VIRTUCIO, JULIE ANNE I.

01-24-‘17
2MT04 HW# 1 PHARMACOLOGY

Brief History of Pharmacology

Primitive Period
 Primitive people uses drugs for mystical or magic powers rather than their physiologic
effect
 They believed that evil spirits caused diseases
 Alcohol and opium were one of the first medicinal plants

Ancient Period
 Egypt - cradle of civilization
- oldest phase of medicine

 Ebers Papyrus- written 3,000 years ago, an Egyptian medical source

that listed 700 different remedies to treat specific ailments. It
covers different prayers in driving away diseases and specific recipes
for drugs (e.g. aloe, oil, opium, peppermint, and vinegar)

 Greece - pharmaceutical history begins with legends of gods and goddesses

 Aesculapius- god of healing
 Hippocrates- father of medicine
 Dioscorides- Greek physician who wrote the Materia Medica, which
specifically described 600 different plants and classified them by
substance rather than by the disease they intend to treat. This
became the main source of pharmaceutical knowledge up to the
16th century

 Rome - after the Roman conquest of Greece, Greek medicine migrates to Rome
 Galen- a Greek physician who established a system of medicine and
pharmacy. He was the first to prepare the cold cream and rose
water ointment

Medieval Period
 Dark Age - a period of about 600 years, characterized by the destruction of old
civilization and little progress in learning
 There was a spread in Christianity and the establishment of the Venerable Bede- a
medieval monastery where monks preserved their works on pharmacy and medicine on
manuscripts
 Arabian Influence - establishment of schools and hospitals and discovery of many
new drugs. Arabs are the originator of syrups, alcohol, and aromatic water. They
produced the first pharmaceutical formula or set of standards (Apothecary System)
 Geber - the first great Mohammedan and reputed discoverer of nitric acid, sulfuric
acid, and nitro hydrochloric acid
- “Father of Arab Chemistry”
16th Century
• Paracelsus - “Father of Pharmacology”
o Swiss scientist that first advocated the use of a single drug rather than mixtures
and potions (advantage: the dosage of a single dose can be regulated more
precisely than that of complex mixtures
o Improved pharmacy and therapeutics, introducing new remedies and
compounds and reducing overdosing

17th Century
 Great interest was displayed in chemistry and pharmacy and many preparations are in
use.
 Ex. Cinchona bark – discovered by the Indians; used in treating and preventing
malaria.
Syrup of ipecac – discovered by the natives of Brazil; used for amoebic dysentery
 William Harvey – explained how drugs exert beneficial or harmful effects. He also
demonstrated the circulation of blood in the body and introduced a new way of
administering drug – Intravenously

18th Century
 Edward Jenner – an English physician who made the first public inoculation of smallpox
vaccine in 1756
 William Withering – an Englishman who introduced the infusion digitalis for the
treatment of heart disease.

19th Century
 Friedrich Serturner – a German pharmacist who discovered alkaloid morphine
substance.
 Francois Magendie & Claude Bernard – with the use of purified drug, they
demonstrated that certain drugs work at specific sites of action within the body.
 The French Codex was the first important pharmacology book to be produced in 1818.
 Ether and Chloroform were first used as general anesthesia in the 1840s.

20th Century
• Important legislation was instituted to control the manufacture and sales of drugs.
These include the Food and Drug Act of 1906 & 1938 and the Harrison Narcotic Drug Act
of 1914 & Controlled Substance Act of 1970.
• Lister & Semmelweis – introduced the use of antiseptics to prevent infection during
surgery
• Two early landmarks in the 20th century:
– Ehrlich – introduced Salvarsan for treating syphilis and responsible for the
introduction of antibiotics
– Banting & Best’s discover of insulin in treating diabetes.
 The History of Pharmaceutical Industry
Origins
● Can be traced back to the chemical industries (of the late 19th century) in the upper
Rhine Valley of Switzerland.
○ When dye stuffs they produced were found to have antiseptic properties, a
number of these industries turned into pharmaceutical industries e.g. Hoffman-
La Roche, Sandoz, Ciba-Geigy, etc.
● Another origin is the drug store.
○ First known drug store was opened by Arabian pharmacists in Baghdad in 754,
and many more soon began operating throughout the Islamic world and
Europe.
○ By the 19th century, many of the drug stores in Europe and North America had
developed into larger pharmaceutical companies.
■ Most of today's major pharmaceutical companies were founded in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Key Discoveries (1920s - 1930s)

● Key discoveries of the 1920s and 1930s, such as insulin and penicillin, became mass-
manufactured and distributed. Switzerland, Germany, Italy, UK, US, Belgium and
Netherlands, had strong industries.
● Along with the relative success of other innovative drugs, research and development
(R&D) became a major thrust area of the pharmaceutical industry.

Expansion in 60s
● Attempts were made by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to increase
regulation of pharmaceutical industries and to limit financial links between companies
and prescribing physicians.
● In 1964, after the thalidomide tragedy (in which the use of a new tranquilizer in
pregnant women caused severe birth defects in the new born child), the World Medical
Association set standards for clinical research.
○ Pharmaceutical companies were required to prove efficacy and safety of the
drug in clinical trials before marketing them.
70s
● Introduction of tighter regulation
○ revocation of permanent patents
○ introduction of fixed periods on patent protection for branded products
○ Because of this, generic products boomed
■ they started earning huge profits, because generic manufacturers do
not incur the cost of drug discovery. (A generic drug is a drug on which
patent has expired).
● From 1978, India took over as the primary center of pharmaceutical production of bulk
drugs and products without patent protection.
○ The industry remained relatively small scale until the 1970s when it began to
expand at a greater rate.
80s
● Drugs for heart disease and for AIDS were a feature of the 1980s.
● US FDA started approving such drugs quickly keeping in view the nature of the disease.
● Legislation allowing strong patents, to cover both the process of manufacture and the
specific products came into force in most countries.
○ Because of this, small industries were hit by this and many closed down or were
taken over by large industries.
90s
● In 1990s and till date a number of mergers and takeovers have taken place.
○ Pharmaceutical manufacturing became concentrated, with a few large
companies holding a dominant position throughout the world.

Best Known Pharmaceutical Industries:

● Novartis,
● Pfizer,
● Bayer,
● Glaxo Smith Kline,
● Johnson and Johnson,
● Merck & Co.,
● Abbott Laboratories,
● Procter & Gamble,
● Wyeth ,
● Dr.Reddy’s,
● Ranbaxy, etc.

History of Pharmacy Philippines

Faculty of Pharmacy (UST)
● The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy was founded in May 1871 by virtue
of the Modification of the Moret decree.
● It was during the Spanish regime, the degree in pharmacy was one of six in years. In
1901.
● When the American administration took over, the curriculum was revised to four years.
● In 1916 the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy was further revised to three
years.
● It was until 1930 when a four-year curriculum was adapted.
● Finally in 1954, the curriculum was revised to five years.
● In 1984, the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy curriculum was again reduced to
four years with the integration of some subjects.
● In 1962, Faculty of Pharmacy continued to expand with the addition of the degree of
Bachelor of Science in biochemistry and also the degree of Bachelor of Science
in medical technology.
● University of Santo Tomas has gained the distinction of introducing the degree of
Bachelor of Science in biochemistry for the first time in the Philippines.
● The Faculty of Pharmacy also has the distinction of being the first institution in the
University of Santo Tomas to admit female students during 1924.
Botica Boie
● Was the first and largest drug store in the Philippines during the 19th century and well
into the 1960s.
o Botica Boie was an important institution in the Philippines and has an
interesting history, although historians tend to neglect its significance to
Philippine culture
● Botica Boie was founded in 1830 by a Spaniard named Dr. Lorenzo Negrao in Manila.
o The original name of the store is not known, as the name "Botica Boie" was
coined only in 1867.
● In 1850, two German pharmacists -- Heinrich Schmidt and Friedrich Steck -- purchased
the drug store from Dr. Negrao.
o In 1857, Steck bought Schmidt's company share and assumed full ownership of
the store.
● A keen businessman, Steck also bought another rival drug store, the Botica de sta cruz .
Steck became a famous figure in Manila during the latter years of the Spanish era.
o He was known as Don Federico among the local people, who mistook him for a
Spaniard.
o To monopolize his trade, Steck also bought Botica Sto. Cristo, which was located
at 348 Calle Sto. Cristo in Binondo, and Botica de Cebu.

León María Guerrero y Leogardo

● The first licensed pharmacist in the Philippines, and one of the most eminent botanist in
the country in his time.
● León María was one of the 14 children of León Jorge Guerrero and Clara Leogardo. He
was born on January 21, 1853 in Ermita, Manila.
● After completing his primary and secondary education, he enrolled at the University of
Santo Tomas, where he graduated in 1875 with a degree bachelor of
science in pharmacy, specializing in botany and zoology.
● The following year, he was licensed to practice Pharmacy.
● Guerrero was appointed head of the military pharmacy in Zamboanga City, Zamboanga
Del Sur and at the marine hospital in Kawit, Cavite. Later, he would manage the popular
Binondo Pharmacy in Manila.
To strengthen and empower Pharmacy in the Philippines, the Republic Act 5921 or Pharmacy
Law has been imposed. This is described as the" Act regulating the practice of pharmacy and
settings standards of pharmaceutical education in the Philippines and of other purposes."
There are also several government agencies that are monitoring pharmacists, pharmaceutical
industries and pharmaceutical institutions in the country to preserve the fundamentals of
Pharmacy. Relatively, there are also known groups and associations widespread that conduct
trainings, seminars or conferences to boost the expansion and progress of Pharmacy in the
country thus presenting competent and proficient Filipino pharmacists in and out of the
country.
The Philippine Pharmacists Association, Inc. (PPhA)
● Founded on 29 August 1920 and is the only Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) -
accredited, integrated national organization of licensed Filipino pharmacists with 83
regional and local chapters, 10 affiliate organizations and about 15,000 individual
members.
History
● The Philippine Pharmacists Association, Inc (PPhA) was born out of crisis that besieged
the profession in the middle of the 1920's.
○ It all began when complaints were filed against a few pharmacists who were
accused of dispensing substandard medicines.
○ Realizing the need to address the crisis as a group, several pharmacists met on
29 August 1920 at the original site of the Manila College of Pharmacy (now the
Manila Central University).
○ This paved the way for the foundation of the Philippine Pharmaceutical
Association - the formidable fortress of Filipino pharmacists and defender of
professional rights.
Aims and Achievements
● Since the beginning, the PPhA aimed to raise the standards of pharmacy practice in the
country.
● Research activities were highly promoted by the Association as most of its leaders were
respected educators and scientists.
○ The first issue of the Journal of the Philippine Pharmaceutical Association
(JPPhA) was published in September 1928.
○ The very first National Pharmacy Week was celebrated on 11 - 17 October 1931.
It was also the PPhA which promoted the development of the local
pharmaceutical industry during the 1950's.
● The Association has been an active member of the Federacion Internationale
Pharmaceutique (FIP) since 1957. It was also one of the founding members of the
Federation of Asian Pharmaceutical Associations (FAPA) in 1964. In 1975, the PPhA was
accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and in 1994 became the
first recipient of PRC's "Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization of the Year".
● It was in 2008 that the name of PPhA was changed to Philippine Pharmacists Association
to emphasize that it is an organization of pharmacists in the country.