AIR OPERATED TRI AXIS DRILLING MACHINE

PROJECT REPORT 2018-2019

Submitted by:
(Team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the
Award of Diploma in
-----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education
Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department:
College name:
Place:

COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT

PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No.------------ of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On --------------(date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore
Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED

PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully

completed our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks
and gratitude to the management of our college and our
beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the
facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our

principal ------------------for forwarding us to do our project and
offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department

prof…………., for her/him constructive suggestions
&encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest

&sincere thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of
Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and encouragement
during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our
TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
---------- (college Name).
AIR OPERATED TRI AXIS DRILLING
MACHINE
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE
SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Air tank
3.2 Pneumatic cylinder
3.3 Solenoid valves
3.4 Wheel
3.5 Rack & pinion
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Machine components
4.2 Overall diagram
5 Working principle
6 Advantages and Disadvantages
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
Photography

LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Title

1 Over all diagram

SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

Modern drilling is new mechanical innovation for industrial

application. It replace radial drilling machine. In this machine, any regular or

irregular components are easily clamped or fixed.

This Machine mainly used for industrial field. Lot of work force is

required to drill work pieces this machine reduce workers and easy to work.
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

Around 35,000 BCE, Homo sapiens discovered the benefits of the application of

rotary tools. This would have rudimentarily consisted of a pointed rock being spun

between the hands to bore a hole through another material. This led to the hand drill, a

smooth stick that was sometimes attached to flint point, and was rubbed between the

palms. This was used by many ancient civilizations around the world including the

Mayans. The earliest perforated artifacts such as bone, ivory, shells and antlers found, are

from the Upper Paleolithic era.

Bow drill (strap-drills) are the first machine drills, as they convert a back-and

forth motion to a rotary motion, and they can be traced back to around 10,000 years ago.

It was discovered that tying a cord around a stick, and then attaching the ends of the

string to the ends of a stick(a bow), allowed a user to drill quicker and more efficiently.

Mainly used to create fire, bow-drills were also used in ancient woodwork, stonework

and dentistry. Archeologist discovered a Neolithic grave yard in Mehrgrath, Pakistan

dating from the time of the Harappans, around 7,500-9,000 years ago, containing 9 adult

bodies with a total of 11 teeth that had been drilled. There are hieroglyphs depicting

Egyptian carpenters and bead makers in a tomb at Thebes using bow-drills. The earliest

evidence of these tools being used in Egypt dates back to around 2500 BCE. The usage of

bow-drills was widely spread through Europe, Africa, Asia and North America, during
ancient times and is still used today. Over the years many slight variations of bow and

strap drills have developed for the various uses of either boring through materials or

lighting fires.

We had chosen the user defined project (UDP) for our final year project. We are

decided our topic to develop the automatic multi-operational portable machine say like

tapping, drilling, grinding, reaming, and other relative operation. This will make use of

compressed air (pneumatic mechanism) for its operation. We will trying to develop the

portable machine which will easily handle and cover a maximum working area from one

station and make it more flexible to working easily. As a small industries the machine and

operation method use for drilling, tapping and other similar process is not economically

and eco friendly. As we know that drilling machine use the electricity as there power

source these machine have many limitation like it is not flexible and not moveable,

consume more floor area and main problem is that it need continuous electricity which

increase the cost of production. The tapping operations are performed by use of

convention tap or hand tap. during operation it is necessary with a hand tap to

periodically reverse rotation to break the chip formed during the cutting process, thus

preventing effect called crowding that may cause defect. In convention method, main

problem causes during the tapping operation for big job industries and complex job these

causes are created defect on tap tool, increasing operational lead time, inaccuracy of

thread geometry, more production cost and more labour cost.

1.1 General Aspects of Drilling Machine:

Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating

cutter called DRILL. The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine. The
drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock

and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the twist drill.

It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work piece

is held stationary i.e. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole.

Drilling machine is kind of machine rotating cutting tool which direction the drill feeds

only on the machine axis(workmanship perforation). Drilling is operating while

producing round holes in the piece work by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

A Drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment,

usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various materials or fastening

various materials together with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuck

at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material.

The tip, and sometimes edges, of the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the

target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings grinding off small particles crushing

and removing pieces of the work piece, countersinking, counter boring, or other

operations.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-

yourself projects. Drills are available with a wide variety of performance characteristics,

such as power and capacity.

Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in parts,

sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned drilling needs

fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed drills due to low space

between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand drills in such cases but hand drills

have alignment problems while drilling. So here we propose a TRI AXIS drill that can be

mounted on a table or wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally, vertically or even
upside down. So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and

surfaces. Thus we use rotating hinges and connectors with motor mount and supporting

structure to design and fabricate a mini 360 degree drill for easy drilling operations.

2 DRILLING PROCESS

Drilling is the method of making holes in a work piece with metal

cutting tools. Drilling is associated with machining operations such as

trepanning, counter boring, reaming and boring. A main rotating

movement is common to all these processes combined with a linear feed.

There is a clear distinction between short hole and deep hole drilling.

The drilling process can in some respects be compared with turning and

milling but the demands on chip breaking and the evacuation of chips is

critical in drilling. Machining is restricted by the hole dimensions, the

greater the hole depth, the more demanding it is to control the process

and to remove the chips. Short holes occur frequently on many

components and high material removal rate is a growing priority along

with quality and reliability.

Solid drilling is the most common drilling method, where the hole is

drilled in solid material to a predetermined diameter and in a single

operation.
Trepanning is principally used for larger hole diameters since this

method is not so power- consuming as solid drilling. The trepanning

never machines the whole diameter, only a ring at the periphery. Instead

of all the material being removed in the form of chips, a core is left

round the center of the hole.

Counter boring is the enlargement of an existing hole with a

specifically designed tool. This machines away a substantial amount of

material at the periphery of the hole.

Reaming is the finishing of an existing hole. This method involves small

working allowances to achieve high surface finish and close tolerances.

The cutting speed, or surface speed (vc) in for drilling is determined by

the periphery speed and can be calculated from the spindle speed (n)

which is expressed in number of revolutions per minute. During one

revolution, the periphery of the drill will describe a circle with a

circumference of π x Dc, where Dc is the tool diameter. The cutting

speed also varies depending upon which cutting edge across the drill-

face is being considered.

A machining challenge for drilling tools is that from the periphery to the

center of the drill, the cutting speed declines in value, to be zero at the
center. Recommended cutting speeds are for the highest speed at the

periphery.

The feed per revolution (ƒn) in mm/rev expresses the axial movement of

the tool during one revolution and is used to calculate the penetration

rate and to express the feed capability of the drill.

The penetration rate or feed speed (vf) in mm/min is the feed of the tool

in relation to the work piece expressed in length per unit time. This is

known as the machine feed or table feed. The product of feed per

revolution and spindle speed gives the rate at which the drill penetrates

the work piece. The hole depth (L) is an important factor in drilling as is

the radial cutting depth (ap) and feed per tooth (fz) for calculations.

Machining holes

Holes are either made or finish machined. Most work pieces have at least

one hole and depending upon the function of the hole, it needs machining

to various limitations.

The main factors that characterize

A hole from the machining view point are:

 diameter

 depth

 quality

 material
 conditions

 reliability

 productivity

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
LITERATURE REVIEW

Micromachining operations play an important role in precision production industries.

Out of the various machining processes, micro-drilling is used to produce micro holes

in fuel injectors, printed circuit board, aerospace materials etc. So in order to achieve

the optimum working conditions various research were conducted by different

researchers from across the globe. This report reviews some of the journal published by

them regarding optimization processes.

Yogendra Tyagi,Vadansh Chaturvedi and Jyoti Vimal have conducted an experiment on

drilling of mild steel, and applied the taguchi methods for determining the optimum

parameters condition for the machining process using the taguchi methods and analysis

of variance. The work piece used is mild steel (100mm×76mm×12mm) and the tool

used is HSS with a point angle of 118° and diameter of 10 mm. Taguchi L9 orthogonal

arrays is used here in order to plan the experiment. The input parameters are feed rate,

depth of cut and spindle speed whereas the output responses are surface roughness and

metal removal rate (MRR).In case of signal to noise ratio calculation, larger the better

characteristics is used for calculation of S/N ratio for metal removal rate and nominal

and small the better characteristics is used for the calculation of S/N ratio for surface

roughness. After the analysis of the data obtained it is found that MRR is affected

mostly by feed. Confirmation experiment was conducted using the data obtained from
S/N ratio graphs and it confirmed with the results of taguchi methodology. In case of

surface roughness analysis same procedure was followed where the significant

parameter was found to be the spindle speed. Here too the confirmation experiment was

conducted and this confirms the successful implementation of taguchi methods.

Timur Canel,A. Ugur Kaya,Bekir Celik studied the laser drilling on PVC material in

order to increase the quality of the cavity. Taguchi optimization methods was used to

obtain the optimum parameters. The material used in the experimental setup is PVC

samples with dimensions of 5mm×85mm×4.5mm. Surelite Continuum Laser is used to

form the cavities. The input parameters are wavelength, fluence and frequency and the

output response are aspect ratio, circularity and heat affected zone. Taguchi L9

orthogonal array is used to find the signal to noise ratio. Smaller the better

characteristics is used for HAZ, larger the better characteristic is used for aspect

ratioand nominal the better characteristic is used for circularity. Variance analysis is

performed usingthe calculated S/N ratio to conclude optimum stage. It is found that

most effective parameter for aspect ratio is frequency, second is wavelength and last is

fluence. For circularity it is found that the most effective parameter is wavelength,

fluence and frequency. For HAZ it is found that the most effective parameter is

wavelength, second is frequency and last is fluence. The experimental results are

compatible with Taguchi method with 93% rate.

Thiren G. Pokar,Prof. V. D. Patel used grey based taguchi method to determine the

optimum micro drilling process parameters. hivapragash, K.Chandrasekaran,

C.Parthasarathy, M.Samuel have tried to optimize the drilling process involving metal

matrix composites(MMC) in order to minimize the damage done to it during the

process by using taguchi and grey rational analysis. The work piece used is Al-

TiBr2(MMCs),with dimension of 100mm × 170mm × 15mm.The tool material is HSS

with diameter of 0.6 mm. The input parameter are spindle speed, depth of cut and feed

rate whereas the output parameter are MRR and surface roughness. For finding out the

optimal combination of cutting parameters the results are converted into S/N ratios and

higher the better type characteristics is used for MMR, and smaller the better

characteristics is used for surface roughness.

Wen Jialing and Wen Pengfei used an orthogonal experimental design in order to find

out the optimum process parameters for injection molding of aspheric plastic lens, to

reduce volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation. Six input parameters

were taken, each with 5 levels(Fill Time/sec, holding pressure/Mpa, holding

pressure/times, cooling time/s, melt temperature/°C, mold temperature/°C.L25(56)

orthogonal array is used to plan the above experiment. The parameters affecting both

volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation are identified in order.

 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

3.1. AIR TANK:

A gas air tank is a mechanical device that increases the

pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Air tanks are similar to

pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport

the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the air tank also

reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so

the main action of a pump is to transport liquids. The key part of any

facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating

air tank. An air tank is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain

pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure. Air tank capacity is

the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume

expressed is that of that of the air at intake conditions namely at

atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.

Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which

decides the life of an air tank. Warm and moist suction air will result

increased precipitation of condense from the compressed air.

 The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by

means using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine

that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a

high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed

and delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the air at

intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal

ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot

Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and

volumes of particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV =C (or) PiVi =P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which

for free is about 14.7Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a

column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer.

PRESSURE GAUGE:

Pressure gauges are usually fitted with the regulators. So the air

Pressure adjusted in the regulator is indicated in the pressure Gauge,

is the line pressure of the air taken to the cylinder.

3.1 DC MOTOR

A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike

magnetic poles attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running

through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the

coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its magnetic field can be

switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the coil the

direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180°. A simple DC

motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature

with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack

slots around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires

terminating on a commutator.

The armature includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center

of the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the commutator

connections. The winding in the armature continues to loop all the way
around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires),

and can circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of

current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate

the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a

particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic

fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating

magnetic field can be created.

These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the

magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor

(stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some

DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their

magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power

levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The

current in the coil is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving

contact with the commutator. Now, some brushless DC motors have

electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no

brushes to wear out or create sparks.

 Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are

connected provides different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics.

The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied

to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature

circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often

controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by

"chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective

lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low

speed, it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives,

and trams. The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on

both electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel

electric drilling rigs for many years.

The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run

machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution.

DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the

motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and

electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are
still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to

operate steel rolling mills and paper machines.

If external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a

dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid

car and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a

street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process

is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric

locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but

dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large

battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

Principle of DC Motor

This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a

current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a

torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the

direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also

reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a

mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of dc motor

established.

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left

hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of

your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the

index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger

indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in

which force is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor.

Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly

similar to a DC generator, but electrically it is just the opposite. Here we

unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to the input port and derive

mechanical energy from the output port. We can represent it by the block

diagram shown below.

Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the

electrical port or the input port and we derive the mechanical output i.e.

torque T and speed ω from the mechanical port or output port.

The input and output port variables of the direct current motor are

related by the parameter K.

 So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just

the opposite phenomena of a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring

and generating operation from the same machine by simply reversing the

ports.
3.2 BATTERY:

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar power.

The battery used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of 12v; 2.5A.the most

inexpensive secondary cell is the lead acid cell and is widely used for

commercial purposes. A lead acid cell when ready for use contains two

plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) of specific gravity about

1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of

Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown colour and the negative

plate (cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey colour.

When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical action

that takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the plates with water

being formed in the electrolyte. After a certain amount of energy has been

withdrawn from the cell, both plates are

Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the

electrolyte (H2so4) is lowerd.the cell is then said to be discharged. there are

several methods to ascertain whether the cell is discharged or not.

To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in the

reverse direction to that in which the cell provided current. This reverses the

chemical process and again forms a lead peroxide (PbO 2) positive plate and
a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the same time, (H 2so4) is formed at the

expense of water,restoring the electrolyte (H2so4 ) to its original condition.

The chemical changes that

Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell.

BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable

Type. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical

energy and make it available as electric current. There are two types of
batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary (rechargeable), both of which

convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Primary batteries can only be

used once because they use up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction.

Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions they

use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through

the battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary,

also called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times

before wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful

for many purposes. The use of batteries has created many environmental

concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. A battery is a device that converts

chemical energy directly to electrical energy it consists of one or more

voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series

by a conductive electrolyte.

One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative

electrode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically

connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or liquid. A battery

can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source which has its own
resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of the

battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load.

When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage

across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source.

As the battery runs down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage

drop across its internal resistance increases, so the voltage at its terminals

decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver power to the load decreases.

REMOTE CONTROL UNIT

IR Transmitter and receiver are used to control any

device wirelessly, means remotely. TV remote and TV
are the best example of IR transmitter and receiver. TV
generally consist TSOP1738 as the IR receiver, which
senses modulated IR pulses and convert them into
electrical signal. Here in our circuit we are building IR
remote and its receiver. We are using IR LED as
transmitter and TSOP1738 as IR receiver.

IR LEDs
IR LED emits infrared light, means it emits light in the
range of Infrared frequency. We cannot see Infrared
light through our eyes, they are invisible to human
eyes. The wavelength of Infrared (700nm – 1mm) is
just beyond the normal visible light. Everything which
produce heat, emits infrared like our human body.
Infrared have the same properties as visible light, like it
can be focused, reflected and polarised like visible light.

Other than emitting invisible infrared light, IR LED looks

like a normal LED and also operates like a normal LED,
means it consumes 20mA current and 3vots power. IR
LEDs have light emitting angle of approx. 20-60 degree
and range of approx. few centimetres to several feets, it
depends upon the type of IR transmitter and the
manufacturer. Some transmitters have the range in
kilometres.

IR Receiver (TSOP17XX)
TSOP17XX receives the modulated Infrared waves and
changes its output. TSOP is available in many
frequency ranges like TSOP1730, TSOP1738,
TSOP1740 etc. Last two digits represent the frequency
(in Khz) of modulated IR rays, on which TSOP
responds. Like for example TSOP1738 reacts when it
receives the IR radiation modulated at 38Khz. Means it
detects the IR which is switching On and Off at the rate
of 38Khz. TSOP’s output is active low, means its output
is remains HIGH when there is no IR, and becomes low
when it detects IR radiation. TSOP operates on
particular frequency so that other IRs in the
environment can’t interfere, except the modulated IR of
particular frequency. It has three pins, Ground, Vs
(power), and OUTPUT PIN.

IR Transmitter Circuit Diagram

We are using TSOP1738 for receiver, so we need to
generate the modulated IR of 38 kHz. You can use any
TSOP, but you need to generate IR of respective
frequency as TSOP. So we are using 555 timer in
Astable mode to oscillate the IR at 38KHz frequency.
As we know oscillation frequency of 555 timer is
decided by resistor R1, R2 and capacitor C1. We have
used 1k R1, 20K R2 and 1nF capacitor to generate the
frequency of approx. 38 KHz. It can be calculated using
this formula: 1.44/((R1+2*R2)*C1).
Output Pin 3 of the 555 Timer IC has been connected
to IR LED using 470 resistor and a push button switch.
Whenever we press the button, circuit emits modulated
IR at 38 KHz. A 100uF capacitor is connected across
the supply to provide the constant supply to the circuit,
without any ripple.

IR Receiver Circuit Diagram

IR Receiver circuit is very simple we just need to
connect a LED to the output of the TSOP1738, to test
the receiver. We have use BC557 PNP transistor here,
to reverse the effect of TSOP, means whenever the
output is HIGH LED will be OFF and whenever it
detects IR and output is low, LED will be ON. PNP
transistor behaves opposite to the NPN transistor, it
acts as open switch when a voltage applied to its base
and acts as closed switch when there is no voltage at
its base. So normally TSOP output remains HIGH and
Transistor behaves as open switch and LED will be
OFF. As soon as TSOP detects Infrared, its output
becomes low and transistor behaves as closed switch
and LED will be ON. A 10k resistor is used for provide
proper biasing to transistor and a 470ohm resistor is
used at LED for limiting the current. So whenever we
press the Button at IR transmitter, it is detected by
TSOP1738 and LED will glow.
We have further modified this circuit by using a relay to
operate the AC mains appliances by an IR remote, in
this remote controlled switch circuit. Check out
our electronic circuits section to learn and build more
interesting circuits and simple projects.
 CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 GENERAL MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:

The AIR OPERATED TRI AXIS DRILLING MACHINEand down

movement consists of the following components to full fill the

requirements of complete operation of the machine.

4.2DRAWING FOR AIR OPERATED FOUR WHEELER

 CHAPTER-5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER-5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

This Machine is Innovation. In this machine x, y, axis was connected

to one screw rod and screw rod other end was connected to motor. In the bed

had T Slot it is used to clamp any regular or irregular components.

The high-speed driller is connected x-axis screw rod and guide way.

Up and down motions ate controlled by vertical screw rod.

This project is design for reducing labor. This machine is worked

three axis and this machine movement is controlled by remote control. Work

piece is clamped, the drill marks are marked, the drill tool moved to marked

place, and switches controls feed.

The sensor unit attached to the driller and sensor probe to be used to

measure the drill depth/ the unit was attached to the microcontroller first the

probe touch the work piece and set zero on lcd display. Now give feed the

sensor using drive-using probe and give the depth reading in mm or inches.
CHAPTER-6
 CHAPTER-6

ADVANTAGES

 It is reliable

 Low maintenance

 It is economic

 It is safe

DISADVANTAGE

Need separate compressor to store the air.

CHAPTER-7

APPLICATION
 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATION

APPLICATION

It is useful for four wheelers.

 CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.
 CHAPTER-IX

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER-IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by “manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-X

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-X

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of small scale industries and automobile maintenance shops. It

is very usefully for the workers to carry out a number of operations in

a single machine.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.

Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task

which has also been provided.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY