Adiabatic Process?

In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter
between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. In an adiabatic process, energy is
transferred to its surroundings only as work

There is only internal energy (temperature) variation, and the energy is converted into
mechanical energy, which can be expansion (work done by the thermodynamic system) or
compression (work done by the external environment). The internal energy and the mechanical
energy can be represented by ΔU = W.

Difference between mass and weight?

There is a basic difference, because mass is the actual amount of material contained in a body
and is measured in kg, gm, etc. Whereas weight is the force exerted by the gravity on that object
mg. Note that mass is independent of everything but weight is different on the earth, moon, etc

A stone skips on water why?

Flat, round stones are best because the surface area creates a bounce on impact, but the “magic
angle” between a spinning stone and the water should be about 20 degrees in order to achieve the
maximum number of skips

Water in an earthen pot?

In an earthen pot, water gets evaporated quickly through the pores. Cooling is caused by
evaporation. Some heat energy is utilised during the process of evaporation. Since this energy is
taken from the water itself, it leads to a lowering of temperature in the remaining amount of
water.

Why running on sand is difficult?

We will have to work a lot harder and get fatigued quicker when running on soft sand. Due to
the uneven surface provided by the sand the body will have to compensate to stay in a
technically proficient running pose

What is differential in a vehicle?

The automotive differential is designed to drive a pair of wheels while allowing them to rotate at
different speeds. In vehicles without a differential, such as karts, both driving wheels are forced
to rotate at the same speed, usually on a common axle driven by a simple chain-drive
mechanism. The differential allows the outer drive wheel to rotate faster than the inner drive
wheel during a turn. This is necessary when the vehicle turns. An increase in the speed of one
wheel is balanced by a decrease in the speed of the other.
 What is the definition of sunrise/sunset and moonrise/moonset, especially regarding the
exact times of day when they occur?

Sunset occurs when the upper edge of the Sun – called the upper limb – sinks just under the
horizon; sunrise occurs when the upper limb rises just above the horizon. The same is true for the
Moon. These events can happen earlier or later than expected because the atmosphere bends the
light rays near the horizon in such a manner that the Sun and Moon can appear to be above the
horizon when they are already (or still, in the case of sunrise and moonrise) beneath it.

What is Eclipse?

An eclipse takes place when one heavenly body such as a moon or planet moves into the shadow
of another heavenly body. There are two types of eclipses on Earth: an eclipse of the moon and
an eclipse of the sun.

What Is a Lunar Eclipse?

The moon moves in an orbit around Earth, and at the same time, Earth orbits the sun. Sometimes
Earth moves between the sun and the moon. When this happens, Earth blocks the sunlight that
normally is reflected by the moon. (This sunlight is what causes the moon to shine.) Instead of
light hitting the moon’s surface, Earth's shadow falls on it. This is an eclipse of the moon -- a
lunar eclipse. A lunar eclipse can occur only when the moon is full.

What Is a Solar Eclipse?

Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and Earth. When this happens,
the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching Earth. This causes an eclipse of the sun, or
solar eclipse. During a solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow onto Earth.

Green House effect?

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy
reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and
re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some
artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This process maintains
the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius
Voltage and frequency?

Frequency and Voltage are different things.

Voltage is defined as the potential difference that pushes a current in Amperes through a
Resistance in Ohms. This Voltage can be a steady value or a repetitive waveform (square wave,
sinewave, triangular
Frequency is the number of cycles that a voltage waveform repeats itself per seconds.
A voltage with 0 frequency in effect is steady at a certain value which is known as DC voltage.

Refraction of light?

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different. The
refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray
toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. The amount of bending depends on
the indices of refraction of the two media and is described quantitatively by Snell's Law.
Index of refraction, n=c/v
C= velocity of light in vacuum
V=velocity of light in medium

Simple Harmonic Motion?

In addition to linear motion and rotational motion there is another kind of motion that is common
in physics. This is the to and fro motion of oscilations or vibrations. When something oscillates,
it moves back and forth with time.

Simple harmonic motion is typified by the motion of a mass on a spring when it is subject to the
linear elastic restoring force given by Hooke's Law. The motion is sinusoidal in time and
demonstrates a single resonant frequency.
The time taken for the particle to complete one oscilation, that is, the time taken for the particle
to move from its starting position and return to its original position is known as the period. and is
generally given the symbol T. The frequency ν is related to the period, it is defined as how many
oscillations occur in one second. Since the period is the time taken for one oscillation, the
frequency is given by f = 1/T.
The maximum displacement of the particle from its resting position is known as the amplitude.

Atmospheric Pressure (Liquid Column)

Since static fluid pressure is determined by the fluid density and depth, the
depth or height difference of a given liquid is commonly used
for pressure measurement:

The fact that the liquid levels are the same

in these three manometers shows that the
pressure in the glass manifold above them
is uniform. This is under static conditions
with no air flow through the system so that
all parts of it are at atmospheric pressure.
The fact that open liquids will seek a
common level is the principle behind liquid
levels for construction purposes.

Since the static fluid pressure is dependent only upon density and depth, choosing a liquid of
standard density like mercury or water allows you to express the pressure in units of height or
depth, e.g., mmHg or inches of water. The mercury barometer is the standard instrument for
atmospheric pressure measurement in weather reporting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure
with height can be predicted from the barometric formula .
For mercury barometer, the atmospheric pressure provides the force necessary to push the
mercury up the evacuated tube. Even though it acts downward in the illustration, by Pascal's
principle we know that the pressure acts in all directions and can force the mercury up the tube
until its weight is enough to equal the force of the atmosphere
Density of water=1000kg/m3
Density of Mercury=13.56g/cm3 or 13546kg/m3

Why does ice float on water?

Most materials become denser the colder they get.

Water is a weird one. Water does get denser as it cools, up to a point. As water becomes cold
enough to freeze, the water molecules start to lock into place as they solidify into ice. Due to the
structure of the water molecules, this causes the water to expand slightly (about 9%) as it
solidifies.

So, the molecules are slightly further apart when in solid form than when in liquid form.

Because the same mass of water is now occupying more space, it will float in liquid water.

If an object is less dense than the fluid it’s in, it will float on it.
It will float with about 9% of it’s volume poking above the surface.

How does a ship float on water?

When the ship is in the ocean, gravity is a constant downward force on the ship, but the water on
which the ship is in has a constant upward force on the ship called buoyant force.

This process is based on the Archimedes principal which states that,

The buoyant force of a fluid = weight of the displaced liquid,

The ship will float as long as it weighs less than the amount of water it displaces.

Sensible and Latent heat?

Latent and sensible heat are types of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere. Latent
heat is related to changes in phase between liquids, gases, and solids and sometimes with no
change in temperature (water remains at 100c while boiling). Sensible heat is related to changes
in temperature of a gas or object with no change in phase.

Ozone layer depletion?

The ozone layer is a belt of the naturally occurring gas "ozone." It sits 9.3 to 18.6 miles (15 to
30 kilometers) above Earth, and serves as a shield from the harmful ultraviolet B (UVB)
radiation emitted by the sun. Ozone is a highly reactive molecule that contains three oxygen
atoms. It is constantly being formed and broken down in the high atmosphere, 6.2 to 31 miles
(10 to 50 kilometers) above Earth, in the region called the stratosphere.

Today, there is widespread concern that the ozone layer is deteriorating due to the release of
pollution containing the chemicals chlorine and bromine. Such deterioration allows large
amounts of ultraviolet B rays to reach Earth, which can cause skin cancer and cataracts in
humans and harm animals as well.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chemicals found mainly in spray aerosols heavily used by

industrialized nations for much of the past 50 years, are the primary culprits in ozone layer
breakdown. When CFCs reach the upper atmosphere, they are exposed to ultraviolet rays,
which causes them to break down into substances that include chlorine. The chlorine reacts
with the oxygen atoms in ozone and rips apart the ozone molecule. One atom of chlorine can
destroy more than a hundred thousand ozone molecules.

Stable equilibrium, Unstable and Neutral Equilibrium?

Stable equilibrium
When the centre of gravity of a body lies below point of suspension or support, the body is said
to be in STABLE EQUILIBRIUM. For example a book lying on a table is in stable
equilibrium.
Explanation
A book lying on a horizontal surface is an example of stable equilibrium. If the book is lifted
from one edge and then allowed to fall, it will come back to its original position.
Other examples of stable equilibrium are bodies lying on the floor such as chair, table etc.

Unstable equilibrium

When the center of gravity of a body lies above the point of suspension or support, the body is
said to be in unstable equilibrium
Example
pencil standing on its point or a stick in vertically standing position.
Explanation:
If thin rod standing vertically is slightly disturbed from its position it will not come back to its
original position. This type of equilibrium is called unstable equilibrium, other example of
unstable equilibrium are vertically standing cylinder and funnel etc.

Neutral equilibrium
When the center of gravity of a body lies at the point of suspension or support, the body is said
to be in neutral equilibrium. Example: rolling ball.
Explanation
If a ball is pushed slightly to roll, it will neither come back to its original nor it will roll
forward rather it will remain at rest. This type of equilibrium is called NEUTRAL
EQUILIBRIUM.

Mirrors and Lenses?

 Light reflects from a mirror. Light goes through, and is refracted by, a lens.

 Lenses have two focal points, one on either side of the lens.

 A concave mirror converges light to a focal point. For lenses, light converges to a point
for a convex lens. A convex mirror diverges light, as does a concave lens.

Any lens that is thicker in the center than the ends is a convex lens. Any lens thicker at the ends
than in the center is a concave lens.

Power of an engine?

Engine power or horsepower is the maximum power that an engine can put out. It can be
expressed in kilowatts or horsepower. The power output depends on the size and design of
the engine, but also on the speed at which it is running and the load or torque.
POWER is the measure of how much WORK can be done in a specified TIME.

An engine produces POWER by providing a ROTATING SHAFT which can exert a given
amount of TORQUE on a load at a given RPM. The amount of TORQUE the engine can exert
usually varies with RPM.
Explain about the power stroke in a 4 stroke engine.

Torque is the measure of how much a force acting on a body can cause the object to rotate.

Shear Stress and bending moment?

Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural
analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear force and bending
moment at a given point of a structural element such as a beam. These diagrams can be used to
easily determine the type, size, and material of a member in a structure so that a given set
of loads can be supported without structural failure.
What is a boiler and its types?

Boiler is a Device that is used to generate steam.