AIRPORT MARKING &

AIRPORT LIGHTING

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AIRPORT MARKING

 Pilots can easily spot and recognise various

airport elements

 Identify the landing area

 Know the wind direction

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AIRPORT MARKING

A. Runway marking

B. Taxiway marking

C. Runway and taxiway shoulder marking

D. Apron marking

E. Wind direction indicator

F. Landing direction indicator

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RUNWAY MARKING
1. Runway threshold marking
2. Runway touchdown zone or landing zone
marking
3. Runway edge strip marking
4. Runway centreline marking
5. Runway number
6. Two or more parallel runways
• L, R (Two parallel runways)

• L, C, R (Three parallel runways)

• L, LC, RC, R (Four parallel runways)

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RUNWAY MARKING

 Runway threshold marking

 Indicated by series of parallel lines at a
distance of 6m from runway end
 Runway Touch down area
 Indicated by series of strips marked parallel to
the centre line of runway
 Runway number
 Indicates the magnetic azimuth of the runway
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measured from clockwise from north direction
RUNWAY MARKING

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RUNWAY MARKING

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RUNWAY MARKING

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TAXIWAY MARKING

 Yellow in colour

 Single strip having 15 cm width

 Holding point marker at intersection of taxiway

and runway

 Holding position at least 30 m from edge of

runway

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TAXIWAY MARKING

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TAXIWAY MARKING

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RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY SHOULDER
MARKING

 Yellow paint

 Runway shoulder are marked with diagonal lines

having width of 0.90 m

 Taxiway and holding aprons shoulders are marked

perpendicular to the direction of aircraft

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RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY SHOULDER
MARKING

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APRON MARKING

 Guidelines are marked on apron

 To help the pilot in manoeuvring the aircraft on

apron

 A fuel resistant paint is used

 Guide line indicates the path of nose gear of the

most critical aircraft

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APRON MARKING

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WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR
 The wind direction indicator which may be the wind cone
is usually placed at the centre of segmented circle
marker.

 It helps pilot to locate the airport and the wind direction

 It is in the form of truncated cone made up of fabric

 As per ICAO, length should not be less than 3.6 m

 It may be coloured as red and white or orange and white

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WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR

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LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR

 It is in the form of Tee or tetrahedron and is

placed at the centre of segmented circle.

 Its purpose is to indicate to the pilot the direction

of active runway of the airport.

 It is provided at a distinct place away from

buildings and is lighted during night time

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AIRPORT LIGHTING
 To achieve uniformity and to guide pilots for unfamiliar
airports, colours and general arrangement of airport
lights are standardized.

 Airport lights are kept clean, well-maintained, checked

regularly for faulty bulbs and replacement.

 Tough and laborious job, major airport contains 30,000

lights

 Provision of emergency power supplies, which can take

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over in seconds in case of any power failure.
AIRPORT LIGHTING
 The pilot should have following guidance

Alignment Guidance- If the aircraft is heading

straight towards runway or not.

Runway looks like a long narrow ribbon from

distance.

Airport lighting must develop contrast of the

pavement with respect to surroundings and help
pilot in attaining alignment information 20
AIRPORT LIGHTING
 The pilot should have following guidance

 Height Information- How much high aircraft is

above the ground

 Airport lighting provides adequate ground

reference data to pilot

 Distance Estimation- How much far aircraft is

far from the runway.
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AIRPORT LIGHTING
 The pilot should have following guidance

 Roll Guidance- If the aircraft is banked with

respect to the ground level.

 In case of Banking, lower wing of aircraft would

strike the runway pavement.

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FACTORS AFFECTING AIRPORT
LIGHTING

 Airport classification

 Amount of traffic

 Availability of power

 Nature of aircraft using the airport

 Type of night operation plans

 Type of landing surfaces provided

 Weather condition, etc.

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ELEMENTS OF AIRPORT
LIGHTING
1. Airport beacon
2. Approach lighting
3. Apron and hangar lighting
4. Boundary lighting
5. Lighting of landing direction indicator
6. Lighting of wind direction indicator
7. Runway lighting
8. Taxiway lighting
9. Threshold lighting 24
1) AIRPORT BEACON
 Beacon- strong beam of light- used to indicate any
geographical location- situated slightly above the
horizontal- rotated to produce flashing light to an
observer.
 It gives out white and green flashes in the horizontal
directions 180◦ apart. Flashes are visible for the pilot from
any direction of approach and it indicates the approximate
situation of an airport equipped for the night operations.
 Rotates at six revolutions per minute- mounted at top of
terminal building or hangar. 25
AIRPORT BEACON

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2) APPROACH LIGHTING

 Before runway begins- sequence of high-intensity

lighting arrangement for a length of 900m.

 Helps pilots to check if the aircraft is centered

correctly of not.

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APPROACH LIGHTING

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3) APRON AND HANGAR LIGHTING

 These areas are flood lighted for the convenience in

servicing and loading

 Mounted such a way that they do not cause glare in

the eyes of the pilots, passengers and service
personnel.

 Flood lights should be mounted at least 12m above

pavement
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3) APRON AND HANGAR LIGHTING

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4) BOUNDARY LIGHTING

 Entire boundary of the airfield is provided with

lights at a c/c distance of about 90m with height
of about 75cm from the ground and 3m inside the
fence.

 For indicating hazardous approach, the boundary

lights are provided with red marker lights

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BOUNDARY LIGHTING

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 5) LIGHTING OF LANDING DIRECTION
INDICATOR

 The landing direction indicator is illuminated

with suitable lighting arrangement so that the
airport can be used at night also.

 4 200 watt lights are placed 1.8m above the top of

cone.

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34
 6) LIGHTING OF WIND DIRECTION
INDICATOR

 The wind direction indicator is illuminated by

four 200 watts angle reflectors.

 This arrangement acts as a wind direction

indicator at night and during bad weathers.

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7) RUNWAY LIGHTING

 The planning of runway lighting is carried out in

such a way that the pilot gets enough
information on alignment, lateral displacement
and distance.

 The lights are so arranged so that they form a

visual pattern which the pilot can interpret
easily.

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RUNWAY LIGHTING

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RUNWAY LIGHTING

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RUNWAY LIGHTING

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8)TAXIWAY LIGHTING

 The pilots have to manoeuvre the aircrafts on a

system of taxiways to and from the terminal and
hangar areas either after landing or on the way to
take off

 The taxiway system is much complicated on large

airports and therefore it is necessary to provide
adequate lighting at night and at daytime when the
visibility is very poor. 40
TAXIWAY LIGHTING

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TAXIWAY LIGHTING

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9) THRESHOLD LIGHTING
 Identification of threshold- a major factor for
decision of the pilot to land or not to land
 For this reason, the region near the threshold is
given with special lighting treatment.
 At large airports: threshold is identified by a
complete line of green lights extending across the
entire width of the runway. They must be of
semi-flash type, i.e. protruding not more than
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12cm above the surface.
9) THRESHOLD LIGHTING

 At small airports, the threshold is identified by

four lights on each side of the threshold. They can
be of elevated type.

 The threshold lights in the direction if landing

are green and in the opposite direction, they are
red to indicated the end of the runway.
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9) THRESHOLD LIGHTING

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