
(Paragrah 3) You may find lichens that are centuries old;
9. What does the phrase "lichen colonies (line 15) suggest?

(A) Nothing but lichens live in some locations.
(B) Many lichens live together in one area.
(C) Lichens displace the plants that surround them.
(D)Certain groups of lichens have never been separated.
Kunci Jawaban: (B) Many lichens live together in one area.
kalimat
-> colony = a group of animals, insects or plants of the same type that live together
10. The word "encounter" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) lose
(B) support
(C) meet
(D) create
Kunci Jawaban: (B) Many lichens live together in one area.
kalimat
-> encounter = meet = bertemu
11. The word "these" in line 19 refers to

(A) partners
(B) buds
(C) lichens
(D) animals
Kunci Jawaban: (B) buds
mengidentifikasi noun yang diganti menjadi sebuah pronoun / siapa atau apa yang
dirujuk oleh kata ganti tertentu)
Cara Jawab: Idetifikasi pronoun (kata ganti) -letak jawabannya sebelum pronoun.
-->
Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by animals;
these toll or are blown to a new location
After 1785, the production of children's books in the United States increased but
remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the
first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimately,
however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newbery, but Anglo-Irish author
Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's
literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual
intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized
moralism. Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as
vehicles for instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount
of fictional entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's
book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of
fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally
instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction.
American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812 with
the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new
nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for
the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers
of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children.
When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand,
attractive to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the
1820's, stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take
care, of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American
presses, successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative
as they were, these early American stories were quite distinguishable from their British
counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means
disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of
birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious, self-
reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier American
moralistic tradition in children's books.

(A) The career of Maria Edgeworth as an author of children's books
(B) The development of children's literature in the United States
(C) Successful publishers of children's books in Britain and North America
(D) Basic differences between British and American
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) The development of children's literature in the United States
Cara Jawab: Cukup lihat baris pertama setiap paragraf
-->
Paragraf 1: After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States
increased but remained largely reprints of British books ....
Paragraf 2: American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of
1812 with the British.
2. The publisher John Newbery is principally known for which of the following reasons?
(A) He produced and sold books written by Maria Edgeworth.
(B) He had more influence on children American children's literature than any other
publisher
(C) He published books aimed at amusing children rather than instructing them.
(D) He was commercially minded and cheerful.
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) He was commercially minded and cheerful.

pada pertanyaan -keyword: John Newbery is principally known
-->
1. ... often those published by John Newbery, the first publisher to produce books aimed
primarily at diverting a child audience.
2. it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newbery, but Anglo-Irish author Maria
Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's
literature.
3. The word "notwithstanding" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) in spite of
(B) in addition to
(C) as a result of
(D) as a part of
Kunci & Pembahasan:
(A) in spite of
kalimat
--> notwithstanding = in spite of = despite (walaupun ->kontrast)
4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to

(A) children
(B) Americans
(C) books
(D) vehicles
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) Americans
mengidentifikasi noun yang diganti menjadi sebuah pronoun / siapa atau apa yang
dirujuk oleh kata ganti tertentu)
Cara Jawab: Idetifikasi pronoun (kata ganti) -letak jawabannya sebelum pronoun.
-->
Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for
instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional
entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction.
5. The word "allay" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) clarify
(B) attack
(C) reduce
(D) confirm
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) reduce

kalimat
--> allay = reduce (mengurangi)
6. It can be inferred from the passage that American children's books sold before 1785
were almost always
(A) written by Maria Edgeworth
(B) attractive and interesting to children
(C) written by American authors
(D) intended only for religious and moral instruction
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) intended only for religious and moral instruction
Tipe Soal: Inference Question (learner diminta u/ mengidentifikasi informasi spesifik yg
TIDAK secara explicit ditampilkan dalam passage)
Cara Jawab: (1) Jika sebuah effect dinyatakan dl passage, maka yg diujikan ialah cause.
(2) Jika sebuah comparison dl passage, pertanyaan yg diujikan basis of the comparison.
(3) Jika deskripsi dari new phenomenon, yg diujikan karakteristik dari old phenomenon.
-->
The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of
earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.
7. By the end of the eighteenth century, the publishers of children’s looks in the United
States were most concerned about which of the following?
(A) Attracting children with entertaining stories that provided lessons of correct behavior
(B) Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children
and adults
(C) Expanding markets for books in both Britain and the United States
(D) Reprinting fictional books from earlier in the century
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal
to both children and adults
pada pertanyaan -keyword: the end of eighteenth century -publishers (USA) most
concerned
-->
As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted
was the kind of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract
children and morally instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction.
8. The word "permeated" in line 15

(A) opposed
(B) improved
(C) competed with
(D) spread through
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (D) spread through

kalimat
--> permeated = spread trough (menyebar ke seluruh)
9. According to the passage, American children's stories differed from their British
equivalents in that the characters in American stories were
(A) children who showed a change of behavior
(B) children who were well behaved
(C) rarely servants
(D) generally not from a variety of social classes
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (C) rarely servants

pada pertanyaan -keyword: differed from
-->
Imitative as they were, these early American stories were quite distinguishable from their
British counterparts. Few servants appeared in them ....
Few berarti hampir tidak ada atau jarang (rarely)
10. The word" testimony to" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) inspiration for
(B) evidence of
(C) requirement for
(D) development of
Kunci & Pembahasan:
Kunci Jawaban: (B) evidence of

kalimat
--> testimony to (kesasksian) = evidence of (bukti)
The reasons for the extinction of a species, and for the rapid rates of change in our
environment, are currently a focus of much scientific research. An individual species'
susceptibility to extinction depends on at least two things: the taxon (the biological group
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, or genus) to which a species belongs, and the
overall rate of environmental change. Fossil evidence shows that more mammals and
birds become extinct than do mollusks or insects. Studies of the extinction of the
dinosaurs and other reptiles during the Cretaceous Period show that a changing
environment affects different taxa in different ways. Some may be dramatically affected;
others less so.
The best way to answer the question of what causes an extinction is to combine fields of
inquiry and viewpoints. Using the fossil record and historical documentation, the different
rates of extinction of various taxa and different responses to environmental change can
be detected. Then, the evolutionary development of the different species can be
compared and traits that may be disadvantageous can be singled out. Finally,
researchers can use mathematical formulas to determine whether a population is likely
to adopt itself tо the changing environment or disappear. Hopefully, as more of this
information is collected, specialists in different fields -physiological and behavioral
ecology, population ecology, community ecology, evolutionary biology and systematics,
biogeography, and paleobiology - will work together to make predictions about the
broader changes that might occur in the ecosystem.
1. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A. assessment of the work of specialists concerned with ecology
B. a discussion of possible causes of extinction, and of ways to make predictions about
environmental change
C. the changing aspects of our environment
D. a comparison of the existing rates of different taxa
2. The word susceptibility in line 3 is closest in meaning to:

A. insensitivity
B. receptiveness
C. immunity
D. vulnerability
3. An example of a taxon would be:

A. a phylum
B. the rate of environmental change
C. a fossil
D. studies of extinction
4. The author compares mammals and birds to:

A. mollusks and insects
B. phylum and class
C. dinosaurs and reptiles
D. ecologists and biologists
5. It can be inferred from the passage that a significant event of the Cretaceous Period
was:
A. the appearance of many taxa
B. the dramatic effect of the dinosaur on the environment
C. the extinction of birds
D. the extinction of dinosaurs
6. It can be inferred from the passage that dinosaurs:

A. included species that were mammals
B. were better represented in the fossil record than other species
C. possessed disadvantageous traits
D. were not susceptible to extinction
7. The word dramatically in line 8 means:

A. strongly
B. inspiringly
C. flimsily
D. visually
8. The word fields in the line 9 is closest in meaning to:
A. areas
B. meadows
C. studies
D. careers
9. From the passage it can be inferred that disadvantageous traits are:

A. occurring at different rates
B. a contributing cause of extinction
C. adaptable
D. learned by mathematical formulas
10. The expression singled out in line 15 is closest in meaning to:

A. isolated
B. blamed
C. seen
D. divided
11. According to the passage, the likelihood of a population becoming extinct can be:
A. lessened by the efforts of a few concerned specialists
B. unaffected by environmental change
C. determined by mathematical formulas
D. almost impossible to ascertain
12. The word broader in line 20 is closest in meaning to:

A. fatter
B. extra
C. wider
D. many
Kunci Jawaban dan Pembahasan

1. B. a discussion of possible causes of extinction, and of ways to make predictions about
environmental change
Pembahasan: Soal ini yaitu terkait soal main idea. Cara menjawab soal semacam ini
cukup dengn membaca kalimat pertama setiap paragraf. Untuk belajar lebih jauh terkait
skill ini, klik Tips Menjawab Soal Reading TOEFL: Main Idea Question. Kata kunci utama
terdapat pada The reasons for the extinction of a species (Paragraf 1) dan what causes
an extinction (Paragraf 2)
2. D. vulnerability
Pembahasan: Cara menjawab soal pertanyaan kosakata seperti ini yaitu dengan
mencari sinonim di pilihan jawaban yang sesuai dengan konteks kalimat.
3. A. a phylum
Pembahasan: Jawaban terdapat pada the taxon (the biological group - kingdom, phylum,
class, order, family, or genus).
4. A. mollusks and insects

Pembahasan: Jawaban terdapat pada more mammals and birds become extinct than do
mollusks or insects.
5. D. the extinction of dinosaurs

Pembahasan: Soal bentuk ini masuk dalam kategori soal Implied Detail Questions -di
mana Anda mesti menyimpulkan ide dari kalimat atau key word tertentu.
Jawaban terdapat pada Studies of the extinction of the dinosaurs and other reptiles
during the Cretaceous Period show that a changing environment affects different taxa in
different ways.
6. C. possessed disadvantageous traits
Jawaban terdapat pada Then, the evolutionary development of the different species can
be compared and traits that may be disadvantageous can be singled out.
7. A. strongly
mencari sinonim di pilihan jawaban yang paling sesuai dengan konteks kalimat.
8. C. studies
9. B. a contributing cause of extinction

Jawaban terdapat pada the different rates of extinction of various taxa and different
responses to environmental change can be detected. Then, the evolutionary
development of the different species can be compared and traits that may be
disadvantageous can be singled out.
10. isolated
11. C. determined by mathematical formulas

Pembahasan: Jawaban terdapat pada researchers can use mathematical formulas to
determine whether a population is likely to adopt itself tо the changing environment or
disappear.
12. C. wider
The locations of stars in the sky relative to one another do not appear to the naked eye
to change, and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in position. Many
unaware stargazers falsely assume that each star has its own permanent home in the
nighttime sky.
In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous distances
between stars themselves and from stars to Earth, the changes are barely perceptible
here. An example of a rather fast-moving star demonstrates why this misconception
prevails; it takes approximately 200 years for a relatively rapid star like Bernard's star to
move a distance in the skies equal to the diameter of the earth's moon. When the
apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted with the movement of the
planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving.
1. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

a. What the eye can see in the sky
b. Bernard's star
c. Planetary Movement
d. The Evermoving stars
2. The expression "naked eye" in line 1 most probably refers to

a. a telescope
b. a scientific method for observing stars
c. unassisted vision
d. a camera with a powerful lens
3. According to the passage, the distances between the stars and Earth are
a. barely perceptible
b. huge
c. fixed
d. moderate
4. The word "perceptible" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

a. noticeable
b. persuasive
c. conceivable
d. astonishing
5. In line 6, a "misconception" is closest in meaning to a (n)

a. idea
b. proven fact
c. erroneous belief
d. theory
6. The passage states that in 200 years Bernard's star can move
a. around Earth's moon
b. next to the earth's moon
c. a distance equal to the distance from earth to the moon
d. a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the moon
7. The passage implies that from earth it appears that the planets
a. are fixed in the sky
b. move more slowly than the stars
c. show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars
d. travel through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars
8. The word "negligible" in line 8 could most easily be replaced by

a. negative
b. insignificant
c. rapid
d. distant
9. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

a. starts do not appear to the eye to move.
b. the large distances between stars and the earth tend to magnify movement to the
eye
c. Bernard's star moves quickly in comparison with other stars
d. although stars move, they seem to be fixed
10. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

a. the movement of the planets
b. Bernard's star
c. the distance from earth to the moon
d. why stars are always moving
11. This passage would most probably be assigned reading in which course?
a. astrology
b. geophysics
c. astronomy
d. Geography
Directions: This section is designed to measure your ability to read and understand short
passages similar in topic and style to those that students are likely to encounter in North
American universities and colleges. This section contains reading passages and
questions about the passages.
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was the illegitimate son of
Ser Piero, a Florentine notary and landlord, but lived on the estate and was treated as a
legitimate son.
In 1483, Leonardo da Vinci drew the first model of a helicopter. It did not look very much
like our modern day “copter,” but the idea of what it could do was about the same.
Leonardo was an artist and sculptor. He was very interested in motion and movement
and tried to show it in his art. In order to show movement, he found it helpful to study the
way things moved. One subject he liked to study was birds and how they flew. He spent
many hours watching the birds and examining the structure of their wings. He noticed
how they cupped air with their wings and how the feathers helped hold the air. Through
these studies, Leonardo began to understand how birds were able to fly.
Like many other men, Leonardo began to dream of the day when people would be able to
fly. He designed a machine that used all the things he had learned about flight, and thus
became the first model of a helicopter.
Poor Leonardo had only one problem, however. He had no way to give the necessary
speed to his invention. You see, motors had not yet been invented and speed 19 was an
important part of the flying process. It would be another four hundred years before the
engine was invented and another fifty years before it was put to the test in an airplane.
Leonardo’s dream of a helicopter finally came to pass in 1936.
The Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist, Leonardo died on May 2,
1519, and was buried in the cloister of San Fiorentino in Amboise.
1. What is the author’s main point?
a. The invention of the helicopter.
b. Birds cup air with their wings and use feathers to help hold the air.
c. An overview of one of Leonardo da Vinci’s many skills.
d. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 and died in 1519.
2. The word problem in paragraph five could best be replaced by the word:
a. dilemma
b. mistake
c. danger
d. pain
3. The word it in paragraph two refers to:
a. Leonardo da Vinci
b. The first model helicopter
c. 1483
d. motion and movement
4. Which paragraph explains why Leonardo’s helicopter was not successful in his
lifetime:
a. paragraph 1
b. paragraph 2
c. paragraph 4
d. paragraph 5
5. The word illegitimate in paragraph one is closest in meaning to:
a. against the law or illegal
b. not in correct usage
c. incorrectly deduced; illogical
d. born out of wedlock
6. The following sentence would best complete which paragraph?
“Since then people have been living out Leonardo’s dream of flying.”
a. paragraph 3
b. paragraph 4
c. paragraph 5
d. paragraph 2
7. What was the main problem with Leonardo’s invention?
a. motors were not yet invented
b. the birds lost their feathers

c. he was illegitimate
d. he couldn’t draw
8. The word they in the third paragraph refers to:
a. the feathers
b. the birds
c. the studies
d. the wings
9. In what year was the first helicopter flown
a. 1483
b. 1452
c. 1519
d. 1936
10. What two things did birds have that Leonardo da Vinci noticed helped them to fly?
a. wings and beaks
b. feathers and talons
c. wings and feathers
d. cups and feathers
11. The word thus in the fourth paragraph could best be replaced by:
a. Hence
b. After
c. Unsuitably
d. Inappropriately
Kunci Jawaban
1. a. The invention of the helicopter.
2. a. dilemma
3. b. The first model helicopter
4. d. paragraph 5
5. d. born out of wedlock
6. c. paragraph 5
7. a. motors were not yet invented
8. b. the birds
9. d. 1936
10. c. wings and feathers
11. a. Hence
The next artist in this survey of American artist is James Whistler; he is included in this
survey of American artist because he was born in the United States, although the
majority of his artwork was completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in
1834, but nine years later his father moved the family to St. Petersburg, Russia, to work
on the construction of a railroad. The family returned to the United States in 1849. Two
years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at West Point, but he was unable
to graduate. At the age of twenty-one Whistler went to Europe to study art despite
familial objections, and he remained in Europe until his death.
Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is
most famous for his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1: Portrait
of the Artist’s Mother or Whistler’s Mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting
shows a side view of Whistler’s mother, dressed I black and posing against a gray wall.
The asymmetrical nature of the portrait, with his mother seated off-center, is highly
characteristic of Whistler’s work.
1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses

A. a survey of eighteenth-century art
B. a different American artist
C. Whistler’s other famous paintings
D. European artists
2. Which of the following best describes the information in the passage?

A. Several artists are presented
B. One artist’s life and works are described
C. Various paintings are contrasted
D. Whistler’s family life is outlined.
3. Whistler is considered an American artist because

A. he was born in America
B. he spent most of his life in Americat
C. he served in the U.S. military
D. he created most of his famous art in America
4. The world “majority” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

A. seniority
B. maturity
C. large pices
D. high percentage
5. It is implied in the passage that Whistler’s family was

A. unable to find any work at all in Russia
B. highly supportive of his desire to pursue art
C. working class
D. military
6. The word “objections” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A. protests
B. goals
C. agreements
D. battles
7. In line 8, the “etchings” are

A. a type of painting
B. the same as a lithograph
C. an art form introduced by Whistler
D. an art form involving engraving
8. The word “asymmetrical” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

A. proportionate
B. uneven
C. balanced
D. lyrical
9. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passsage?

A. Whistler work with a variety of art forms.
B. Whistler’s Mother is not the official name of his painting.
C. Whistler is best known for his etchings.
D. Whistler’s Mother is painted in somber tones.
10. where in the passage does the author mention the types of artwork that Whistler was
involved in?
A. Lines 1-3
B. Lines 4-5
C. Lines 6-7
D. Lines 8-10
Kunci Jawaban
BBADC ADBCD
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by

combining carbon disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today
because of its effectiveness as a solvent as well as its use in the production of
propellants.
Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home
use. In the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds
that were used throughout the home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it
changes into a poisonous gas that can cause severe illness and even death if it is
inhaled. Because of this dangerous characteristic, the United States revoked permission
for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in 1970. The United States has taken similar
action with various other chemical compounds.
1. The main point of this passage is that

A. carbon tetrachloride can be very dangerous when it is heated
B. the government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970
C. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in
home products.
D. carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning compounds
2. The word “widely” in line 2 could most easily be replaced by

A. grandly
B. extensively
C. largely
D. hugely
3. The word “banned” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

A. forbidden
B. allowed
C. suggested
D. instituted
4. According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was

A. used by itself as a cleanser
B. banned in industrial use
C. often used as a component of cleaning products
D. not allowed in home cleaning products
5. It is stated in the passage that when carbon tetrachloride is heated, it becomes

A. harmful
B. colorless
C. a cleaning compound
D. inflammable
6. The word “inhaled” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

A. warmed
B. breathed in
C. carelessly used
D. blown
7. The word “revoked” in line 8 could most easily be replaced by

A. gave
B. granted
C. instituted
D. took away
8. It can be inferred from the passage that one role of the U.S. government is to
A. regulate product safety
B. prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride
C. instruct industry on cleaning methodologies
D. ban the use of any chemicals
9. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses

A. additional uses of carbon tetrachloride
B. the banning of various chemical compounds by the U.S. government
C. further dangerous effects of carbon tetrachloride
D. the major characteristic of carbon tetrachloride
Kunci Jawaban

C. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in
home products.
A. grandly
B. extensively
C. largely
D. hugely
A. forbidden
B. allowed
C. suggested
D. instituted

A. harmful
B. colorless
D. inflammable
A. warmed
B. breathed in
C. carelessly used
D. blown
A. gave
B. granted
C. instituted
D. took away


Tampa, Florida, owes a great deal of its growth and prosperity to a Cuban cigar
manufacturer named Vicente martinez Ybor. When civil war broke out in 1869, he was
forced to flee his country, and he moved his business to south Florida. Sixteen years
later, labor union problems in Key West caused him to seek a better location along the
west coast of the state. He bought a forty-acre tract of land and made plans to set up his
cigar factory on the site. This original sixteen-block stretch of land later expanded to one
hundred acres near Tampa. This newly developed area was called Ybor City in his honor.
Spanish, Italian, and Cuban immigrants flocked to the area as the demand for workers in
the cigar factory increased. One fifth of the city’s twenty thousand resident enjoyed the
high-paying jobs there. At the end of the 1800s, Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and freedom
fighter, organized a revolution from Ybor City and managed to get considerable support
for his movement. Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” were stationed there during the
Spanish-American War in 1898. Much of the prosperity of this region is due to Ybor’s cigar
factory established more than one hundred years ago.
42. Where is Ybor City located?

A. South Florida
B. Cuba
C. West Florida
D. Marti
43. The word “flee” in line 4 means most nearly the same as
A. Escape
B. Return to
C. Fight
D. disembody
44. The word “seek” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

A. Purchase
B. Pursue
C. Elude
D. develop
45. Why will people probably continue to remember Ybor’s name?

A. He suffered a great deal
B. An area was named in his honor
C. He was a Cuban revolutionary
D. He was forced to flee his homeland
46. In line 12, the word “flocked” is closest in meaning to

A. Came in large numbers
B. Escaped hurriedly
C. Increased rapidly
D. Prospered greatly
47. In the early years, how many residents of Ybor City worked in the cigar factory
A. 4,000
B. 5,000
C. 10,000
D. 20,000
48. What is the best title for the passage?

A. The Spanish-American War
B. Cuban Contributions in the Development of Ybor City
C. Ybor’s Contribution to developing part of the Tampa Area
D. The Process of Cigar Manufacturing
49. In line 8, “site” is closest in meaning to

A. Location
B. View
C. Vision
D. Indebtedness
50. Who was Jose marti

A. A good friend of Ybor
B. One of Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders”
C. A Cuban writer who sought to free his country
D. A worker in the cigar factory
Pembahasan Kunci Jawaban Soal TOEFL
42. Soal ini menanyakan di mana lokasi Ybor City. Dari kalimat "Sixteen years later, labor
union problems in Key West caused him to seek a better location along the west coast of
the state" dapat diketahui bahwa lokasi dari Ybor City terletak di West Florida. Jawaban
yang benal ialah pilihan C.
43. "Flee" merupakan sinonim dari "escape" yang bermakna meninggalkan atau
meloloskan diri dari .... Pilihan yang benar ialah A. Escape.
44. "Seek" mempunyai makna yang sama dengan kata pursue bermakna mencari.
Pilihan jawaban yang sesuai ialah pilihan B.
45. Jawaban yang benar yaitu B. Dari bacaan dapat diduga / disimpulkan bahwa Ybor
akan dikenang karena nama Ybor City diagkat atas penghormatan terhadap Ybor (An
area was named in his honor).
46. "Flocked" dalam klaimat tersebut bermakna "came in large numbers." Kunci
jawaban yang benar yaitu pilihan A.
47. Jawaban yang sesuai bacaan yaitu pilhan A. Jawaban soal ini bisa didapatkan
dari kalimat "One fifth of the city’s twenty thousand residents enjoyed the high-
paying jobs there." one fifth of twenty thousands (1/5 x 20,000) = four thousand (4,000).
48. Secara keseluruhan bisa dilihat reading di atas membahas terkait "Ybor’s
Contribution to developing part of the Tampa Area." Jawaban yang tepat ialah C.
49. "Site" semakna dengan kata "location". Jadi kunci jawabannya ialah pilihan A.
50. Dari kalimat "At the end of the 1800s, Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and freedom
fighter, organized a revolution from Ybor City and managed to get considerable support
for his movement" bisa diketahui bahwa Jose Marti merupkan "A Cuban writer who
sought to free his country." Jadi jawaban yang benar ialah pilihan C.
In 776 B.C., the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the
Greeks’ chief god, Zeus. The warm climate for outdoor activities, the need for
preparedness in war, and their lifestyle caused the Greeks to create competitive sports.
Only the elite and military could participate at first, but later the games were open to all
free Greek males who had no criminal record. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness
and strength in their education of youth. Therefore, contest in running, jumping, discuss
and javelin throwing, boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cities,
and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winners were greatly
honored by having olive wreaths placed on their heads and having poems sung about
their deeds. Originally these contests were held as games of friendship, and any wars in
progress were halted to allow the games to take place. They also helped to strengthen
bonds among competitors and the different cities represented.
The Greeks attached so much importance to the games that they calculated time in four-
year cycles called “Olympiads,” dating from 776 B.C. The contest coincided with religious
festivities and constituted an all-out effort on the part of the participants to please the
gods. Any who disobeyed the rules were dismissed and seriously punished. These
athletes brought shame not only to themselves, but also to the cities they represented.
32. Which of the following is NOT true ?

A. Winners placed olive wreaths on their own heads.
B. The games were held in Greece every four years.
C. Battles were interrupted to participate in the games.
D. Poem glorified the winners in song.
33. The word “elite” in line 5 is closest in meaning to…

A. aristocracy
B. Brave
C. intellectuals
D. muscular
34. Why were the Olympic Games held?

A. To stop wars
B. To honor Zeus
C. To crown the best athletes
D. To sing songs about the athletes
35. Approximately how many years ago did these games originate?
A. 800 years
B. 1200 years
C. 2300 years
D. 2800 years
36. What conclusion can we draw about the ancient Greeks?

A. They were pacifists
B. They believed athletic events were important
C. They were very simple
D. They couldn't count, so they used “Olympiads” for dates
37. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Physical fitness was an integral part of the lives of the ancient Greeks
B. The Greeks severely punished those who did not participate in physical fitness
programs
C. The Greeks had always encouraged everyone to participate in the games
D. The Greeks had the games coincide with religious festivities so that they could go
back to war when the games were over
38. In line 14, the word “deeds” is closest in meaning to…

A. Accomplishments
B. Ancestors
C. Documents
D. Property
39. Which of the following was ultimately required of all athletes competing in the
Olympics?
A. They must have completed military service.
B. They had to attend special training sessions
C. They had to be Greek males with no criminal record
D. They had to be very religious
40. The word “halted” in line 16 means most nearly the same as…
A. Encourages
B. Started
C. Curtailed
D. Fixed
41. What is an “Olympiad”?

A. The time it took to finish the games
B. The time between games
C. The it took to finish a war
D. The time it took the athletes to train
Pembahasan
32. Jawaban bisa dilihat pada kalimat "Winners were greatly honored by having olive
wreaths placed on their heads and ...." Dari kata by having olive wreaths placed ini
menandakan ada orang ke tiga yang diperintahkan atau bertugas untuk menaruh olive
wreaths di atas kepala mereka. Ingat pelajaran Causative (Have + Object + VIII). Jadi,
jawaban yang benar yaitu jawaban A (Winners placed olive wreaths on their own
heads).
33. "Only the elite and military could participate." Elite sudah seharusnya bukan masalah
lagi bagi kebanyakan pelajar Indonesia mengingat kata ini juga digunakan dalam bahasa
Indonesia (peyerapan). Pilihan yang paling sesuai dengan kata elite yaitu aristocracy.
Jadi, jawaban yang benar yaitu pilihan A (Arisctocracy).
34. "... Olympic Games were held ... to honor the Greeks’ chief god, Zeus." Dari kalimat
ini dapat diketahui bahwa tujuan penyelenggararan Olympic Games yaitu to
honor Zeus (B).
35. Dari kalimat pertama paragraf pertama kita lihat bahwa Olympic Game untuk
pertama kalinya di adakan pada tahun 776 SM. Diantara pilihan jawaban yang ada
pilihan bagian D (2, 800) tahun years merupakan pilihan yang paling dekat. Jadi,
jawaban yang benar yaitu pilihan D.
36. Jawaban yang tepat yaitu pilihan B. Soal ini merupakan jenis pertanyaan
interferensi. Pilihan jawaban A saalah, karena mereka juga kadang ikut dalam
pertempuran. Pilihan C juga salah karena tidak ada pembahasan dalam reading
mengatakan bahwa mereka simple. Juga jawaban D, tidak ada data menunjukkan bahwa
mereka tidak mempu count. Karena seluruh teks di atas secara kesuluruhan membahas
tentang athletic maka hanya jawaban B yang logis.
37. Jawaban yang tepat yaitu A. Dari kalimat "The Greeks emphasized physical fitness
and strength in their education of youth." menandakan bahwa "Physical fitness was an
integral part of the lives of the ancient Greeks." Pilihan B tidak disebutkan dalam bacaan.
Pilihan C juga salah karena hanya orang-orang tertentu yang boleh ikut dalam Olympic
Games dinyatakan pada kalimat "Only the elite and military could participate at first, but
later the games were open to all free Greek males who had no criminal record. " Pleasing
the gods pada festival keagamaan merupakan tujuan dari penyelenggaraan perlombaan
ini bukan untuk kembali pada peperangan (D).
38. Arti dari kalimat "deed" secara umum yaitu perbuatan. Dalam konteks kalimat di atas
"deed" yang dimaksud yaitu accompalishment (A).
39. Dari pilihan jawaban yang ada hanya pilihan C yang sesuai dengan bacaan. Lihat
kalimat ke tiga paragraph 1 "Only the elite and military could participate at first, but later
the games were open to all free Greek males who had no criminal record."
40. Jawaban benar ialah pilihan C. "Halted" paling sesui dengan makna "curtailed."
41. Jawaban yang benar yaitu pilihan B (The time between games). Bisa diketahui
dari kalimat pertama paragraf 2 "The Greeks attached so much importance to the games
that they calculated time in four-year cycles called “Olympiads,” dating from 776 B.C."
Questions 11 through 18 are based on the following passage.
In 1920, after some thirty-nine years of problems with disease, high costs, and politics,
the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by
allowing ships to pass thorough the fifty-mile canal zone instead of travelling some seven
thousand miles around Cape Horn. It takes a ship approximately eight hours to complete
the trip through the canal and costs an average of fifteen thousand dollars, one tenth of
what it would cost an average ship to round the Horn. More than fifteen thousand ships
pass through its locks each year.
The French initiated the project but sold their rights to the United States, which actually
began the construction of the project. The latter will control it until the end of the
twentieth century when Panama takes its duties.
11. Who currently controls the Panama Canal?

A. France B. United States C. Panama D. Canal Zone
12. The word ‘locks’ in line 6 is closest in meaning to

A. Securities B. latches C. lakes D. canal gates
13. On the average, how much would it cost a ship to travel around Cape Horn?
A. $1,500 B. $15,000 C. $150,000 D. $1,500,000
14. In what year was construction begun on the canal?

A. 1881 B. 1920 C. 1939 D. 1999
15. It can be inferred from this passage that

A. The canal is costly project which should be reevaluated
B. Despite all the problems involved, the project is beneficial
C. Many captains prefer to sail around Cape Horn because it is less expensive
D. Problems have made it necessary for these governments to control the canal over
the years
16. In line 2, the word ‘linking’ is closest in meaning to

A. Controlling B. dispersing C. detaching D. joining
17. In paragraph 2, ‘initiated’ is nearest in meaning to

A. Purchased B. Launched C. forfeited D. forced
8. All of the following are true EXCEPT

A. it cost so much to pass through the locks because very few ships use them
B. the United State received the rights to the canal from the French
C. ship can pass through the canal in only eight hours
D. passing through the canal saves thousands of miles of travel time around Cape Horn.
Pembahasan SOAL TOEFL Reading

11. Soal ini mempertanyakan siapa yang mengontrol Panamal Canal untuk sekarang saat
ini. Hal ini dibahas pada paragraf dua, pada kalimat: The latter will control it until the end
of the twentieth century .... Kata the latter merujuk kepada subject "united states." Jadi
jawaban yang tepat yaitu jawaban B (united States). Anda perlu mengetahui terkait kata
the latter. Pasangan kata the latter yaitu the former. The latter bermkana the second
sementara teh former bermakna the first. Dalam paragraf dua kita lihat bahwa ada dua
subjek yang disebutkan di awal kalimat yaitu the french dan the uinted stated. Jadi the
former mengarah ke the french sementara the latter mengarah ke the united states.
12. Lock bisa bermakna pintu jadi dalam kalimat ini yang dikatkan sebagai pintu yaitu
canal gates.
13. Paragraf pertama pada reading di atas menjelaskan bahwa untuk complete the trip
through the canal menghabiskan biaya sebanyak fifteen thousand dollars ($15, 000) dan
untuk trip hanya di Horn berbiaya one tenth (1/10) dari biaya untuk complete the trip
through the canal ($15, 000).$15, 000 X 1/10 = $1, 500. Jadi jawaban yang benar yaitu
jawaban A ($1, 500).
14. Soal ini menanyakan kapan dimulainya pembangunan canal yang dimkasud dalam
bacaan. Kita lihat bahwa canal itu resmi dibuka pada tahun 1920 stelah 39 tahun
lamanya. Jadi 1920-39 = 1881. Jawaban yang benar yaitu jawaban A 1881.
15. Di antara pilihan jawaban, hanya pilihan jawaban B yang agaks sesuai dengan
bacaan.
16. Linking merupakan sinonim dari joining.
17. Initiated bermakna commenced / launched.
18. Pilihan jawaban yang tidak sesuai bacaan yaitu jawaban A. Jawaban A mengatakan
bahwa very few use them (locks). Very few bermkana jampir tidak ada atau sangat
sedikit .Sementara pada bacaa menagtakan bahwa fifteen thousan ships melewati locks.
(1) Hot boning is an energy-saving technique for the meat processing industry. It has
received significant attention in recent years when increased pressure for energy
conservation has accentuated the need for more efficient methods of processing the
bovine carcass. Cooling an entire carcass requires a considerable amount of refrigerated
space, since bone and trimmable fat are cooled along with muscle. It (5) is also
necessary to space the carcasses adequately in the refrigerated room for better air
movement and prevention of microbial contamination, thus adding to the volume
requirements for carcass chillers.
Conventional handling of meat involves holding the beef sides in the cooler for 24 to 36
hours before boning. Chilling in the traditional fashion is also associated with a loss of
carcass weight ranging from 2 (10) percent to 4 percent due to evaporation of moisture
the meat tissue.
Early excision, or hot boning , of muscle prerigor followed be vacuum packaging has
several potential advantages. By removing only the edible muscle and fat prerigor,
refrigeration space and cost are minimized, boning labor is decreased, and storage yields
increased. Because hot boning often result in the toughening of meat, a more recent
approach, hot boning following electrical stimulation, has been (15) used to reduce the
necessary time of rigor mortis.
Some researchers have found this method beneficial in maintaining tender meat, while
others have found that the meat also becomes tough after electrical stimulation.
1. The word "accentuated" in the line 2 is closest in meaning to.

(A) de-emphasized
(B) speeded up
(C) caused
(D) highlighted.
2. All of the following are mentioned as drawbacks of the conventional method of boning
EXCEPT
(A) Storage space requirements
(B) Energy waste
(C) Loss of carcass weight
(D) Toughness of meat
3. In the line 2, the word "pressure" is closest in meaning to

(A) urgency
(B) weight
(C) flavor
(D) cooking texture
4. Hot boning is becoming very popular because

(A) it causes meat to be very tender
(B) it helps conserve energy and is less expensive than conventional methods
(C) meat tastes better when the bone is adequately seared along with the meat
(D) it reduces the weight of the carcass
5. In the line 7, "carcass" is nearest in meaning to

(A) a refrigerator for the animal body
(B) a method of boning meat
(C) electrical stimulation of beef
(D) early excision
6. In the line 11, "early excision" is closest in meaning to

(A) vacuum packaging
(B) hot boning
(C) carcass chilling
(D) electrical stimulation
7. The toughening of meat during hot boning has been combatted by

(A) following hot boning with electrical stimulation
(B) tenderizing the meat
(C) using electrical stimulation before hot boning
(D) removing only the edible muscle and fat prerigor
8. The word "bovine" in line 3 is nearest in meaning to

(A) cold
(B) electrically stimulated
(C) beef
(D) pork
9. The word "this" in line 16 refers to

(A) hot boning
(B) hot boning following electrical stimulation
(C) rigor mortis
(D) removing edible muscle and fat prerigor
10. In line 3, the word "carcass" is closest in meaning to

(A) deboned meat
(B) body
(C) refrigerator
(D) fat
11. The word "considerable" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) frigid
(B) kind
(C) lesser
(D) substantial
12. One reason it is recommended to remove bones before refrigerating is that

(A) it makes the meat more tender
(B) the bones are able to be used for other purposes
(C) it increases chilling time
(D) it saves cooling space by not refrigerating parts that will be discarded
13. The word "trimmable in line 4 is nearest in meaning to

(A) unsaturated
(B) removable
(C) unhealthy
(D) chillable
Pembahasan Jawaban test TOEFL

1. Jawaban yang benar yaitu pilihan D. Kalimat itu mengindikasikan bahwa
kebutuhan untuk memelihara energy sudah semakin highlighted (jelas/terbuka).
2. Jawaban yang sesuai yaitu D. Yang dipertanyakan oleh soal yaitu terkait apa
yang TIDAK menjadi drawback dari conventional method. Kita lihat dari pilihan
jawaban kita lihat bahwa pilihan D Toughness of meat merupakan drawback dari
hot boning (metode pengganti conventional method). Sementara pilihan lain A, B,
dan C merupakan drawback dari conventional method.
3. (A) kalimat di atas mengindikasikan bahwa ada urgency dalam memelihara

energy.
14. Soal bagian ini mempertanyakan terkait alasan metode Hot Boning menajadi
sangat popular pada saat ini. Itu berarti hal yang mesti kita pilih terkait kelebihan
yang dipunyai oleh Hot Boning . Kelebihan yang mana menutupi kekurangand ari
metode conventional. Yang sangat sesuai akan kelebihan dari metode Hot Boning
pada pilihan jawaban yatitu pilihan B.
5. (A) Jika Anda mengetahui bahwa carcass meruapakan sinonim dari body dan to
chill sinonim dari to cool maka akan lebih cepat. Tapi tanpa mengetahui arti kata
secara pasti pun, Anda tetap bias mengetahui sinonim dari kata carcass chiller
hanya dengan membaca teks. Anda bisa melihat bahwa objeck yang dibacarakan
dalam bacaan terkait meat. Dan carcass termasuk benda yang di cooling (lihat
baris 5). Dan dari kata chiller, Anda bisa mengetahui bahwa chiller mengarah ke
suatu alat dengan alasan penggunaan akhiran –er. Olehnya, Anda hanya perlu
mencari jawaban yang menandakan suatu alat.
6. (B) Sangat jelas. Penggunaan kata or menandakan bahwa early excision

merupakan kata lain dari hot boning. Jawabannya yaitu B.
7. Jawaban dari soal ini dapat Anda lihat pada paragraf ke tiga "Because hot
boning often result in the toughening of meat, a more recent approach, hot
boning following electrical stimulation, has been used to reduce the necessary
time of rigor mortis." Toughening of meat merupakan salah satu masalah dalam
penggunaan metode hot boning. Masalah ini telah di -combatted dengan "hot
boning following electrical stimulation" atau "following hot boning with electrical
stimulation."
8. Bovine bermakna daging sapi. Jadi pilihan yang tepat yaitu C beef.
9. Menjawab soal TOEFL reading terkait referensi artikel termasuk hal yang
mudah. Anda bisa melihat kalimat sebelum dari letak artikle yang dipertanyakan.
Artikel this merupakan referensi kata dari hot boning.
10. Keseluruhan bacaan membahas tentang perlakuan pada body of dead animal
yang mana disebut dengan sebutan carcass. Jawaban yang benar yaitu B.
11. Kata considerable memodifikasi kata amount (jumlah). Itu berarti makna
considerable harus menjadi ukuran besar atau kecil. Considerable amount mesti
bermakna jumlah yang besar atu mungkin jumlah yang kecil. Dari pilihan jawaban
yang ada jawaban A dan D tidak sesuai dengan konteks ini. Sementara jawaban C
(Lesser) juga tidak karena lesser menandakan adanya yang dibandingkan (masuk
dalam kategori comparison). Semnetara dalam kalimat kita tidak melihat ada
yang dibandingkan. Jadi jelas jawaban yang benar yaitu jawaban D.
12. Bacaan di atas menyatkan bahwa metode hot boning menghasilkan daging
yang lebih kuat (tougher meat) jadi jawaban A jelas salah. Bacaan tidak
membahasa terkait penggunaan (purposes) dari bone jadi jawaban B juga jelas
salah. Bagian C juga sangat jelas salah; meningkatkan waktu memasak
(menghabiskan waktu yang lebih lama) tentu saja bukan hal yang
menguntungkan. Jadi jawaban yang benar yaitu jawaban D.
13. Trimmable berasal dari kata trim yang bermkana to cut atau to remove. Jadi
jawaban yang benar adalah B.
3. The stone age was a period of history which began in approximately 2 million B.C
and lasted until 3000 B.C. Its name was derived from the stone tools and weapons
that modern scientists found. This period was divided into the Paleolithic,
Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. During the first period (2 million to 8000 B.C), the
first hatchet and use of fire for heating and cooking were developed. As s result of
the Ice Age, which evolved about I million years into the Paleolithic Age, people
were forced to seek shelter in caves, wear clothing, and develop new tools.
During the Mesolithic Age (8000 to 6000 B.C.), people made crude pottery and
the first fish hooks, took dogs hunting, and developed the bow and arrow, which
were used until the fourteenth century A.D.
The Neolithic Age (6000 to 3000 B.C.) saw humankind domesticating sheep,
goats, pigs, and cattle, being less nomadic than In previous eras, establishing
permanent settlements, and creating governments.
1. Into how many periods was the stone age divided?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
2. In line 3, the word “derived”is closest in meaning to

A. Originated
B. Destroyed
C. Hallucinated
D. Discussed
3. Which of the following was developed earliest?

A. Fish hook
B. Hatchet
C. Bow and arrow
D. Pottery
4. Which of the following developments is not related to the conditions of the Ice
Age?
A. Farming
B. Clothing
C. Living indoors
D. Using fire
5. The word “crude” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

A. Extravagant
B. Complex
C. Vulgar
D. Primitive
6. The author states that the stone age was so named because
A. It was very durable like stone
B. The tools and weapons were made of stone
C. There was little vegetation
D. The people lived in stone caves
7. In line 17, “nomadic” is closest in meaning to

A. Sedentary
B. Wandering
C. Primitive
D. Inquisitive
8. With what subject in the passage mainly concerned?

A. The Neolithic Age
B. The Paleolithic Age
C. The stone Age
D. The Ice Age
9. Which of the following best describes the Mesolithic age?

A. People were inventive
B. People stayed indoors all the time
C. People were warriors
D. People were crude
10. In line 17, the word “eras” is closest in meaning to

A. Families
B. Periods
C. Herds
D. Tools
4. Pemabahasan Kunci Jawaban

5. 1. Jawaban yang sesuai text yaitu jawaban B. Jadi Periode Stone Age dibagi ke
dalam 3 masa: masa Paleolithic, Mesolithic, dan Neolithic.
2. Jawaban yang paling mirip maknanya dengan kata derived yaitu originated.
Derived dan originated dalam kontek kalimat Its name was derived from the stone
bermkna berasal dari.
3. Yang ditanyakan soal yaitu tentang benda apa yang paling lebih dahulu
dikembangkan. Masa paling awal yaitu masa Paleolithic, jadi bendanya mesti
berasal dari masa ini. Dari bacaan di atas kita bisa lihat benda yang paling dahulu
dikembangkan yaitu hatchet dan penggunaan fire untuk memanasi dan
memasak. Di pilhan jawaban hanya ada hatchet. Jadi jawaban yang benar yaitu
B. Hachet.
4. Ice Age masuk ke dalam Paleolithic Age. Kita lihat di teks bahawa di masa Ice
Age orang-orang mesti mencari perlindungan dalam cave, penggunaan baju, dan
mesti mengembangkan alat-alat baru lainnya. Di jawaban kita lihat bahwa
clothing, living indoors, dan penggunaan api serta farming. Diantara ke empat
jawaban hanya farming yang tidak berhubungan dengan masa Ice Age.
5. Kata crude sesuai dengan kata primitive.
6. Pertanyaan ini meminta Anda menganalisa mengapa masa itu disebut masa
Stone Age. Kita lhat phrase the stone tools and weapons. Phrase ini bermakna
senjata dan alat-alat batu (terbuat dari batu). Jadi jawaban yang benar yaitu the
tools and weapons were made of stone (jawaban B).
7. Kita lihat kata tersebut menandakan perbedaan anatara masa Mesolithic dan
masa Neolithic. Di masa Mesolhitic penduduk masih sering hunting menggunakan
dog sementara kita lihat di masa Neolithic binatang yang dibahas terkait binatang
peliharaan (peternakan). Jadi, jawaban yang benar yaitu masa Neolithic kurang
wandering.
8. Sangat jelas yang menjadi pokok pembicaraan terkait stone age sebagai garis
besar.
9. Dari teks di atas kita bisa lihat bahwa masa Mesolithic merupakan masa paling
berkembang dibanding ke dua masa lainnya. Olehnya dipilihan jawaban yang
sesuai yaitu jawaban A (people were inventive.)
10. Teks dari awal membahas tentang periods. Jadi eras paling dekat maknanya
dengan periods.
SECTION 3
READING COMPREHENSION
Time-55 minutes
(including the reading of the directions)
Now set your clock for 55 minutes.
This section is designed to measure the ability to read and understand short passages
similar in topic and style to those found in North American universities and colleges.
Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a
number of questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer, A, B, C or D, to
each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in
the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or
implied in that passage.
Read the following passage:
John Quincy Adams, who served as the sixth president of the United States from 1825 to
1829, is today recognized for his masterful statesmanship and diplomacy. He dedicated
his life to public service, both in the presidency and in the various other political offices
that he held. Throughout his political career he demonstrated his unswerving belief in
freedom of speech, the antislavery cause, and the right of Americans to be free from
European and Asian domination.
Example I
To what did John Quincy Adams devote his life?
(A) Improving his personal life

(B) Serving the public
(C) Increasing his fortune
(D) Working on his private business
According to the passage, John Quincy Adams "dedicated his life to public service."
Therefore, you should choose (B).
Example II
In line 4, the word "unswerving" is closest in meaning to
(A) movable
(B) insignificant
(C) unchanging
(D) diplomatic
The passage states that John Quincy Adams demonstrated his unswerving belief
"throughout his career." This implies that the belief did not change. Therefore, you should
choose (C).
Now begin work on the questions.
Questions 1-9
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by
combining carbon disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today
because of its effectiveness as a solvent as well as its use in the production of
propellants.
Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home
use. In the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds
that were used throughout the home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it
changes into a poisonous gas that can cause severe illness and even death if it is
inhaled. Because of this dangerous characteristic, the United States revoked permission
for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in 1970. The United States has taken similar
action with various other chemical compounds.

C. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home
products.

A. grandly
B. extensively
C. largely
D. hugely

A. forbidden
B. allowed
C. suggested
D. instituted


A. harmful
B. colorless
D. inflammable

A. warmed
B. breathed in
C. carelessly used
D. blown

A. gave
B. granted
C. instituted
D. took away

Questions 10-19
The next artist in this survey of American artist is James Whistler; he is included in this
survey of American artist because he was born in the United States, although the
majority of his artwork was completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in
1834, but nine years later his father moved the family to St. Petersburg, Russia, to work
on the construction of a railroad. The family returned to the United States in 1849. Two
years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at West Point, but he was unable
to graduate. At the age of twenty-one Whistler went to Europe to study art despite
familial objections, and he remained in Europe until his death.
Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is
most famous for his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1: Portrait
of the Artist’s Mother or Whistler’s Mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting
shows a side view of Whistler’s mother, dressed I black and posing against a gray wall.
The asymmetrical nature of the portrait, with his mother seated off-center, is highly
characteristic of Whistler’s work.

A. A survey of eighteenth-century art
B. a different American artist
C. Whistler’s other famous paintings
D. European artists
11. Which of the following best describes the information in the passage?
A. Several artists are presented
B. One artist’s life and works are described
C. Various paintings are contrasted
D. Whistler’s family life is outlined.
12. Whistler is considered an American artist because

A. he was born in America
B. he spent most of his life in Americat
C. he served in the U.S. military
D. he created most of his famous art in America
13. The world “majority” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

A. seniority
B. maturity
C. large pices
D. high percentage
14. It is implied in the passage that Whistler’s family was

A. unable to find any work at all in Rusia
B. highly supportive of his desire to pursue art
C. working class
D. military
15. The word “objections” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

A. protests
B. goals
C. agreements
D. battles
16. In line 8, the “etchings” are

A. a type of painting
B. the same as a lithograph
C. an art form introduced by Whistler
D. an art form involving engraving
17. The word “asymmetrical” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

A. proportionate
B. uneven
C. balanced
D. lyrical
18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passsage?

A. Whistler work with a variety of art forms.
B. Whistler’s Mother is not the official name of his painting.
C. Whistler is best known for his etchings.
D. Whistler’s Mother is painted in somber tones.
19. where in the passage does the author mention the types of artwork that Whistler was
involved in?
A. Lines 1-3
B. Lines 4-5
C. Lines 6-7
D. Lines 8-10
Questions 20-30
The locations of stars in the sky relative to one another do not appear to the naked eye
to change, and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in position. Many
unaware stargazers falsely assume that each star has its own permanent home in the
nighttime sky.
In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous distances
between stars themselves and from stars to Earth, the changes are barely perceptible
here. An example of a rather fast-moving star demonstrates why this misconception
prevails; it takes approximately 200 years for a relatively rapid star like Bernard's star to
move a distance in the skies equal to the diameter of the earth's moon. When the
apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted with the movement of the
planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving.
20. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
a. What the eye can see in the sky
b. Bernard's star
c. Planetary Movement
d. The Evermoving stars
21. The expression "naked eye" in line 1 most probably refers to

a. a telescope
b. a scientific method for observing stars
c. unassisted vision
d. a camera with a powerful lens
22. According to the passage, the distances between the stars and Earth are
a. barely perceptible
b. huge
c. fixed
d. moderate
23. The word "perceptible" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a. noticeable
b. persuasive
c. conceivable
d. astonishing
24. In line 6, a "misconception" is closest in meaning to a (n)

a. idea
b. proven fact
c. erroneous belief
d. theory
25. The passage states that in 200 years Bernard's star can move
a. around Earth's moon
b. next to the earth's moon
c. a distance equal to the distance from earth to the moon
d. a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the moon
26. The passage implies that from earth it appears that the planets
a. are fixed in the sky
b. move more slowly than the stars
c. show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars
d. travel through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars
27. The word "negligible" in line 8 could most easily be replaced by

a. negative
b. insignificant
c. rapid
d. distant
28. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

a. starts do not appear to the eye to move.
b. the large distances between stars and the earth tend to magnify movement to the eye
c. Bernard's star moves quickly in comparison with other stars

d. although stars move, they seem to be fixed
29. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

a. the movement of the planets
b. Bernard's star
c. the distance from earth to the moon
d. why stars are always moving
30. This passage would most probably be assigned reading in which course?
a. astrology
b. geophysics
c. astronomy
d. geography
Questions 31-40
It has been noted that, traditionally, courts have granted divorces on fault grounds: one
spouse is deemed to be at fault in causing the divorce. More and more today, however,
divorces are being granted on a no-fault basis.
Proponents of no-fault divorces argue that when a marriage fails, it is rarely the case that
one marriage partner is completely to blame and the other blameless. A failed marriage
is much more often the result of mistakes by both partners.
Another argument in favor of no-fault divorce is that proving fault in court, in a public
arena, is a destructive process that only serves to lengthen the divorce process and that
dramatically increases the negative feelings present in a divorce. If a couple can reach a
decision to divorce without first deciding which partner is to blame, the divorce
settlement can be negotiated more easily and equitably and the postdivorce healing
process can begin more rapidly.

a. Traditional grounds for divorce
b. Who is at fault in a divorce
c. Why no-fault divorces are becoming more common
d. The various reasons for divorces
32. The word "spouse" in line 1 is closest in meaning to a

a. judge
b. problem
c. divorce decree
d. marriage partner
33. according to the passage, no-fault divorces

a. are on the increase
b. are the traditional form of divorce
c. are less popular that they used to be
d. were granted more in the past
34. It is implied in the passage that

a. there recently has been a decrease in no-fault divorces
b. not all divorces today are no-fault divorces
c. a no-fault divorce is not as equitable as a fault divorce
d. people recover more slowly from a no-fault divorce
35. The word "proponents" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a. Advocates
b. Recipients
c. Authorities
d. Enemies
36. The passage states that a public trial to prove the fault of one spouse can
a. be satisfying to the wronged spouse
b. lead to a shorter divorce process
c. reduce negative feelings
d. be a harmful process
37. Which of the following is NOT listed in this passage as an argument in favor of no-
fault divorce?
a. Rarely is only one marriage partner to blame for a divorce
b. A no-fault divorce generally costs less in legal fees
c. Finding fault in a divorce increases negative feelings
d. A no-fault divorce settlement is generally easier to negotiate
38. The word "present" in line 9 could most easily be replaced by

a. existing
b. giving
c. introducing
d. resulting
39. The word "settlement" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

a. development
b. serenity
c. discussion
d. agreement
40. The tone of this passage is

a. emotional
b. enthusiastic
c. expository
d. reactionary
Questions 41-50
Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely
religious and moral in tone, by the latter half of the century the revolutionary fervor that
was coming to life in the colonies began to be reflected in the literature of the time,
which in turn served to further influence the population. Although not all writers of this
period supported the Revolution, the two best-known and most influential writers, Ben
Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly supportive of that cause.
Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother's
newspaper, the New England Current. In these articles he used a simple style of
language and common sense argumentation to defend the point of view of the farmer
and the Leather Apron man. He continued with the same common sense practicality and
appeal to the common man with his work on Poor Richard's Almanac from 1733 until
1758. Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people, Franklin wrote a variety
of extremely effective articles and pamphlets about the colonist's revolutionary cause
against England.
Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the

time of the Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense, which appeared in 1776, was a
force in encouraging the colonists to declare their independence from England. Then
throughout the long and desperate war years he published a series of Crisis papers (from
1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to continue on with the struggle. The
effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional yet oversimplified
depiction of the cause of the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good and
evil.

a. how literature influence the population
b. religious and moral literature
c. literature supporting the cause of the American Revolution
d. what made Thomas Paine's literature successful
42. The word "fervor" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

a. war
b. anxiety
c. spirit
d. action
43. The word "time" in line 3 could best be replaced by

a. hour
b. period
c. appointment
d. duration
44. It is implied in the passage that
a. some writers in the American colonies supported England during the Revolution
b. Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution
c. because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the colonies
d. authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution
45. The pronoun "he" in line 8 refers to

a. Thomas Paine
b. Ben Franklin
c. Ben Franklin's brother
d. Poor Richard
46. The expression "point of view" in line 9 could best be replaced by

a. perspective
b. sight
c. circumstance
d. trait
47. According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's Almanac is

a. pragmatic
b. erudite
c. theoretical
d. scholarly
48. The word "desperate" in line 16 could best be replaced by

a. unending
b. hopeless
c. strategic
d. combative
49. Where in the passage does the author describe Thomas Paine's style of writing?
a. lines 4-6
b. lines 8-9
c. lines 14-15
d. lines 18-20
50. The purpose of the passage is to

a. discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteen century
b. give biographical data on two American writers
c. explain which authors supported the Revolution
d. describe the literary influence during revolutionary America
Kunci Jawaban
CBAC ABDA BBBA DCAD BCDD CBAC DDBB ACCD ABAD BADC BCBA BAAB DD

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Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of the

Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of

Kunci Jawaban: (C) Their development of agriculture

Kunci Jawaban: (D) experimentation and domestication

Kunci Jawaban: (B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago

Jadi jawaban paling tepat ialah pilihan B.

13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

Kunci Jawaban: (A) sufficient

'Adequate' merupakan sinonim dari 'sufficient'.

Kunci Jawaban: (D) Desire for the consistent availability of food

15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

Kunci Jawaban: (B) instead of

Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda

'Rather than' merupakan sinonim dari 'instead of'.

16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to

'Including' menunjukkan sebuah contoh (example). Pilihan tepat ialah D.

17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

Kunci Jawaban: (C) grew well

'Thrived' merupakan sinonim dari 'grew well''.

Kunci Jawaban: (A) They were varieties of weeds.

Kunci Jawaban: (C) women

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

Kunci Jawaban: (D) search for food

forage: to go from place to place searching, especially for food

22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to

Kunci Jawaban: (A) periodically

23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single

Kunci Jawaban: (C) To protect their trail from other species

a wide variety = different (keyword)

Kunci Jawaban: (A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail

one milligram of this substance = how little pheromone

27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

Kunci Jawaban: (B) provide

furnish: to provide with furniture; to put furniture in

28. The word “oscillating “ in line 17 is closest in meaning to

Kunci Jawaban: (C) swinging

oscillating: to move repeatedly from one position to another

Kunci Jawaban: (B) just above the trail

the highest amount = the highest concentration (keyword)

14. The word 'their' in line 4 refers to:

15. The word 'persecuted' in line 10 in closest in meaning to:

19. Why does the author mention 'execution' in line 11?

22. The word 'penchant' in the line 12 most nearly means:

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

2. The word "intriguing" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

3. In line 7, the author mentions "cracks in an eggshell" in order to help readers

7. The word "endless" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

32. The word "scattered" in line 2 is closest in meaning toD

34.The phrase "by virtue of" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

35. The word "circumscribed" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

38.The word "It” in line 16 refers to

39. The word "indeterminate" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

40. The passage is most likely followed by a discussion of

22. What does the passage mainly discuss?

23. According to the passage, New Elamite is

25. The word “fortuitous” in line 5 is closet in meaning to

26. The word "them" in line 6 refers to

29. The word "thwarted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

39. What does the passage mainly discuss?

41. The word “distinguished”in line 3 is closest in meaning to

44. The word “those”in line 9 refers to

45. The word “constituting” in line 16 is closest in meaning to